E-Book, Englisch, 240 Seiten
E-Book, Englisch, 240 Seiten
ISBN: 978-3-446-42865-2
Verlag: Carl Hanser
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
- Compounding (System Description)
- The Mixer
- Process Technology in Compounding
- Correlation between Material Parameters and the Compounding Process
- Correlation between Processing and Properties for Technical Parts Made from Rubber
- Properties of Synthetic Polymers during Compounding
- Production of Silica Compounds
- Physical Phenomena in the Manufacture of Rubber Compounds
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Table of Contents;8
2;1 Internal Mixer – Configuration and Design;14
2.1;1.1 Machine Design;14
2.1.1;1.1.1 Overall Features;14
2.1.2;1.1.2 Mixing Chamber;15
2.2;1.2 Types of Internal Mixers;16
2.2.1;1.2.1 Tangential Rotors;16
2.2.2;1.2.2 Intermeshing Rotors;18
2.2.3;1.2.3 Technological Comparison;18
2.2.4;1.2.4 Intermeshing Rotors with Variable Clearance (VIC);20
2.2.5;1.2.5 Tandem Mixing;21
2.3;1.3 Feeding Hopper;24
2.3.1;1.3.1 Design Considerations;24
2.3.2;1.3.2 Pneumatic Feeding Hopper;25
2.3.3;1.3.3 Hydraulic Feeding Hopper;26
2.3.4;1.3.4 Comparative Aspects;27
2.3.4.1;Low Noise Levels;27
2.3.4.2;Rapid Ram Movement;27
2.3.4.3;Precise Ram Force Adjustment;27
2.3.4.4;Reproducible Process Conditions;28
2.3.4.5;Reduced Operating Costs;28
2.4;1.4 Digital Ram Position Control;29
2.5;1.5 Mixing Chamber;31
2.5.1;1.5.1 Hard-Coating;32
2.5.2;1.5.2 Dust Sealing;34
2.5.3;1.5.3 Spring Loaded Dust Seals;35
2.5.4;1.5.4 Hydraulic Dust Seals with Yoke;36
2.5.5;1.5.5 Hydraulic Dust Seals with Cylinders (CH);38
2.5.6;1.5.6 Comparison of Spring Loaded and Hydraulic Dust Seal Systems;38
2.6;1.6 Temperature Sensor;39
2.7;1.7 Plasticizer Oil Injection;42
2.8;1.8 Rotors;43
2.8.1;1.8.1 Assembly and Cooling;43
2.8.2;1.8.2 Rotor Bearings;44
2.8.3;1.8.3 Rotors for Tangential Internal Mixers;45
2.8.3.1;Basics;45
2.8.3.2;Two-Wing Rotors;46
2.8.3.3;Four-Wing Rotors;46
2.8.3.4;N-Rotor (Normal Rotor; also Called Standard-Rotor)47
2.8.3.5;Full-4-Wing (F-4-W)-Rotor;47
2.8.3.6;ST®-Rotor (Synchronous Technology);48
2.8.3.7;ZZ 2-Rotor;49
2.8.3.8;HDSC-Rotor (High Dispersion Super Cooled);50
2.8.3.9;MDSC-Rotor (Maximum Dispersion Super Cooled) [10];51
2.8.3.10;Six-Wing Rotor [11];51
2.8.4;1.8.4 Rotors for Intermeshing Internal Mixers;52
2.8.4.1;History of Development;52
2.8.4.2;Interlocking Technology;53
2.8.4.3;PES-Technology;54
2.9; 1.9 Mixer Base Plate;56
2.9.1;1.9.1 Design;56
2.9.2;1.9.2 Drop Door and Latch Assembly;57
2.9.3;1.9.3 Drop Door and Toggle;58
2.10;References;59
3;2 Processing Aspects of Rubber Mixing;60
3.1;2.1 Mixing Principles;60
3.2;2.2 Process Description;63
3.3;2.3 Influence of Raw Material Properties;68
3.4;2.4 Influences of Process Parameters ;70
3.5;2.5 Basic Considerations for the Development of a Mixing Cycle;79
3.6;References;81
4;3 Mixing Characteristics of Polymers in an Internal Mixer;84
4.1;3.1 Natural Rubber (NR);84
4.2;3.2 Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber (EPDM);88
4.3;3.3 Chloroprene Rubber (CR);91
4.4;3.4 Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR);93
4.5;3.5 Butadiene Rubber (BR);97
4.6;3.6 (Acryl)Nitrile Butadiene Rubber NBR;97
4.7;3.7 Butyl Rubber ;99
4.8;3.8 Fluor Rubber;99
4.9;3.9 Resins;100
4.10;3.10 General Considerations;101
4.11;References;106
5;4 Internal Mixer – a Reaction Vessel;108
5.1;4.1 The Silica Network;109
5.2;4.2 Influence of Mixing Time and Temperature on Hydrophobation;110
5.3;4.3 Chemistry of the Silica-Silane Reaction;112
5.4;4.4 Temperature Limits;114
5.5;4.5 Summary and Consequences;116
5.6;References;117
6;5 Effect of Process Parameters on Product Properties ;120
6.1;5.1 Introduction;120
6.1.1;5.1.2 Quality Parameters of Raw Material;121
6.1.1.1;5.1.2.1 Quality Parameters of EPDM Polymers;121
6.1.1.2;5.1.2.2 Quality Parameters of Carbon Black ;122
6.2;5.2 Raw Material Changes in the Rubber Mixing Room;129
6.2.1;5.2.1 Increase of Carbon Black Fines Content during the Conveying Process;130
