Mercer / Schmidt / Weber Poxviruses

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-3-7643-7557-7
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 442 Seiten

Reihe: Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases

This monograph provides a comprehensive review of the poxvirus family with a particular emphasis on current developments. It includes the latest insights into poxviral molecular biology, diagnosis, therapy, vaccine development and the beneficial exploitation of these viruses in biomedical research. Each chapter is written by a leader in the field, and the book includes historical perspectives and summaries of recent advances in the field.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mercer, Andrew

Schmidt, Axel

Weber, Olaf

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;List of contributors;8
3;Preface;11
4;Glossary;13
5;Taxonomic structure of the Poxviridae family;17
5.1;Subfamily Chordopoxvirinae Genus Orthopoxvirus;17
5.2;Tentative species in the genus;17
5.3;Genus Parapoxvirus;17
5.4;Tentative species in the genus;17
5.5;Genus Avipoxvirus;17
5.6;Tentative species in the genus;18
5.7;Genus Capripoxvirus;18
5.8;Genus Leporipoxvirus;18
5.9;Genus Suipoxvirus;18
5.10;Genus Molluscipoxvirus;18
5.11;Tentative species in the genus;18
5.12;Genus Yatapoxvirus;18
5.13;Unassigned viruses in the subfamily;19
5.14;Subfamily Entomopoxvirinae Genus Alphaentomopoxvirus;19
5.15;Genus Betaentomopoxvirus;19
5.16;Genus Gammaentomopoxvirus;20
5.17;Unassigned viruses in the subfamily;20
6;Genus Orthopoxvirus: Vaccinia virus;21
6.1;Abstract;21
6.2;Introduction;21
6.3;The origin of VACV;22
6.4;Classification;22
6.5;Vaccination against smallpox with VACV;26
6.6;Attenuated VACV strains;27
6.7;VACV structure;28
6.8;VACV genome;29
6.9;The VACV replication cycle;31
6.10;Virus transcription;33
6.11;DNA replication;35
6.12;Morphogenesis;35
6.13;Transport and wrapping of IMV particles;39
6.14;Transport of IEV to the cell surface;40
6.15;Actin tail formation from the cell surface;40
6.16;Release of EEV;41
6.17;Phylogenetic comparisons of OPV genes;42
6.18;Vaccinia virus pathogenesis;45
6.19;References;46
6.20;Abstract;66
6.21;Taxonomy and history;66
7;Genus Orthopoxvirus: Variola virus;66
7.1;Epidemiology, disease, pathology;68
7.2;Disease;69
7.3;Pathogenesis and pathology;72
7.4;Genome;74
7.5;References;78
8;Genus Orthopoxvirus: Monkeypox virus;84
8.1;Abstract;84
8.2;Monkey monkeypox;84
8.3;Human monkeypox 1970–1986;85
8.4;Human monkeypox 1996/97;86
8.5;Monkeypox in the USA in 2003;86
8.6;Reservoir;87
8.7;Monkeypox virus genome;88
8.8;Monkeypox virus diagnosis and animal models;90
8.9;References;90
9;Genus Orthopoxvirus: Cowpox virus;93
9.1;Abstract;93
9.2;The history of cowpox virus;93
9.3;Geographic distribution and host range of cowpox virus;94
9.4;Cowpox virus infections;94
9.5;Diagnosis of cowpox virus;95
9.6;Evolution of cowpox virus;97
9.7;Cowpox virus heterogeneity;99
9.8;Cowpox virus as a model;100
9.9;References;101
9.10;Abstract;107
9.11;Introduction;107
10;Genus Molluscipoxvirus;107
10.1;Taxonomy;108
10.2;History;108
10.3;Disease: clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment;109
10.4;Epidemiology;111
10.5;Pathology;113
10.6;Working with MCV – molecular biology;116
10.7;MCV plasmid clone library and previous limited MCV genome sequencing projects;117
10.8;Complete MCV genome sequence and phylogeny;118
10.9;References;123
10.10;Abstract;131
10.11;Introduction;131
11;Genus Yatapoxvirus;131
11.1;Discovery of yatapoxviruses;132
11.2;Epidemiology;133
11.3;Disease and pathogenesis;135
11.4;Virus structure;135
11.5;Genome structure and phylogenetic relationships;136
11.6;Replication cycle;136
11.7;Virus specific enzymes;137
11.8;DNA replication;137
11.9;Morphogenesis;138
11.10;Cell-to-cell spread;138
11.11;Immune modulation;139
11.12;Use as a recombinant vector;139
11.13;Future research topics;139
11.14;References;140
11.15;Abstract;144
12;Genus Parapoxvirus;144
12.1;Taxonomy;145
12.2;History of parapoxviruses;146
12.3;Epidemiology;147
12.4;Pathogenesis;148
12.5;Virion structure;150
12.6;Immune response to parapoxviruses;152
12.7;Molecular biology;154
12.8;Parapoxviruses and immune evasion;166
12.9;Parapoxviruses in immunotherapy and recombinant vaccines;169
12.10;References;170
12.11;Abstract;183
12.12;Viruses of the Capripoxvirus genus;183
13;Genus Capripoxvirus;183
13.1;History and epidemiology of capripoxvirus infections;185
13.2;Clinical signs and lesions;186
13.3;Diagnosis;190
