Lombard / Biocca / Freeman Immersed in Media

Telepresence Theory, Measurement & Technology
2015
ISBN: 978-3-319-10190-3
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 338 Seiten

Highlights key research currently being undertaken within the field of telepresence, providing the most detailed account of the field to date, advancing our understanding of a fundamental property of all media - the illusion of presence; the sense of 'being there' inside a virtual environment, with actual or virtual others. This collection has been put together by leading international scholars from America, Europe, and Asia. Together, they describe the state-of-the-art in presence theory, research and technology design for an advanced academic audience.Immersed in Media provides research that can help designers optimize presence for users of advanced media technologies such as virtual and augmented reality, collaborative social media, robotics, and artificial intelligence and lead us to better understand human cognition, emotion and behaviour.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Lombard, Matthew

Biocca, Frank

Freeman, Jonathan

Ijsselsteijn, Wijnand

Schaevitz, Rachel J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;List of Contributors;8
3;Chapter 1: Lighting a Path While Immersed in Presence: A Wayward Introduction;16
3.1;1.1 Introduction;17
3.2;1.2 Telepresence: Defining and Operationalizing a Construct;18
3.3;1.3 Telepresence: Research and Design;21
3.4;1.4 Telepresence: Applications;22
3.5;References;23
4;Part I: Telepresence Concepts and Theories;25
4.1;Chapter 2: Defining Presence;26
4.1.1;2.1 Benefits and Dangers of Standardizing Presence Definitions and Terminology;27
4.1.2;2.2 Historical Overview of Presence Definitions and Terminology;28
4.1.3;2.3 A Framework for Presence Definitions;30
4.1.3.1;2.3.1 Is Technology Involved in the Phenomenon?;30
4.1.3.2;2.3.2 What Is the Phenomenon a Property Of?;30
4.1.3.3;2.3.3 What Is the Source of the Stimuli?;32
4.1.3.4;2.3.4 How Is Technology Perceived?;33
4.1.3.5;2.3.5 What Aspect of the Phenomenon Is of Interest?;35
4.1.3.5.1;2.3.5.1 Spatial Presence;35
4.1.3.5.2;2.3.5.2 Social Presence;36
4.1.3.5.3;2.3.5.3 Self Presence;38
4.1.3.5.4;2.3.5.4 Engagement;38
4.1.3.5.5;2.3.5.5 Realism;38
4.1.3.5.6;2.3.5.6 Cultural Presence;39
4.1.3.5.7;2.3.5.7 Parapresence;39
4.1.4;2.4 Recommendations;40
4.1.4.1;2.4.1 Explicitly Identify the Conceptual Definition of Presence You Are Using;41
4.1.4.2;2.4.2 Resist the Temptation to Create New Presence Definitions and Terms;41
4.1.4.3;2.4.3 Use Presence Terminology as Precisely and Consistently as Possible;41
4.1.5;2.5 Conclusion;43
4.1.6;References;44
4.2;Chapter 3: Presence: Form, Content and Consciousness;48
4.2.1;3.1 Introduction;48
4.2.2;3.2 Formal Requirements for Presence;51
4.2.3;3.3 Presence and the Conscious Self;53
4.2.3.1;3.3.1 The Evolutionary Levels of Selfhood;54
4.2.3.2;3.3.2 The Three Layers of Presence;56
