Mah / Hills / Li Smart Grid Applications and Developments

2014
ISBN: 978-1-4471-6281-0
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 343 Seiten

Reihe: Green Energy and Technology

Meeting today's energy and climate challenges require not only technological advancement but also a good understanding of stakeholders' perceptions, political sensitivity, well-informed policy analyses and innovative interdisciplinary solutions. This book will fill this gap. This is an interdisciplinary informative book to provide a holistic and integrated understanding of the technology-stakeholder-policy interactions of smart grid technologies. The unique features of the book include the following: (a) interdisciplinary approach - by bringing in the policy dimensions to smart grid technologies; (b) global and Asian perspective and (c) learning from national case studies. This book is organised into five sections. Part 1 discusses the historical and conceptual aspects of smart grids. Part 2 introduces the technological aspects and showcase the state of the art of the technologies. Part 3 explores the policy and governance dimensions by bringing in a stakeholder perspective. Part 4 presents a collection of national case studies. Part 5 shares insights and lesson learnt and provide policy recommendations. This book showcases the state-of-the-art R&D developments and policy experiences. This book contributes to a better understanding of governance institution and policy challenges and helps formulate policy recommendations for successful smart grid deployment.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mah, Daphne

Hills, Peter

Li, Victor O. K.

Balme, Richard

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgments;5
2;Contents;6
3;About the Editors;8
4;About the Contributors;10
5;Part I Introduction;19
6;1 Introduction and Overview;20
6.1;Abstract;20
6.2;1…Introduction;20
6.3;2…What Are SGs?;22
6.3.1;2.1 In What Ways Are SGs ‘‘Smarter’’?;22
6.3.2;2.2 Five Major Applications of SGs;23
6.4;3…Energy Sector Outlook;25
6.5;4…The Development of SGs at the Global Level;26
6.6;5…Policy Support Mechanisms and SG Initiatives;27
6.7;6…About This Book;29
6.7.1;6.1 Our Perspective;30
6.7.2;6.2 Objectives of the Book;31
6.7.3;6.3 Structure and Content: A Brief Overview;31
6.8;Acknowledgments;36
6.9;References;36
7;2 A Holistic View on Developing Smart Grids for a Low-Carbon Future;38
7.1;Abstract;38
7.2;1…Introduction;38
7.3;2…Capabilities of Smart Grids and Implications;40
7.4;3…Key Technologies and Their Current Stage of Development;41
7.4.1;3.1 Smart Meters and Automated Metering Infrastructure;43
7.4.2;3.2 Demand Response and Automated Demand Response;43
7.4.3;3.3 Phase Monitoring Unit and Wide Area Monitoring System;44
7.4.4;3.4 Power Electronics, HVDC, and FACTS Devices;44
7.4.5;3.5 Distribution Automation;45
7.4.6;3.6 Energy Storage;45
7.4.7;3.7 Micro-grids;46
7.4.8;3.8 New Paradigms, Systems, and Technologies for a Flexible Grid;46
7.4.9;3.9 Enabling Customer Interactions and Dynamic Pricing Scheme;48
7.4.10;3.10 Providing Flexibility and Intelligence to Grid Operations;48
7.5;4…Economic Values, Benefits, and Market Forces;48
7.5.1;4.1 Transmission;48
7.5.2;4.2 Distribution;49
7.5.3;4.3 Metering;50
7.6;5…Regulation and Policies;50
7.6.1;5.1 Different Industry Structure;51
7.6.2;5.2 Common Regulation Objectives;51
7.6.3;5.3 New Objectives and Regulation;51
7.7;6…Societal Benefits, Impacts, and Acceptance;53
7.7.1;6.1 Economic Growth, Competitiveness, and Jobs;53
7.7.2;6.2 Emissions and Pollutant Reductions;53
7.7.3;6.3 Customer Engagements;53
7.7.4;6.4 Reactions to the New Prosumers;54
7.7.5;6.5 Value of Reliability;54
7.7.6;6.6 Privacy;54
7.7.7;6.7 EV Adaption Rate;55
7.8;7…Neither a Silver Bullet Nor One Size Fits All;55
7.8.1;7.1 Take Inventory;55
7.8.2;7.2 Set Targets;56
7.8.3;7.3 Assemble a Road Map;56
