Leeuwen Urban-Rural Interactions

Towns as Focus Points in Rural Development
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-7908-2407-0
Verlag: Physica-Verlag HD
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 200 Seiten

Reihe: Contributions to Economics

Modern Europe has rural roots. Even today, as much as 90 per cent of Europe (EU25) consists of rural areas in which half of the population lives. While different rural areas often face different challenges, the shift from agricultural production towards a multifunctional landscape and the increasing value assigned to environmental values affect all rural areas. The ambition to develop a more diversified rural economy, as well as the bottom-up approach and local focus of many rural policies, require a clear knowledge of the current socio-economic function of towns and town-hinterland linkages. Therefore, the aim of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the current function of towns in Europe in general and in the Netherlands more specifically. By using both micro- and macro-approaches, the multifaceted relationships between town-hinterland and the rural economy are explored at different spatial levels and for different actors, in particular for households, farms and firms.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Leeuwen, Eveline Van

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;5
2;List of Figures;10
3;List of Tables;12
4;Chapter 1: Introduction;16
4.1;Small and Medium-Sized Towns;16
4.2;Recent Developments;17
4.3;Countryside Policies and Towns;18
4.3.1;European Countryside Policies;18
4.3.2;Towns in National Countryside Policies;19
4.3.3;Economic Diversity;20
4.3.4;Importance of Towns;20
4.4;Aim and Set-Up;21
4.4.1;Research Questions;21
4.4.2;Set-Up;22
4.5;Data Set and Spatial Set-Up;23
4.6;Relevant Methodologies;25
4.6.1;Multinomial Logit Model (MNL): Spatial Determinants of Shopping;25
4.6.2;Censored Regression Model: Off-Farm Labour Income;26
4.6.3;Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs): Spatial Economic Structures;26
4.6.4;Microsimulation (MSM): Composition of Households in Town and Hinterland;27
4.6.5;Micro- and macro-approaches;27
4.7;Appendix A1.1: Names of the 30 selected towns;28
5;Chapter 2: Town and Hinterland Interactions in Rural Areas;30
5.1;Introduction;30
5.2;Rural Areas;31
5.2.1;What Is Urban and What Is Rural?;31
5.2.2;The Agricultural Sector;31
5.2.3;A New-Farming Context in Europe: Post-Productivism;33
5.2.4;Specialization in Agricultural Activities Related to the Level of Rurality;34
5.3;Rural Areas in the Netherlands;35
5.3.1;The Countryside as Romantic Ideal;35
5.3.2;The Countryside as an Economic Powerhouse;36
5.3.3;The Countryside as a Realm of Life;37
5.4;Urbanization of Rural Areas;37
5.5;Towns;39
5.5.1;Development of the First Towns;39
5.5.2;Theory of Regions and Central Places;40
5.5.3;Why Towns Exist;41
5.5.4;Interdependency Between Towns and Rural Areas;42
5.6;Town and Hinterland in a Model: Values, Activities and Actors;44
5.6.1;Functions of Rural Areas;44
5.6.2;Conceptual Framework of Town-Hinterland Functions;45
5.6.3;Town Actors;48
5.6.4;Hinterland Actors;49
5.6.5;Possible Problems and Difficulties;49
5.7;Future Challenges in Town-Hinterland Interactions;50
6;Chapter 3: Multifunctionality of Towns: Exploration of the Spatial Behaviour of Households;52
6.1;Introduction;52
6.2;Multifunctionality of Towns for Town and Hinterland Households;53
6.2.1;Towns as a Place to Shop;53
6.2.1.1;Supply of Shops;54
6.2.1.2;Location of Purchases;54
6.2.1.3;Focusing on Different Products and Services;56
6.2.2;Towns as a Place to Work;57
6.2.2.1;Supply of Jobs;58
6.2.2.2;Location of Jobs of Local Households;58
6.2.2.3;Kind of Occupation and Job Location of Local Households;59
6.2.3;Towns as a Place to Live;60
6.3;Regression Analysis of Purchases Bought in Town and Hinterland;62
6.4;Spatial Shopping Behaviour of Dutch Households;64
6.4.1;Factors Affecting the Destination Choice of Households for Shopping;64
6.4.1.1;Socio-Economic Factors;66
6.4.1.2;Location Factors;66
6.4.2;Characteristics of Dutch Town and Hinterland Households;67
6.4.3;Multinomial Logit Model of Spatial Shopping Behaviour (MNL);68
6.4.4;Results of the Multinomial Logit Model;69
6.5;Summary and Conclusions;71
7;Chapter 4: Farms in a Modern World: Local Integration and Off-Farm Employment;74
7.1;Introduction;74
7.2;Economic Integration of Firms and Farms;76
7.2.1;Integration Indicator;76
7.2.2;Integration of Expenditures and Sales of Farms and Firms;78
7.2.3;Local Expenditures and Sales in Absolute Values;79
