Lazega / Snijders Multilevel Network Analysis for the Social Sciences

Theory, Methods and Applications
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-319-24520-1
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 12, 373 Seiten

Reihe: Methodos Series

This volume provides new insights into the functioning of organizational, managerial and market societies. Multilevel analysis and social network analysis are described and the authors show how they can be combined in developing the theory, methods and empirical applications of the social sciences. This book maps out the development of multilevel reasoning and shows how it can explain behavior, through two different ways of contextualizing it. First, by identifying levels of influence on behavior and different aggregations of actors and behavior, and complex interactions between context and behavior. Second, by identifying different levels as truly different systems of agency: such levels of agency can be examined separately and jointly since the link between them is affiliation of members of one level to collective actors at the superior level. It is by combining these approaches that this work offers new insights. New case studies and datasets that explore new avenues of theorizing and new applications of methodology are presented. This book will be useful as a reference work for all social scientists, economists and historians who use network analyses and multilevel statistical analyses. Philosophers interested in the philosophy of science or epistemology will also find this book valuable. ?

Autoren/Hrsg.

Lazega, Emmanuel

Snijders, Tom A. B.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgments;6
2;Contents;8
3;1 Introduction;10
3.1;Theory;12
3.2;Methods;13
3.3;Applications;16
3.4;References;20
4;Part I Theory;22
4.1;2 The Multiple Flavours of Multilevel Issues for Networks;23
4.1.1;Away from Atomistic Approaches;23
4.1.2;Multilevel Analysis;24
4.1.2.1;Origins;24
4.1.2.2;Hierarchical Linear Model;26
4.1.2.3;Non-nested Data Structures;27
4.1.2.4;Frequentist and Bayesian Estimation;28
4.1.2.5;What Is a Level?;29
4.1.2.6;Dependent Variables at Any Level;30
4.1.3;Models for Social Networks;31
4.1.3.1;The Basic Multilevel Nature of Social Network Analysis;32
4.1.3.2;p2 Model;33
4.1.3.3;Latent Space Models;33
4.1.3.4;Exponential Random Graph Models;34
4.1.3.5;Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models;35
4.1.3.6;Choice of Model;38
4.1.4;Multilevel Network Analysis;39
4.1.4.1;Why Combine Several `Parallel' Networks?;39
4.1.4.2;Two-Step Meta-for-Multilevel Network Analysis;41
4.1.4.3;Integrated Multilevel Network Analysis;42
4.1.4.4;Hierarchical Structures;43
4.1.5;Analysis of Multilevel Networks;44
4.1.5.1;Exponential Random Graph Models for Multilevel Networks;45
4.1.5.2;Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models for Multilevel Networks;47
4.1.6;A Forward Look;49
4.1.7;References;50
4.2;3 Synchronization Costs in the Organizational Society: Intermediary Relational Infrastructures in the Dynamics of Multilevel Networks;55
4.2.1;The Meso Level in Organizational Societies, Relational Infrastructure and Synchronization Costs;55
4.2.1.1;Multilevel Networks of Collective Action and Intermediary-Level Relational Infrastructure;57
4.2.1.2;Synchronization of Temporalities Within and Across Different Levels of Collective Agency;59
4.2.2;Multilevel Structures: Superposed Levels of Collective Agency;63
4.2.2.1;An Empirical Case of Co-constitution Without Conflation;63
4.2.2.2;Affiliations, Overlaps and Fish/Pond Relative Status;65
4.2.2.3;Relational Strategies in Cross-Level Interdependencies;65
4.2.2.4;Overlaps, Relational Infrastructures, Entrapment or Emancipation;67
4.2.2.5;Dual Opportunity Structures, Asynchronies and “Emergence”;68
4.2.3;Emergent Corporate Entities: The Energy for/from Organized Mobility and Relational Turnover;69
4.2.4;From Place to Position to a New System of Places: A Spinning Top Model of Synchronization Benefits in Collective Learning;72
4.2.5;Dynamics of Multilevel Networks, Synchronization Costs and Social Inequalities;79
4.2.6;References;82
5;Part II Methods;86
5.1;4 Modeling Individual Outcomes Using a Multilevel Social Influence (MSI) Model: Individual Versus Team Effects of Trust on Job Satisfaction in an Organisational Context;87
5.1.1;Introduction and General Context;87