4.2.3.2.1;3.3.2.1 The First Layer: Proto Presence;56
4.2.3.2.2;3.3.2.2 The Second Layer: Core Presence;57
4.2.3.2.3;3.3.2.3 The Third Layer: Extended Presence;57
4.2.4;3.4 Presence and Psychotherapy;59
4.2.5;3.5 Presence and Absence;61
4.2.5.1;3.5.1 The Phenomenology of Presence and Absence;61
4.2.5.2;3.5.2 On the Measurement of Presence;63
4.2.5.2.1;3.5.2.1 Lessons from Synesthesia;63
4.2.5.2.2;3.5.2.2 Brain Measures and Action;65
4.2.5.3;3.5.3 Measuring Absence;66
4.2.6;3.6 Conclusions;67
4.2.7;References;68
4.3;Chapter 4: Affect, Availability and Presence;72
4.3.1;4.1 Introduction;72
4.3.2;4.2 Thinking and Feeling;73
4.3.3;4.3 So, to What Is This Affective Response, a Response?;74
4.3.4;4.4 The Primacy of Affect;75
4.3.5;4.5 First Impression as Intentions in Action;75
4.3.6;4.6 The Evaluative Power of Affect;76
4.3.7;4.7 Availability;77
4.3.8;4.8 Affordance;78
4.3.9;4.9 The Neuro-dynamics of Intentionality;78
4.3.10;4.10 The Intentional Arc;79
4.3.11;4.11 Discussion;81
4.3.12;References;83
4.4;Chapter 5: Intention, Action, Self and Other: An Evolutionary Model of Presence;85
4.4.1;5.1 Introduction;86
4.4.2;5.2 The Theoretical Background;87
4.4.2.1;5.2.1 Evolution and Presence;87
4.4.2.2;5.2.2 Embodied Cognition: Linking Action and Perception;89
4.4.2.3;5.2.3 From Cognitive to Volitional: The Activity Theory Perspective;91
4.4.2.4;5.2.4 From Volitional to Cognitive: The Dynamic Theory of Intentions;93
4.4.3;5.3 Our Theoretical Stance;95
4.4.3.1;5.3.1 From Intentions to Presence;95
4.4.3.2;5.3.2 The Layers of Presence;97
4.4.3.3;5.3.3 From Presence to Social Presence;98
4.4.3.4;5.3.4 The Layers of Social Presence;100
4.4.3.5;5.3.5 Intentions, Presence and Self;101
4.4.4;5.4 Designing Optimal Presence;102
4.4.5;5.5 Conclusions;104
4.4.6;References;106
4.5;Chapter 6: An Action-Based Approach to Presence: Foundations and Methods;112
4.5.1;6.1 Introduction;112
4.5.2;6.2 Foundations;113
4.5.2.1;6.2.1 Space: The “There” in “Being There”;113
4.5.2.2;6.2.2 Action: Presence as a Practical Achievement;114
4.5.2.3;6.2.3 Mediation: Tools and Their Specificities;115
4.5.3;6.3 Implications;116
4.5.3.1;6.3.1 Beyond the Separation Between Real and Digital;117
4.5.3.2;6.3.2 Beyond a Neutral, Objective Treatment of the Mediated Environment;117
4.5.3.3;6.3.3 Beyond Presence as an Intimate State;117
4.5.4;6.4 Studying Presence by Collecting Actions;118
4.5.5;6.5 Driving as Mediated Presence;118
4.5.6;6.6 Conclusions;121
4.5.7;References;122
4.6;Chapter 7: Spatial Presence Theory: State of the Art and Challenges Ahead;126
4.6.1;7.1 Introduction;127
4.6.2;7.2 Conceptualizations of Spatial Presence – A Review;128
4.6.2.1;7.2.1 What Is the Phenomenon of “Spatial Presence” About?;128
4.6.2.2;7.2.2 Draper and Colleagues: Attention as a Key Determinant of Spatial Presence;130
4.6.2.3;7.2.3 Steuer: Mapping the Sensory Stimuli Impinging on Our Senses;131
4.6.2.4;7.2.4 Slater and Colleagues: Spatial Presence as a Gestalt and Binary State;132