7.3;Income Sources of Farm Households;81
7.4;Off-Farm Employment in the Netherlands;83
7.4.1;Relevant Variables;83
7.4.1.1;Household Variables;84
7.4.1.2;Farm Variables;84
7.4.1.3;Spatial Variables;85
7.4.2;Data Collection and Preparation;85
7.4.3;Off-Farm Activities;86
7.5;Estimating the Behaviour of Farmers;88
7.6;Conclusions;90
7.7;Appendix4.1: Integration Indicators for All Areas;91
7.8;Appendix4.2: Absolute Local Expenditures and Sales;92
8;Chapter 5: Town-Hinterland Relations: A Social Accounting Matrix Approach;94
8.1;The SAM-Framework;94
8.1.1;Introduction;94
8.1.2;Examples of SAM-Based Studies;95
8.1.3;Structure of a SAM Table;96
8.1.4;Advantages and Disadvantages of SAM Analysis;98
8.2;Regional SAM;99
8.2.1;From a National to a Regional Model;99
8.2.2;Interregional SAMs at Town-Hinterland Level;100
8.3;Economic Structure of Small and Medium-Sized European Towns;101
8.3.1;Relative Importance of Town and Hinterland in the Local Economy;102
8.3.2;Importance of Sectors in the Total Production Output of the Local Economy;103
8.3.3;Importance of Town and Hinterland for Firms in Selling Output and Obtaining Inputs;104
8.3.4;Importance of Town and Hinterland to Local Households;105
8.4;Multiplier Analysis;106
8.4.1;Introduction;106
8.4.2;Variations in Multiplier Values;106
8.4.3;Interregional SAM Multipliers at Town-Hinterland Level;107
8.4.4;SAM Output Multipliers;108
8.4.4.1;Aggregated Output Multipliers;108
8.4.4.2;Composition of SAM Output Multipliers;109
8.4.4.3;Key-Sectors;111
8.4.5;SAM Income Multipliers;113
8.5;Conclusions;115
8.6;Appendix 5.1: Format of inter-regional Marketowns SAM (53x53);118
8.7;Appendix5.2: List of accounts in inter-local SAMs of Marketowns;121
8.8;Appendix5.3: Output multipliers per sector for town and hinterland in five European countries;122
8.9;Appendix5.4: SAM multiplier analysis of the Dutch towns;123
8.9.1;Output Multipliers;123
8.9.2;Income Multipliers;124
8.9.3;Employment Multipliers;125
8.10;Appendix5.5: Key-sectors in town and hinterland;126
9;Chapter 6: Microsimulation of Rural Households;129
9.1;Introduction;129
9.1.1;Short history of MSM;130
9.1.2;Examples of Existing MSM;132
9.1.3;Distinguishing Different Kinds of MSMs;134
9.1.4;Advantages and Disadvantages of MSM;134
9.2;SIMtown MSM Framework;135
9.2.1;Constraint Variables;136
9.2.1.1;Type of Household;137
9.2.1.2;Income Level;137
9.2.1.3;Car Ownership;137
9.2.1.4;Employment in Zone A, B or C;137
9.2.1.5;Agricultural or Non-Agricultural Households;138
9.2.2;Validation and Choices;138
9.2.3;SIMtown, the Final Framework;140
9.3;SIMtown Micropopulation: A Picture of the Current Situation;141
9.3.1;Expenditure Flows of Households;142
9.3.2;Spatial Distribution of Households with a Low Income;144
9.3.3;Spatial Distribution of Recently Arrived Households;146
9.4;Conclusions;148
10;Chapter 7: Future Developments in Rural Areas: Combining Micro and Macro;150
10.1;Introduction;150
10.2;Bottom-up Approach in Micro-Macro-Modelling;151
10.3;Microsimulation as a Tool to Explore the Future;152
10.4;Micropopulation of 2010 and 2020;153
10.4.1;Microsimulation of Nunspeet Households;153
10.4.2;Changing Population Characteristics;154
10.4.3;Effect on Shopping Expenses;155
10.5;Macro-Effects of Population Dynamics;156
10.5.1;Retail Sector;157
10.5.2;SAM Retail Multiplier;157
10.6;Simulation of Future Shopping Developments;159
10.6.1;Shopping Developments and MSM;159
10.6.2;Building a New Supermarket;160
10.6.3;Building a New Retail Centre;161
10.6.3.1;Scenario 1: New Retail Centre in Town;162
10.6.3.2;Scenario 2: New Retail Centre Outside a Town;162
10.6.4;Micro-Results: Which Households Will Change Their Behaviour?;165
10.7;Macro-effects of New Retail Developments;166
10.8;Conclusions;167
11;Chapter 8: Conclusions and a Roadmap to Future Research;169
11.1;Introduction;169
11.2;Towns and Households;170
11.2.1;Importance of Town and Hinterland to Household Activities;170
11.2.2;How Spatial Characteristics Affect the Shopping Behaviour of Households;171
11.2.3;Economic Importance of Different Groups of Households to the Local Economy;172
11.2.4;Effect of Future Demographic Developments on the Expenditures of Local Households;172
11.3;Towns and Farms and Firms;173
11.3.1;The Importance of Local Networks to Firm and Farms;173
11.3.2;Key Sectors to the Local Economy;174
11.3.3;Future Developments in the Retail Sector and the Effect on Local Output;175
11.4;The European Scene: National Variability;175
11.5;The Importance of Towns to the Rural Economy;177
11.6;A Road Map for Further Research;178
12;References;180