5.1.2;The Multilevel Social Influence (MSI) Arguments: Individual Network Position and Network Structure;88
5.1.2.1;Individual Network Position;89
5.1.2.1.1;Centrality;89
5.1.2.1.2;Structural Holes/Brokerage;89
5.1.2.1.3;Resourcefulness of Ego's Connections;89
5.1.2.1.4;Heterogeneity Among Ego's Connections;90
5.1.2.1.5;Homophily/Heterophily on an Independent Characteristic;90
5.1.2.2;Network Level Structure;90
5.1.2.2.1;Cohesion;91
5.1.2.2.2;Centralization;91
5.1.2.2.3;Fragmentation;91
5.1.2.3;Why Use Multilevel Social Influence?;91
5.1.2.3.1;Find Persistent Results Over Groups;92
5.1.2.3.2;Wrongly Assume that it is Individual Effect When it is a Group Effect;92
5.1.2.3.3;Effects are Different in Different Situations – Cross-Level Interactions;93
5.1.3;Trust Networks on Employee Job Satisfaction: An Example;95
5.1.3.1;Theoretical Arguments;96
5.1.3.1.1;Trust and Job Satisfaction;96
5.1.3.1.2;Individual and Group Level Effects;97
5.1.3.2;Data and Measurement;97
5.1.3.3;Model for the Analysis of Job Satisfaction and Trust in Teams;99
5.1.3.3.1;Model Formulation;100
5.1.3.3.2;Level 2 Fixed Effects and Random Effects;100
5.1.3.3.3;Level 1 Fixed and Random Effects;100
5.1.3.3.4;Level ½ Fixed and Random Effects;101
5.1.3.3.5;Prior Distributions and Estimation;102
5.1.3.4;Results;102
5.1.4;Discussion and Conclusions;107
5.1.5;References;107
5.2;5 Multilevel Models for Multilevel Network Dependencies;112
5.2.1;Introduction;112
5.2.2;Network Autocorrelation Models for Single Level Networks;113
5.2.3;Multilevel and Multiple Membership Models;114
5.2.4;Multiple Membership Models for Single-Level Network Dependencies;117
5.2.5;Multiple Membership Multiple Classification (MMMC) Models for Multilevel Networks;120
5.2.6;Empirical Case Study;121
5.2.6.1;Data;122
5.2.6.2;Research Questions;122
5.2.6.3;Data Preparation;123
5.2.6.4;Model Fitting Strategy and Software Details;123
5.2.7;Results;124
5.2.7.1;Outgoing Tie Networks;124
5.2.7.2;Incoming Tie Networks;125
5.2.7.3;Allowing for Explanatory Variables;126
5.2.8;Conclusions and Further Extensions to the MMMC Model;127
5.2.9;References;129
5.3;6 Multilevel Network Analysis Using ERGM and Its Extension;130
5.3.1;Introduction;130
5.3.2;Multilevel Network Data Representation;131
5.3.3;Multilevel ERGMs;132
5.3.4;Multilevel Social Selection Models;136
5.3.5;Estimation and Goodness of Fit;139
5.3.6;Modeling Example: Networks of Entrepreneurial and Non-entrepreneurial Farmers in Ethiopia;139
5.3.7;Conclusion and Discussion;146
5.3.8;References;146
5.4;7 Correspondence Analysis of Multirelational Multilevel Networks;149
5.4.1;Introduction;149
5.4.2;Methodology;152
5.4.2.1;Existing Methods for Analyzing Affiliation Network Data;152
5.4.2.2;Correspondence Analysis and Multiple Correspondence Analysis;154
5.4.3;Illustrative Examples;158
5.4.3.1;Example 1: EverQuest II;158
5.4.3.1.1;Data and Sample;158
5.4.3.1.2;Variables;159
5.4.3.1.3;Analytic Method;160
5.4.3.1.4;Results;160
5.4.3.1.5;Developing Hypotheses from Preliminary Results;167
5.4.3.2;Example 2: Dragon Nest;169
5.4.3.2.1;Data and Sample;170
5.4.3.2.2;Variables;170
5.4.3.2.3;Analytic Method;170
5.4.3.2.4;Results;171
5.4.4;Conclusions;173
5.4.5;References;174
5.5;8 Role Sets and Division of Work at Two Levels of Collective Agency: The Case of Blockmodeling a Multilevel (Inter-individual and Inter-organizational) Network;177
5.5.1;Introduction;177
5.5.2;Multilevel Networks;178
5.5.3;Blockmodeling;179
5.5.4;Multilevel Blockmodeling;180
5.5.4.1;A Separate Analysis of Each Mode and a Comparison of the Results;181
5.5.4.2;Conversion of the Multilevel Problem to a Classical One-Level Blockmodeling Problem;182
5.5.4.3;The True Multilevel Approach;184
5.5.5;Analysis of a Multilevel Network of Cancer Researchers in France;185
5.5.5.1;Data Description;186
5.5.5.2;Separate Analysis;189
5.5.5.2.1;Network of Researchers;190
5.5.5.2.2;Network of Laboratories;193
5.5.5.2.3;Comparison;195
5.5.5.3;Conversion of the Multilevel Problem to a Classical One-Level Blockmodeling Problem;197
5.5.5.3.1;Single-Relational Network;197
5.5.5.3.2;Multi-relational Network;197
5.5.5.4;A True Multilevel Approach;202
5.5.5.5;Comparison of the Results Using Different Approaches;205
5.5.6;Discussion;208
5.5.7;Conclusions;209
5.5.8;References;211
6;Part III Applications;214
6.1;9 Comparing Fields of Sciences: Multilevel Networks of Research Collaborations in Italian Academia;215
6.1.1;Introduction;215