4.6.2.5;7.2.5 Schubert and Colleagues: Spatial Presence as Embodied Cognition;135
4.6.2.6;7.2.6 Wirth and Colleagues: Spatial Presence Resulting From a Confirmed Perceptual Hypothesis;136
4.6.2.7;7.2.7 Schubert: A new Conception of Spatial Presence – Once Again, With a Feeling;138
4.6.3;7.3 A Brief Conclusion and Four Challenges Ahead;139
4.6.3.1;7.3.1 Can Users Feel Spatially Present in Non-interactive Settings?;140
4.6.3.2;7.3.2 Spatial Presence: A Binary or Continuous Experience?;140
4.6.3.3;7.3.3 Is There a “Hot Route” to Spatial Presence Experiences?;141
4.6.3.4;7.3.4 Dual Systems: Is Spatial Presence Affected by Reflective Processing?;141
4.6.4;References;142
5;Part II: Telepresence Research and Design;147
5.1;Chapter 8: Ways to Measure Spatial Presence: Review and Future Directions;148
5.1.1;8.1 Introduction;149
5.1.1.1;8.1.1 Characteristics of Spatial Presence;149
5.1.1.2;8.1.2 Which Kind of Measures Are Needed?;150
5.1.1.3;8.1.3 Classification of Presence Measures;151
5.1.2;8.2 Subjective Methods;151
5.1.2.1;8.2.1 Post-test Rating Scales/Questionnaires;152
5.1.2.1.1;8.2.1.1 Early Efforts to Measure Presence by Questionnaires;152
5.1.2.1.1.1;SUS (Slater et al. 1994, 1995);152
5.1.2.1.1.2;Kim and Biocca’s (1997) Questionnaire;153
5.1.2.1.1.3;Barfield et al. (1998) Presence Questionnaire; PRQ (The Presence & Realism Questionnaire);153
5.1.2.1.2;8.2.1.2 Multidimensional Presence Questionnaires;154
5.1.2.1.2.1;Presence Questionnaire (PQ), Witmer and Singer (1998);154
5.1.2.1.2.2;Sas and O’Hare’s (2001) Presence Questionnaire;155
5.1.2.1.2.3;Biocca et al. (2001);155
5.1.2.1.2.4;Igroup Presence Questionnaire (IPQ) (Schubert et al. 2001);156
5.1.2.1.2.5;ITC Sense of Presence Inventory (ITC-SOPI) (Lessiter et al. 2001);156
5.1.2.1.2.6;MEC-SPQ (Böcking et al. 2004; Vorderer et al. 2004; Wirth et al. 2007);157
5.1.2.1.2.7;TPI (The Temple Presence Inventory; e.g., Lombard et al. 2000, 2009, 2011);158
5.1.2.1.3;8.2.1.3 Evaluation of the Presence Questionnaires;158
5.1.2.2;8.2.2 Continuous Subjective Presence Assessment Techniques;159
5.1.2.2.1;8.2.2.1 Continuous Presence Assessment by a Slider;160
5.1.2.2.2;8.2.2.2 Continuous Presence Assessment by a Counter;160
5.1.2.3;8.2.3 Psychophysical Measures;161
5.1.2.3.1;8.2.3.1 Magnitude Estimation;161
5.1.2.3.2;8.2.3.2 Method of Paired Comparisons;161
5.1.2.4;8.2.4 Qualitative Measures;162
5.1.2.4.1;8.2.4.1 Interviews;162
5.1.2.4.2;8.2.4.2 Continuous Verbal Reporting;163
5.1.2.4.3;8.2.4.3 Experience Sampling Method (ESM);163
5.1.2.4.4;8.2.4.4 Repertory Grid Analysis;163
5.1.2.4.5;8.2.4.5 Ethnographic Techniques;164
5.1.2.4.6;8.2.4.6 Focus Groups;164
5.1.2.4.7;8.2.4.7 Evaluation;164
5.1.2.5;8.2.5 Overall Evaluation of Subjective Measures of Presence;165
5.1.3;8.3 Objective Methods;165
5.1.3.1;8.3.1 Behavioural Measures;166
5.1.3.1.1;8.3.1.1 Direct Observation of Adaptive Behaviours Evoked by Virtual Dangers;166