7.8.4;7.4 Stage for Flexibility;56
7.8.5;7.5 Trial Different Options;56
7.8.6;7.6 Standardize Equipment and Practices;56
7.8.7;7.7 Retrain Workforce;57
7.8.8;7.8 Educate the Public;57
7.8.9;7.9 Review and Adjust Periodically;57
7.8.10;7.10 Research and Development;57
7.9;8…Research Needs;57
7.10;9…Conclusion;58
7.11;References;59
8;Part II Technical Characteristics of Smart Grid;61
9;3 Status and Prospects of European Renewable-Based Energy Systems Facilitated by Smart Grid Technologies;62
9.1;Abstract;62
9.2;1…Background;62
9.3;2…Plans and Status for Renewable Energy Resource Development and Energy Efficiency Improvement;63
9.4;3…Challenges and Solutions;66
9.5;4…EU Smart Grid Initiatives;68
9.6;5…Case Studies: Bornholm---‘‘Fast Track’’ for EU Smart Grid;70
9.7;6…Conclusions;71
9.8;Acknowledgments;71
9.9;References;72
10;4 Arcturus: An International Repository of Evidence on Dynamic Pricing;73
10.1;Abstract;73
10.2;1…Introduction;74
10.3;2…The Time-Varying Rate Designs;75
10.4;3…The 34 Studies;77
10.5;4…Comparison to Earlier Meta-Analysis of TOU Experiments;85
10.6;5…Elasticity Estimates;86
10.7;6…Conclusion;87
10.8;Acknowledgment;88
10.9;References;88
11;5 Microgrids and Distributed Energy Future;89
11.1;Abstract;89
11.2;1…Introduction;89
11.3;2…Concept of Microgrid;92
11.4;3…Motivations and Challenges of Microgrid;94
11.5;4…Operation and Control of Microgrids;94
11.6;5…Economics of Microgrids;95
11.7;6…Existing Microgrid Projects;96
11.7.1;6.1 Typical Microgrid Systems in Europe;96
11.7.1.1;6.1.1 Microgrid Laboratories in the E.U.;97
11.7.1.2;6.1.2 Microgrid Demonstration Projects in the E.U.;99
11.7.2;6.2 Typical Microgrids in the US;100
11.7.2.1;6.2.1 CERT Microgrid Demonstration Projects;101
11.7.2.2;6.2.2 NREL Microgrid Projects;102
11.7.2.3;6.2.3 Other Microgrid Projects and Future Plans in the USA;102
11.7.3;6.3 Typical Microgrids in Japan;103
11.7.3.1;6.3.1 Demonstrative Project of Regional Power Grid with Various New Energies;103
11.7.3.2;6.3.2 Demonstrative Projects on New Power Network System;105
11.7.3.3;6.3.3 Other Microgrid Projects in Japan;105
11.7.4;6.4 Microgrids in Developing Countries;105
11.8;7…Conclusions;106
11.9;Acknowledgments;106
11.10;References;106
12;6 Communication and Network Security Requirements for Smart Grid;108
12.1;Abstract;108
12.2;1…Introduction;108
12.3;2…Smart Grid Enabling Technologies;110
12.4;3…Communication-Oriented Smart Grid Framework;111
12.4.1;3.1 Operation Network;114
12.4.2;3.2 Business Network;115
12.4.3;3.3 Consumer Network;116
12.5;4…Communication Requirements;117
12.6;5…Security and Privacy Requirements;118
12.7;6…Conclusions;122
12.8;Acknowledgment;122
12.9;References;123
13;Part III Stakeholders in Perspectives: Interests,Power and Conflict;125
14;7 Smart Grids: The Regulatory Challenges;126
14.1;Abstract;126
14.2;1…Introduction;126
14.3;2…Why Should Regulators Be Concerned About Smart Grid Deployment?;128
14.4;3…Major Regulatory Issues on Smart Grids: Utility Disincentives, Pricing Inefficiencies, and Cybersecurity and Privacy;130
14.4.1;3.1 Regulatory Issue 1: Utility Disincentives;130
14.4.2;3.2 Regulatory Issue 2: Pricing Inefficiencies;132
14.4.3;3.3 Regulatory Issue 3: Cybersecurity and Privacy;134
14.5;4…Smart Grid Regulatory Approaches: An Overview of International Experience;137
14.5.1;4.1 A Variety of Regulatory Approaches and the Achievements;137
14.5.2;4.2 Unresolved Issues;143
14.6;5…Conclusions;144
14.7;Acknowledgments;145
14.8;References;146
15;8 i-Energy: Smart Demand-Side Energy Management;152
15.1;Abstract;152
15.2;1…Introduction;152
15.3;2…Integrating the Physical Real World and the Cyber Network Society;153
15.4;3…Integrating Information and Electric Power Networks;155
15.4.1;3.1 i-Energy Versus Smart Grid;156
15.5;4…Technologies to Implement the i-Energy Concept;158
15.5.1;4.1 Smart Tap Network;158