13.4;Control;192
13.5;References;193
13.6;Abstract;198
13.7;Taxonomy and history;198
14;Genus Leporipoxvirus;198
14.1;Epidemiology, disease, pathology;202
14.2;Molecular biology: genomics and immune evasion;205
14.3;References;210
14.4;Abstract;217
14.5;Taxonomy;217
15;Genus Suipoxvirus;217
15.1;History;218
15.2;Epidemiology;218
15.3;Disease;219
15.4;Pathology;220
15.5;Pathogenesis;220
15.6;Genome;221
15.7;Molecular biology;224
15.8;References;225
15.9;Abstract;230
15.10;Introduction;230
16;Genus Avipoxvirus;230
16.1;Taxonomy and origins;232
16.2;Disease in production poultry;232
16.3;Disease control – vaccination and transmission control;233
16.4;Emergence of new strains;235
16.5;Disease in wild birds and in threatened avian species;236
16.6;Whole genome sequences;236
16.7;Relationships to poxviruses in general;239
16.8;FWPV and REV;239
16.9;Avipoxvirus vaccine vector technology;242
16.10;Construction technologies;244
16.11;Avipoxviruses for the recovery of other poxviruses from naked DNA;246
16.12;Reverse genetics of RNA viruses – T7 system;247
16.13;Poultry vaccines;247
16.14;Enhancing poultry vaccines based on rFWPV;249
16.15;Other veterinary vaccines delivered by recombinant avipoxviruses;249
16.16;Preclinical and clinical human vaccine trials;251
16.17;General conclusions;252
16.18;References;252
16.19;Abstract;265
16.20;Taxonomy and history;265
17;Subfamily Entomopoxvirinae;265
17.1;Genome size and organization;268
17.2;Pathology;269
17.3;Spheroids;272
17.4;Fusolin/spindles/enhancing factor;273
17.5;The molecular biology of entomopoxviruses;274
17.6;Summary;278
17.7;References;279
17.8;Abstract;284
17.9;Introduction;284
18;Immunomodulation by poxviruses;284
18.1;Secreted immunomodulators: shaping the immuno-environment;285
18.2;Type I interferons;285
18.3;Type II interferons;286
18.4;IL-1;287
18.5;IL-18;287
18.6;Tumor necrosis factors;288
18.7;Chemokines;289
18.8;Low-affinity CBPs;289
18.9;High-affinity CBPs;290
18.10;Chemokine homologs;290
18.11;Multiple cytokine binding proteins;291
18.12;Cytokine homologs;291
18.13;Anti-inflammatory serpins;292
18.14;Complement;292
18.15;Inhibition of intracellular signaling;293
18.16;Semaphorin;294
18.17;Inhibition of apoptosis;295
18.18;Caspase inhibition;296
18.19;Inhibition of apoptosis at the mitochondrial checkpoint;297
18.20;Other anti-apoptotic poxvirus proteins;297
18.21;Intracellular mechanisms of IFN inhibition;297
18.22;Conclusions;298
18.23;References;298
18.24;Abstract;308
18.25;Introduction;308
19;Immunomodulation by inactivated Orf virus (ORFV) – therapeutic potential;308
19.1;Immunomodulation by parapoxvirus ovis;309
19.2;Advantages of ORFV over existing cytokine monotherapies;314
19.3;Putative therapeutic options;316
19.4;References;316
19.5;Abstract;322
19.6;Introduction;322
20;Recombinant poxvirus vaccines in biomedical research;322
20.1;Generation of recombinant poxviruses;323
20.2;Prophylactic recombinant poxvirus vaccines;325
20.3;Therapeutic application of recombinant poxviruses;328
20.4;Outlook;329
20.5;References;330
20.6;Abstract;339
20.7;History of smallpox vaccination;339
21;Orthopoxvirus vaccines and vaccination;339
21.1;Vaccine-associated complications;341
21.2;Smallpox and immunity to natural infection and vaccination;343
21.3;Vaccines;351
21.4;References;353
21.5;Abstract;364
21.6;Introduction;364
22;Poxvirus diagnostics;364
22.1;Sample collection and handling;365
22.2;Morphological methods;366
22.3;Biological methods;369
22.4;Serological methods for antigen detection;370
22.5;DNA-based methods;372
22.6;Serological methods for antibody detection;377
22.7;References;380
22.8;Abstract;383
22.9;Introduction;383
23;Therapy of poxvirus infections;383
23.1;Compounds targeted at cellular enzymes;385
23.2;Compounds targeted at viral enzymes;389
23.3;Interferon;396
23.4;References;398
23.5;Abstract;404
23.6;Environmental resistance;404
24;Environmental resistance, disinfection, and sterilization of poxviruses;404
24.1;Disinfection;406
24.2;Sterilization;407
24.3;References;409
24.4;Abstract;413
25;Early disease management strategies in case of a smallpox outbreak;413
25.1;Introduction;414
25.2;Strategy;414
25.3;Preparation of medical countermeasures;422
25.4;Research on new vaccines;423
25.5;References;425
25.6;Abstract;428
25.7;Smallpox in the New World;428
26;Historic aspects and early smallpox management approaches in the New World;428
26.1;Cotton Mather;429
26.2;Dr. Zabdiel Boylston;431
26.3;The controversy;433
26.4;Reflection;436
26.5;References;437
27;Index;440