6.1.2;Multilevel Approaches to the Study of Social Networks;217
6.1.3;The Database of PRIN Projects;221
6.1.3.1;The Multilevel Structure of PRIN Data;224
6.1.4;Univariate Analysis of Micro, Macro and Meso Characteristics;228
6.1.4.1;The Micro-level: Individual Attributes;230
6.1.4.2;The Micro-level: Individual Networks;232
6.1.4.3;The Macro- and Meso-levels;234
6.1.5;Modeling Funding Achievements;236
6.1.6;Results;238
6.1.7;Discussion;243
6.1.8;Conclusions;244
6.1.9;References;245
6.2;10 Market as a Multilevel System;247
6.2.1;Reframing Embeddedness as a Multilevel Issue;249
6.2.1.1;From Embeddedness to Multilevel Hypotheses;249
6.2.2;The Multilevel Embeddedness Hypotheses in the Context of a Trade Fair;252
6.2.2.1;From “Same time next year”…;252
6.2.2.2;… To “Next time this year”;254
6.2.3;A Trade Fair for TV Programs in Eastern and Central Europe;255
6.2.3.1;Multilevel Network Data Collection During a Trade Fair…;255
6.2.3.2;…Included in a Global Series of Similar Events;258
6.2.4;Different Temporalities Between Levels;260
6.2.4.1;Inter-organizational Level: Same Time Next Year in an Oligopoly with Fringes;260
6.2.4.2;Inter-individual Level: Next Time This Year in a Coopetition Milieu;262
6.2.5;Discussion and Conclusion;265
6.2.6;Appendixes;267
6.2.6.1;Appendix 1: Configuration Visualization for the Interorganizational Network;267
6.2.6.2;Appendix 2: Goodness of Fit for the Interorganizational Level;268
6.2.6.3;Appendix 3: Configuration Visualization for the Interindividual Network;269
6.2.6.4;Appendix 4;269
6.2.7;References;270
6.3;11 Knowledge Networks in High-Tech Clusters: A Multilevel Perspective on Interpersonal and Inter-organizationalCollaboration;274
6.3.1;Introduction;274
6.3.2;Theory and Hypotheses;276
6.3.2.1;Cross-Level Assortativity in Multilevel Knowledge Networks;276
6.3.2.2;Cross-Level Closure in Multilevel Knowledge Networks;278
6.3.3;Data, Measures, and Analyses;279
6.3.3.1;Research Sites and Respondents;279
6.3.3.2;Network Data and Actor-Level Attributes;280
6.3.3.3;Exponential Random Graph Models for Multilevel Networks;281
6.3.4;Results;283
6.3.4.1;Single-Level Network Structure;284
6.3.4.2;Multilevel Network Structure;287
6.3.5;Discussion;288
6.3.6;Conclusion;291
6.3.7;References;292
6.4;12 Inter-organizational Network Influence on Long-Term and Short-Term Inter-individual Relationships: The Case of a Trade Fair for TV Programs Distribution in Sub-Saharan Africa;295
6.4.1;Relationship Creation During Trade Fairs;296
6.4.1.1;Trade Fairs, Long-Term and Short-Term Relationships;297
6.4.2;The Influence of Trade Fairs and Inter-organizational Partnerships on Inter-individual Relationships;298
6.4.3;A Study of a Trade Fair for TV Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa;301
6.4.4;A Multilevel Social Network Study;302
6.4.4.1;Independent Variables;304
6.4.4.2;Control Variables;304
6.4.5;Analysis of the Structures of Long-Term and Short-Term Relationships;306
6.4.5.1;Method;306
6.4.5.2;Results;306
6.4.6;Conclusion and Discussion;309
6.4.7;Appendices;311
6.4.7.1;Appendix 1: Visualization of Long-Term Information Exchange Network Between Individuals;311
6.4.7.2;Appendix 2: Visualization of Short-Term Information Exchange Network Between Individuals;311
6.4.7.3;Appendix 3: Visualization of Deal Network Between Companies;312
6.4.8;References;312
6.5;13 Multilevel Bilateralism and Multilateralism: States' Bilateral and Multilateral Fisheries Treaties and TheirSecretariats;315
6.5.1;Introduction;315
6.5.2;Bilateralism and Multilateralism;317
6.5.2.1;Bilateralism or Multilateralism;317
6.5.2.2;Managed or Unmanaged Multilateralism;318
6.5.3;Data;321
6.5.3.1;Bilateral Fisheries Agreements;321
6.5.3.2;Multilateral Fisheries Agreements;323
6.5.3.3;Ties Between MFAs;325
6.5.3.4;One Multilevel Network;326
6.5.4;Results;326
6.5.5;Discussion;329
6.5.6;References;331
6.6;14 Knowledge Sharing in Organizations: A Multilevel Network Analysis;333
6.6.1;Introduction;333
6.6.2;General Background and Questions;335
6.6.2.1;Organizations as Multilevel Network Systems;335
6.6.2.2;Social Networks and Organizational Structure;337
6.6.3;Models for Multilevel Networks;339
6.6.4;Empirical Illustration;340
6.6.4.1;Data;340
6.6.4.2;Model Specification and Estimation;343
6.6.5;Results;347
6.6.6;Discussion and Conclusions;350
6.6.7;References;351
6.7;15 General Conclusion;354
6.7.1;References;359
7;Author Index;361
8;Subject Index;369