15.5.2;4.2 Energy on Demand Protocol for Intelligent Power Management;161
15.5.3;4.3 EoD-based Battery Design and Management and Power Flow Coloring;165
15.5.3.1;4.3.1 Battery Design and Management Plan Generation;165
15.5.3.2;4.3.2 Real-Time Battery Management;167
15.5.3.3;4.3.3 Power Flow Coloring;171
15.5.4;4.4 Smart Community for Bidirectional Energy Trading Market;172
15.6;5…Concluding Remarks;173
15.7;References;174
16;9 Switching Perspectives: Creating New Business Models for a Changing World of Energy;175
16.1;Abstract;175
16.2;1…Introduction;175
16.3;2…Business Model Transitions and Drivers;176
16.4;3…Methodology and Framework;180
16.5;4…Industry Model Innovation: Elements, Opportunities and Challenges;181
16.5.1;4.1 Single-Sided Versus Multisided Platforms;182
16.5.2;4.2 Platform Development in the Electric Power Industry;184
16.5.3;4.3 The Platform Staging Challenge;187
16.6;5…Capabilities Required for a Successful Transition;188
16.7;6…New Policy Approaches to Stimulate Platform Development[5];190
16.8;7…Conclusion;191
16.9;Acknowledgments;192
16.10;References;192
17;Part IV International Case Studies;193
18;10 Smart Transmission Grids Vision for Europe: Towards a Realistic Research Agenda;194
18.1;Abstract;194
18.2;1…Introduction;195
18.3;2…Smart Transmission Research Defined;196
18.3.1;2.1 A European Perspective on Research Needs;196
18.3.2;2.2 A Transmission System Perspective and Research Framework;199
18.4;3…Smart Operation: Enhanced Monitoring and Control of Transmission Grids;202
18.4.1;3.1 Synchronized Phasor Measurement Technologies as Building Blocks for Smart Operation Tools;203
18.4.1.1;3.1.1 State of the Art in Grid Monitoring and Control;203
18.4.1.2;3.1.2 Synchronized Phasor Measurement Technology;204
18.4.2;3.2 Technological Challenges;205
18.4.2.1;3.2.1 Need for Continued Standardization;205
18.4.2.2;3.2.2 Big Data Management;206
18.4.2.3;3.2.3 ICT Aspects;207
18.4.2.4;3.2.4 The Requirements Dilemma;208
18.4.3;3.3 Smart Operation: A Way Forward and Future Grid Monitoring and Control Solutions;208
18.4.3.1;3.3.1 Holistic Architectural Analysis;208
18.4.3.2;3.3.2 GPS-Independent Time and Data Transfer;211
18.4.3.3;3.3.3 Software Development for Real-Time PMU Applications;212
18.4.3.3.1;Smart Operation Tools: Monitoring and Control Applications;214
18.5;4…Operational Planning of the Smart Transmission Grid;217
18.5.1;4.1 Organization of the Energy Supply Chain in Europe;217
18.5.2;4.2 System Working up to Its Limits;217
18.5.3;4.3 Flexible use of the Power System;218
18.5.3.1;4.3.1 Flexibility of Generation and Load;219
18.5.3.2;4.3.2 Extended Grid Use through the Dynamic Use of Existing Assets;220
18.5.4;4.4 Coordination in the Power System;221
18.5.4.1;4.4.1 Example: Coordination of PFC;222
18.5.5;4.5 Secure Operation of the Pan-European Power System;223
18.5.5.1;4.5.1 A New Reliability Concept is Needed;223
18.5.5.2;4.5.2 Power System Calculation Tools and Methodologies for the Pan-European Power System;225
18.6;5…Conclusion;225
18.7;References;226
19;11 Comparison of Smart Grid Technologies and Progress in the USA and Europe;230
19.1;Abstract;230
19.2;1…Introduction;231
19.3;2…Evolution of the Smart Grid in the USA and Europe;231
19.3.1;2.1 Trajectory in the USA;231
19.3.2;2.2 Trajectory in Europe;232
19.4;3…Governing Bodies in Smart Grid Development;233
19.5;4…Enabling Technologies;235
19.5.1;4.1 Distributed Generation;236
19.5.2;4.2 Energy Storage;236
19.5.3;4.3 Power Electronics;236
19.5.4;4.4 Control, Automation, and Monitoring;238
19.5.5;4.5 Demand-Side Management;239
19.5.6;4.6 Distribution Automation and Protection;240
19.5.7;4.7 Communication Systems;241
19.6;5…Comparative Metrics for USA Versus Europe;242
19.6.1;5.1 Legislation in the USA;242
19.6.2;5.2 Legislation in Europe;243
19.6.3;5.3 Barriers;244
19.7;6…Path Forward;245
19.8;Acknowledgment;246
