Major / Gheorghe / Werth Charged Particle Traps

Physics and Techniques of Charged Particle Field Confinement
2005
ISBN: 978-3-540-26576-4
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 37, 356 Seiten

Reihe: Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics

Over the last quarter of this century, revolutionary advances have been made both in kind and in precision in the application of particle traps to the study of thephysics of charged particles, leading to intensi?ed interest in, and wide proliferation of, this topic. This book is intended as a timely addition to the literature, providing a systematic uni?ed treatment of the subject, from the point of view of the application of these devices to fundamental atomic and particle physics. Thetechniqueofusingelectromagnetic?eldstocon?neandisolateatomic particles in vacuo, rather than by material walls of a container, was initially conceivedbyW.Paulintheformofa3Dversionoftheoriginalrfquadrupole mass ?lter, for which he shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in physics [1], whereas H.G. Dehmelt who also shared the 1989 Nobel Prize [2] saw these devices (including the Penning trap) as a way of isolating electrons and ions, for the purposes of high resolution spectroscopy. These two broad areas of appli- tion have developed more or less independently, each attaining a remarkable degree of sophistication and generating widespread interest and experimental activity.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Major, Fouad G.

Gheorghe, Viorica N.

Werth, Günther

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Trap Operation Theory;13
3.1;1 Introduction;14
3.1.1;1.1 Historical Background;14
3.1.2;1.2 Principles of Particle Confinement;21
3.2;2 The Paul Trap;27
3.2.1;2.1 Theory of the Ideal Paul Trap;27
3.2.2;2.2 Motional Spectrum in Paul Trap;33
3.2.3;2.3 Adiabatic Approximation;34
3.2.4;2.4 Real Paul Traps;37
3.2.5;2.5 Instabilities in an Imperfect Paul Trap;43
3.2.6;2.6 The Role of Collisions in a Paul Trap;46
3.2.7;2.7 Quantum Dynamics in Paul Traps;49
3.3;3 The Penning Trap;60
3.3.1;3.1 Theory of the Ideal Penning Trap;60
3.3.2;3.2 Motional Spectrum in Penning Trap;65
3.3.3;3.3 Real Penning Traps;66
3.3.4;3.4 Shift of the Eigenfrequencies;68
3.3.5;3.5 Instabilities of the Ion Motion;77
3.3.6;3.6 Tuning the Trap;79
3.3.7;3.7 Quantum Dynamics in Ideal Penning Trap;81
3.3.8;3.8 Quantum Dynamics in Real Penning Traps;90
3.4;4 Other Traps;95
3.4.1;4.1 Combined Traps;95
3.4.2;4.2 Cylindrical Traps;103
3.4.3;4.3 Nested Traps;115
3.4.4;4.4 Multipolar Traps;116
3.4.5;4.5 Linear Traps;117
3.4.6;4.6 Ring Traps;125
3.4.7;4.7 Planar Paul Traps;126
3.4.8;4.8 Electrostatic Traps;131
3.4.9;4.9 Kingdon Trap;132
4;Trap Techniques;135
4.1;5 Loading of Traps;138
4.1.1;5.1 Ion Creation Inside Trap;138
4.1.2;5.2 Ion Injection from Outside the Trap;140
4.1.3;5.3 Positron Loading;142
4.2;6 Trapped Charged Particle Detection;146
4.2.1;6.1 Destructive Detection;146
4.2.2;6.2 Nondestructive Detection;148
5;Nonclassical States of Trapped Ions;155
5.1;7 Quantum States of Motion;157
5.1.1;7.1 Fock States;157
5.1.2;7.2 Oscillator Coherent States;158
5.1.3;7.3 Squeezed States;163
5.2;8 Coherent States for Dynamical Groups;165
5.2.1;8.1 Trap Symmetries;165
5.2.2;8.2 Quasienergy States for Combined Traps;166
5.3;9 State Engineering and Reconstruction;173
5.3.1;9.1 Trapped Ion-Laser Interaction;173
5.3.2;9.2 State Creation;177
5.3.3;9.3 State Reconstruction;187
6;Cooling of Trapped Charged Particles;193
6.1;10 Trapped Ion Temperature;196
6.1.1;10.1 Measurement of Ion Temperature;197
6.2;11 Radiative Cooling;200
6.3;12 Buffer Gas Cooling;205
6.3.1;12.1 Paul Trap;206
6.3.2;12.2 Penning Trap;208
6.4;13 Resistive Cooling;212
6.4.1;13.1 Negative Feedback;216
6.4.2;13.2 Stochastic Cooling;217
6.5;14 Laser Cooling;221
6.5.1;14.1 Physical Principles;221
6.5.2;14.2 Doppler Cooling: Semi-classical Theory;223
6.5.3;14.3 Resolved Sideband Cooling;226
6.5.4;14.4 EIT Cooling;233
6.5.5;14.5 Sisyphus Cooling;236
6.5.6;14.6 Stimulated Raman Cooling;246
6.5.7;14.7 Sympathetic Cooling;250
6.6;15 Adiabatic Cooling;256
7;Trapped Ions as Nonneutral Plasma;258
7.1;16 Plasma Properties;260
7.1.1;16.1 Coulomb Correlation Parameter;260
7.1.2;16.2 Weakly Coupled Plasmas;260
7.2;17 Plasma Oscillations;266
7.2.1;17.1 Rotating Wall Technique;269
7.3;18 Plasma Crystallization;272
7.3.1;18.1 Phase Transitions;272
7.3.2;18.2 Chaos and Order;275
7.3.3;18.3 Crystalline Structures;277
7.4;19 Sympathetic Crystallization;291
8;A Mathieu Equations;294
8.1;A.1 Parametric Oscillators;294
9;B Orbits of Trapped Ions;297
10;C Nonlinear Oscillator;303
10.1;C.1 Multipole Expansions;303
10.2;C.2 Normal Forms;304
10.3;C.3 Nonlinear Resonances;306
11;D Generating Functions for Quantum States;309
11.1;D.1 Uncertainty Relations;309
11.2;D.2 Generating Functions;310
11.3;D.3 Displacement Operators;313
11.4;D.4 Time Dependent Oscillators;314
11.5;D.5 Coherent States for Symplectic Groups;317
12;E Trap Design and Electronics;320
13;F Charged Microparticle Trapping;324
14;References;327
15;Index;340