5.1.3.1.2;8.3.1.2 Postural Adjustments and Other Forms of Body Movement;168
5.1.3.1.3;8.3.1.3 Attention-Based Measures;168
5.1.3.1.4;8.3.1.4 Summary Evaluation of Behavioural Measures;169
5.1.3.2;8.3.2 Performance Measures;170
5.1.3.2.1;8.3.2.1 Performance on Manipulation Tasks;170
5.1.3.2.2;8.3.2.2 Memory for Events/Recollection;171
5.1.3.2.3;8.3.2.3 Other Possible Performance Measures;171
5.1.3.2.4;8.3.2.4 Summary Evaluation of Performance Measures;172
5.1.3.3;8.3.3 Psychophysiological Measures;173
5.1.3.3.1;8.3.3.1 Eye-Related Measures;173
5.1.3.3.1.1;Eye Movements;173
5.1.3.3.1.2;Pupillary Responses;174
5.1.3.3.1.3;Overall Evaluation of Eye-Based Measures;175
5.1.3.3.2;8.3.3.2 Brain-Related Measures;175
5.1.3.3.2.1;EEG;176
5.1.3.3.2.2;Other Brain-Related Measures;177
5.1.3.3.2.3;Summary Evaluation of Brain-Based Measures;178
5.1.3.3.3;8.3.3.3 Heart-Related Measures;178
5.1.3.3.3.1;Changes in Heart Rate;178
5.1.3.3.3.2;Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia;180
5.1.3.3.4;8.3.3.4 Other Psychophysiological Measures;180
5.1.3.3.4.1;Electrodermal Activity;180
5.1.3.3.4.2;Electromyography;181
5.1.3.3.5;8.3.3.5 Summary Evaluation of Psychophysiological Methods;182
5.1.3.4;8.3.4 Prospects and Limitations of Objective Measures of Presence;183
5.1.4;8.4 Comparing Different Methods to Measure Presence;184
5.1.5;8.5 Conclusions;186
5.1.6;References;187
5.2;Chapter 9: An Integrative Approach to Presence and Self-­Motion Perception Research;195
5.2.1;9.1 Motivation and Background;197
5.2.1.1;9.1.1 Spatial Orientation Problems in VR;197
5.2.1.2;9.1.2 Spatial Misperception in VR;198
5.2.1.3;9.1.3 The Challenge of Self-Motion Simulation;199
5.2.2;9.2 Literature Overview on the Perception of Illusory Self-­Motion (Vection);201
5.2.2.1;9.2.1 Size of the Visual FOV;203
5.2.2.2;9.2.2 Foreground-Background Separation Between a Stationary Foreground and a Moving Background;203
5.2.2.3;9.2.3 Spatial Frequency of the Moving Visual Pattern;204
5.2.2.4;9.2.4 Velocity and Direction of the Visual Stimulus;205
5.2.2.5;9.2.5 Eye Movements;206
5.2.2.6;9.2.6 Non-visual Cues and Multimodal Consistency;206
5.2.2.7;9.2.7 Cognitive, Attentional, and Higher-Level Influences on Vection;210
5.2.3;9.3 A Selective Review on Presence;213
5.2.3.1;9.3.1 Presence and Reference Frames;215
5.2.3.2;9.3.2 Resence and Self-Motion Perception;216
5.2.3.3;9.3.3 Conclusions;216
5.2.4;9.4 Experiments Investigating the Relations Between Spatial Presence, Scene Consistency and Self-Motion Perception;217
5.2.4.1;9.4.1 Methods;218
5.2.4.2;9.4.2 Hypotheses;218
5.2.4.3;9.4.3 Results and Discussion;219
5.2.4.4;9.4.4 Experiment 2 – Unobtrusive Modifications of a Projection Screen Can Facilitate Both Vection and Presence;220
5.2.4.5;9.4.5 Correlations Between Presence Factors and Vection Measures;222
5.2.5;9.5 Discussion: A Direct Link Between Presence and Vection?;224
5.2.5.1;9.5.1 Low-Level vs. Higher-Level Influences in Experiment 1 & 2;224