19.9;References;246
20;12 Towards Sustainable Energy Systems Through Deploying Smart Grids: The Japanese Case;248
20.1;Abstract;248
20.2;1…Introduction;248
20.3;2…Energy Context of Japan;249
20.4;3…Smart Grids in Japan: Key Concepts and Elements;251
20.4.1;3.1 Low-Carbon Society;252
20.4.2;3.2 Key Concepts;252
20.5;4…Major Developments of Smart Grids in Japan;253
20.6;5…Japan’s Smart Communities;254
20.7;6…Japan’s Smart Grid Pilot Projects;256
20.7.1;6.1 Smart Grid Pilot Project in Yokohama City (Large Urban Area);257
20.7.2;6.2 Smart Grid Pilot Project in the Kyoto Keihanna District (R&D Focus);258
20.7.3;6.3 Smart Grid Pilot Project in Toyota City (Metropolitan Area);258
20.7.4;6.4 Smart Grid Pilot Project in Kitakyushu City (Industrial City);258
20.7.5;6.5 Smart Grid Demonstration Project in Rokkasho Village;259
20.7.6;6.6 Smart Grid Trial Project in Okinawa;260
20.8;7…Overseas Collaborations on Smart Grid Projects;260
20.8.1;7.1 Smart Grid Pilot Project in the USA;261
20.8.1.1;7.1.1 Los Alamos;261
20.8.1.2;7.1.2 Albuquerque;261
20.8.1.3;7.1.3 Smart Grid Project in Hawaii;261
20.8.2;7.2 Smart Grid Pilot Project on the Island of Jeju, Korea;262
20.8.3;7.3 ZEBs in Lyon in France;262
20.8.4;7.4 Smart Grid Collaboration in Malaga, Spain;263
20.9;8…Major Smart Grid Awareness and Activities Promotion Bodies in Japan;263
20.9.1;8.1 Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry;263
20.9.2;8.2 NEDO;263
20.9.3;8.3 The Japan Smart Community Alliance;264
20.9.4;8.4 Democratic Party of Japan;264
20.10;9…Conclusion;264
20.11;Acknowledgments;265
20.12;References;265
21;13 Governing the Transition of Socio-technical Systems: A Case Study of the Development of Smart Grids in Korea;268
21.1;Abstract;268
21.2;1…Introduction;268
21.3;2…Smart Grid Development in Korea: An Overview;270
21.4;3…Smart Grid in Theoretical Perspective;272
21.4.1;3.1 Governance Perspective;272
21.4.2;3.2 Innovation Systems Perspective;272
21.5;4…Factors Underpinning Korea’s Smart Grid Development;273
21.5.1;4.1 Landscape Level;274
21.5.2;4.2 Regime Level;274
21.5.3;4.3 Niche Level;277
21.6;5…Discussion: The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Government-led Approach;278
21.7;6…Conclusion;282
21.8;Acknowledgments;283
21.9;A.x(118). 7…Appendix 1: List of Interviewees;283
21.10;References;284
22;14 Developing Super Smart Grids in China: Perspective of Socio-technical Systems Transition;287
22.1;Abstract;287
22.2;1…Introduction;287
22.3;2…Power Sector in China;288
22.3.1;2.1 Overview;288
22.3.2;2.2 Multi-level Perspective Analysis;292
22.3.2.1;2.2.1 Landscape and Regime;292
22.3.2.2;2.2.2 Technical Niches;294
22.4;3…Planning of China’s Power Sector into 2030;294
22.4.1;3.1 Landscape and Driving Forces;294
22.4.2;3.2 Planning Scenario;298
22.5;4…Developing Super Smart Grid in China;299
22.5.1;4.1 Key Features of China’s Power Scenario;299
22.5.2;4.2 Function Analysis on SSG in China;301
22.6;5…Road Map for Developing SSG in China;303
22.6.1;5.1 Transition Pathways of Low-Carbon Power Sector in China;303
22.6.2;5.2 Milestones and Key Tasks for Building SSG in China;303
22.7;6…Policy Implications;305
22.8;7…Conclusion;307
22.9;Acknowledgment;308
22.10;References;308
23;15 Exploring the Value of Distributed Energy for Australia;310
23.1;Abstract;310
23.2;1…Introduction;310
23.3;2…Modelling Approach;314
23.4;3…Modelling Results;318
23.5;4…Estimated Value of DE;319
23.6;5…Integrating DE with the Electricity Grid and the Urban Environment;323
23.7;6…Enabling Large-Scale Uptake of DE;326
23.8;7…DE Business Models;329
23.9;8…Integrating DE with Energy Markets;330
23.10;9…Conclusion;334
23.11;Acknowledgments;334
23.12;References;335
24;Part V Postscript;336
25;16 Postscript;337
25.1;Abstract;337
25.2;1…Future Trajectories for Smart Grids;337
25.3;2…Refining the Research Agenda;339
25.4;Acknowledgments;342
25.5;References;342