6.2.2;5.2.2 Baking Behavior of Carbon Black in Conveying Pipes;131
6.3;5.3 Effect of Variations in Raw Material Quality Parameters on the Mixing Process;134
6.3.1;5.3.1 EPDM Long Chain Branching;134
6.3.2;5.3.2 Carbon Black Fines Content;137
6.3.3;5.3.3 Carbon Black Pellet Hardness;138
6.4;5.4 Delivery Form of Sulphur;140
6.5;5.5 Weighing Accuracy;142
6.6;5.6 Predicting Product Quality;144
6.7;5.7 The Quality Assurance Concept “Future Mixing Room”;147
6.8;References for Section 5.1 to 5.7;152
6.9;5.8 Rubber Compounding and its Impact on Product Properties;154
6.10;5.9 Testing Methods for Rubber Compounds ;157
6.10.1;5.9.1 Mooney Viscometer;158
6.10.2;5.9.2 Vulcameter ;159
6.10.3;5.9.3 Rubber Process Analyzer;160
6.10.4;5.9.4 Carbon Black Dispersion Measurement ;162
6.11;5.10 Factors Influencing Rubber Part Properties ;162
6.12;5.11 The Mixing Process;164
6.12.1;5.11.1 The Mixing Process and its Tasks ;164
6.12.2;5.11.2 Further Processes ;166
6.13;5.12 Factors Influencing the Mixing Process ;167
6.13.1;5.12.1 Influence of Plasticizer Addition on the Mixing Process and Compound Properties;168
6.13.2;5.12.2 Influences of the Mixing Process on the Injection Molding Process ;170
6.13.3;5.12.3 Influence of the Mixing Process on Extrusion;173
6.13.4;5.12.4 Influence of the Milling Process on Compound and Part Properties ;175
6.13.4.1;The Purpose of Roll Mills within the Mixing Process;176
6.13.4.2;The Batch-Off ;180
6.14;5.13 Summary;182
6.15;References for Section 5.8 to 5.13;183
7;6 Dispersion and Distribution of Fillers;186
7.1;6.1 Dispersive and Distributive Mixing;187
7.1.1;6.1.1 Dispersive Mixing;188
7.1.2;6.1.2 Distributive Mixing;190
7.1.3;6.1.3 Quality or “Goodness” of Mixes;191
7.2;6.2 Mechanism of Filler Dispersion;192
7.2.1;6.2.1 Theoretical Approach;193
7.2.2;6.2.2 Phases of Mixing Process;194
7.2.3;6.2.3 Polymer-Filler versus Filler-Filler Interactions;196
7.3;6.3 Dispersion Measurements;202
7.3.1;6.3.1 Macro-Dispersion;203
7.3.1.1;6.3.1.1 Optical Transmission Microscopy;203
7.3.1.2;6.3.1.2 Optical Roughness Measurements;204
7.3.1.3;6.3.1.3 Mechanical Scanning Microscopy;205
7.3.1.4;6.3.1.4 Reflectometry;206
7.3.2;6.3.2 Micro-Dispersion;206
7.3.2.1;6.3.2.1 Electrical Measurements;206
7.3.2.2;6.3.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy ;207
7.3.2.3;6.3.2.3 Atomic Force Microscopy;208
7.4;6.4 Control of Dispersion by Process Parameters;209
7.4.1;6.4.1 Mixing Procedures;209
7.4.2;6.4.2 Temperature, Torque, and Power Consumption;210
7.4.3;6.4.3 Mixing Time and Rotor Speed;211
7.4.4;6.4.4 Cooling;212
7.4.5;6.4.5 Alternative Dispersion Techniques;212
7.5;6.5 Materials Influences on Filler Dispersion;213
7.5.1;6.5.1 Influence of the Polymer;214
7.5.1.1;6.5.1.1 Adsorption from Solution and Melt;214
7.5.1.2;6.5.1.2 Influence of the Polymer on Filler Dispersion;216
7.5.2;6.5.2 Influence of the Filler Morphology and Surface Properties;218
7.5.2.1;6.5.2.1 Influence of Surface Specific Area;218
7.5.2.2;6.5.2.2 Influence of Structure;219
7.5.2.3;6.5.2.3 Influence of Filler Surface Activity;220
7.5.2.4;6.5.2.4 Dispersion Kinetics;222
7.5.2.5;6.5.2.5 Filler Re-Agglomeration ;224
7.5.3;6.5.3 Influence of Oil on Filler Dispersion;225
7.6;6.6 Effects of Filler Dispersion on Material Behavior;226
7.6.1;6.6.1 Effects on Rheological Properties;226
7.6.2;6.6.2 Effects on Dynamical-Mechanical Properties;229
7.6.2.1;6.6.2.1 Influence of Loading;229
7.6.2.2;6.6.2.2 Strain Dependency;230
7.6.2.3;6.6.2.3 Effect of Filler Surface Modification;232
7.6.3;6.6.3 Effect on Ultimate Properties;232
7.7;6.7 Filler Distribution in Polymer Blends;235
7.7.1;6.7.1 Compatibility of Rubbers;236
7.7.2;6.7.2 Filler Partition;237
7.7.3;6.7.3 Evaluation of Filler Distribution;238
7.7.4;6.7.4 Distribution in Blends with Different Polymer Polarity;240
7.7.5;6.7.5 Filler Distribution in Blends with Similar Polarity;241
7.7.6;6.7.6 Filler Transfer;241
7.7.7;6.7.7 Effects of Filler Distribution;242
7.8;References;243
8;Index;250