5.2.5.1.1;9.5.1.1 Number of Vertical High-Contrast Edges;224
5.2.5.1.2;9.5.1.2 Pathway (A): Increase in Perceived Depth and Perceived Self-­Motion Velocity;226
5.2.5.1.3;9.5.1.3 Pathway (B): Perceived Foreground-Background Separation and Perceived Background Motion;227
5.2.5.1.4;9.5.1.4 Pathway (C): Presence and the Assumption of a Stable Reference Frame;227
5.2.5.2;9.5.2 Origin of Vection- and Presence-Enhancing Effect of Adding Marks to the Projection Screen;228
5.2.6;9.6 Conclusions and Conceptual Framework;231
5.2.7;9.7 Outlook;234
5.2.8;References;234
5.3;Chapter 10: Patterns of Place: An Integrated Approach for the Design and Evaluation of Real and Virtual Environments;244
5.3.1;10.1 Introduction;245
5.3.2;10.2 A Human Computer Interaction Based Approach to Sense of Presence;246
5.3.3;10.3 The Place Probe;249
5.3.4;10.4 A Pattern Based Approach to Design;254
5.3.4.1;10.4.1 Technology Patterns;255
5.3.4.2;10.4.2 Patterns of Spatial Characteristics;256
5.3.4.3;10.4.3 Patterns of Meanings and Affect;258
5.3.4.4;10.4.4 Activity Patterns;259
5.3.5;10.5 Conclusions;261
5.3.6; Appendix: The Place Probe;262
5.3.6.1;Instructions;262
5.3.6.2; Background Information;263
5.3.6.3; Description;263
5.3.6.4; Map;263
5.3.6.5; Features;263
5.3.6.6; Pictures;263
5.3.6.7; Sounds;263
5.3.6.8; Words;264
5.3.7;References;266
6;Part III: Telepresence Applications;268
6.1;Chapter 11: Collaboration in Immersive and Non-­immersive Virtual Environments;269
6.1.1;11.1 Introduction;270
6.1.2;11.2 Technologies;272
6.1.2.1;11.2.1 Puppeteered Avatars;272
6.1.2.2;11.2.2 Tracked Avatars;273
6.1.2.3;11.2.3 Reconstructed Avatars;275
6.1.3;11.3 Impact of Avatars;276
6.1.3.1;11.3.1 Individual Response;277
6.1.3.2;11.3.2 Responses to User Avatars;278
6.1.4;11.4 Presence and Co-presence;279
6.1.4.1;11.4.1 Modality;280
6.1.4.2;11.4.2 Realism;281
6.1.4.3;11.4.3 Context;282
6.1.5;11.5 End-States;283
6.1.6;11.6 Challenges;285
6.1.7;References;286
6.2;Chapter 12: Presence-Inducing Media for Mental Health Applications;289
6.2.1;12.1 Introduction;290
6.2.2;12.2 Virtual Reality as Presence-Inducing Technology;291
6.2.2.1;12.2.1 The Link Between Presence and Therapeutic Change;292
6.2.2.2;12.2.2 The Link Between Presence and Emotions;295
6.2.3;12.3 Virtual Reality in Mental Health Treatments;298
6.2.3.1;12.3.1 Phobias;305
6.2.3.1.1;12.3.1.1 Acrophobia;305
6.2.3.1.2;12.3.1.2 Claustrophobia;306
6.2.3.1.3;12.3.1.3 Small Animal Phobia;307
6.2.3.1.4;12.3.1.4 Flying Phobia;308
6.2.3.1.5;12.3.1.5 Driving Phobia;309
6.2.3.1.6;12.3.1.6 Public Speaking Fear/Social Phobia;310
6.2.3.2;12.3.2 Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia.;311
6.2.3.3;12.3.3 Eating Disorders and Obesity;312
6.2.3.4;12.3.4 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder;316
6.2.3.5;12.3.5 Pain Treatment;317
6.2.3.6;12.3.6 Other Treatments;320
6.2.3.7;12.3.7 The Limitations of Virtual Reality;321
6.2.4;12.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives;322
6.2.5;References;325