Morgan / Baker Processes of Continental Rifting

Selected Papers from the Lunar and Planetary Institute Topical Conference on the Processes of Planetary Rifting, Held in St. Helena, California, U.S.A., December 3-5, 1981
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8982-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 685 Seiten, Web PDF

Selected papers from the Lunar and Planetary Institute Topical Conference, St. Helena, CA, USA, 3-5 Dec. 1981

Autoren/Hrsg.

Morgan, P.

Baker, B. H.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Processes of Continental Rifting;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;12
5;Dedication;6
6;Preface;8
7;List of Authors;10
8;CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION—PROCESSES OF CONTINENTAL RIFTING;14
8.1;MODELS OF RIFTING;14
8.2;CONSTRAINTS ON THE MODELS;18
8.3;RESOURCES ASSOCIATED WITH RIFTING;20
8.4;CONCLUDING REMARKS;21
8.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;22
8.6;REFERENCES CITED;22
9;Part 1: Models of Rifting;24
9.1;CHAPTER 2. MECHANISM OF GRABEN FORMATION—THE WEDGE SUBSIDENCE HYPOTHESIS
;24
9.1.1;ABSTRACT;24
9.1.2;INTRODUCTION;24
9.1.3;THE WEDGE SUBSIDENCE HYPOTHESIS;26
9.1.4;FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF GRABEN FORMATION;28
9.1.5;SOURCE OF THE TENSILE STRESS;32
9.1.6;CONCLUSIONS;33
9.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;34
9.1.8;REFERENCES;34
9.2;CHAPTER 3. RIFTS AND SWELLS: GEOPHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS ON CAUSALITY;36
9.2.1;ABSTRACT;36
9.2.2;INTRODUCTION;36
9.2.3;UPLIFT CAUSED BY RIFTING;37
9.2.4;SWELL-INDUCED RIFTS;42
9.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;48
9.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;48
9.2.7;REFERENCES;49
9.3;CHAPTER 4. MECHANISMS OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE RIFTING;52
9.3.1;ABSTRACT;52
9.3.2;INTRODUCTION;52
9.3.3;STRESSES GENERATED BY LITHOSPHERIC THINNING;58
9.3.4;CONCLUSIONS;62
9.3.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;62
9.3.6;REFERENCES;62
9.4;CHAPTER 5. MECHANISMS OF UPLIFT PRECEDING RIFTING;64
9.4.1;ABSTRACT;64
9.4.2;INTRODUCTION;64
9.4.3;THE THERMAL CONDUCTION MODEL;66
9.4.4;THE DIAPIRIC UPRISE MODEL;72
9.4.5;CONCLUSIONS;77
9.4.6;REFERENCES;77
9.5;CHAPTER 6. CONVECTIVE THINNING OF THE LITHOSPHERE: A MECHANISM FOR RIFTING AND MID-PLATE VOLCANISM ON EARTH, VENUS, AND MARS;80
9.5.1;ABSTRACT;80
9.5.2;INTRODUCTION;80
9.5.3;THE MODEL;83
9.5.4;SOLUTIONS TO THE MODEL EQUATIONS;85
9.5.5;DISCUSSION;87
9.5.6;THINNING OF THE CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE;88
9.5.7;VULNERABILITY OF THE CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE;91
9.5.8;THINNING OF THE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE;92
9.5.9;UPLIFT OF THE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE OVER HOT SPOTS;95
9.5.10;THINNING OF THE LITHOSPHERES OF VENUS AND MARS;97
9.5.11;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;101
9.5.12;REFERENCES;101
9.6;CHAPTER 7. MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF CONTINENTAL RIFTING;104
9.6.1;ABSTRACT;104
9.6.2;INTRODUCTION;104
9.6.3;PLATE COLLISION;106
9.6.4;LINKING OF HOT SPOTS;109
9.6.5;LITHOSPHERIC EXTENSION;110
9.6.6;MANTLE DIAPIR MODEL;110
9.6.7;DISCUSSION;118
9.6.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;120
9.6.9;REFERENCES;120
9.7;CHAPTER 8. SUBMARINE RIFTING AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES;122
9.7.1;ABSTRACT;122
9.7.2;INTRODUCTION;122
9.7.3;CONDITIONS AT THE RIDGE CREST;123
9.7.4;MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL;125
9.7.5;MODEL RESULTS;128
9.7.6;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;132
9.7.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;134
9.7.8;REFERENCES;134
9.8;CHAPTER 9. HOTSPOT TRACKS AND THE EARLY RIFTING OF THE ATLANTIC;136
9.8.1;ABSTRACT;136
9.8.2;INTRODUCTION;136
9.8.3;PLATE RECONSTRUCTIONS;137
9.8.4;HOTSPOT TRACKS;143
9.8.5;UPLIFT OF SHIELDS;147
9.8.6;SUMMARY;150
9.8.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;151
9.8.8;REFERENCES;151
9.9;CHAPTER 10. MECHANISM OF SUBSIDENCE OF ANCIENT CRATONIC RIFT BASINS;154
9.9.1;ABSTRACT;154
9.9.2;INTRODUCTION;155
9.9.3;RHEOLOGICAL FLEXURE MODEL OF THE LITHOSPHERE;160
9.9.4;MATERIAL PARAMETERS;165
9.9.5;RESPONSE OF THE NONLINEAR MAXWELL FLEXURE MODEL;167
9.9.6;THE REACTIVATION OF CRATONIC BASINS;170
9.9.7;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;178
9.9.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;180
9.9.9;REFERENCES;180
9.10;CHAPTER 11. PHENOMENA OF PULSATION TECTONICS RELATED TO THE BREAKUP OF THE EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENTAL MARGIN;182
9.10.1;ABSTRACT;182
9.10.2;INTRODUCTION;182
9.10.3;SPREADING RATE IMPLICATIONS;185
9.10.4;IMPLICATIONS FOR GLOBAL PROCESSES, PULSATION TECTONICS, AND ORIGIN OF THE FIRST ORDER GEO-CYCLES;188
9.10.5;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;196
9.10.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;196
9.10.7;REFERENCES;197
10;Part 2: Geophysical Constraints on Rifting;200
10.1;CHAPTER 12. GRAVITY STUDY OF THE CENTRAL AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM: A MODEL OF CONTINENTAL DISRUPTION;200
10.1.1;ABSTRACT;200
10.1.2;INTRODUCTION;200
10.1.3;GEOLOGY OF THE NGAOUNDERE AND ABU GABRA RIFTS;202
10.1.4;GRAVITY DATA;203
10.1.5;INTERPRETATION;210
10.1.6;TECTONIC MODEL;212
10.1.7;DISCUSSION;213
10.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;215
10.1.9;REFERENCES;215
10.2;CHAPTER 13. GRAVITY STUDY OF THE CENTRAL AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM: A MODEL OF CONTINENTAL DISRUPTION;218
10.2.1;ABSTRACT;218
10.2.2;INTRODUCTION;218
10.2.3;GEOLOGY AND EPEIROGENY OF THE DARFUR DOME;220
10.2.4;GRAVITY STUDY;224
10.2.5;DISCUSSION;229
10.2.6;CONCLUSIONS;232
10.2.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;233
10.2.8;REFERENCES;233
10.3;CHAPTER 14. BAIKAL RIFT: ACTIVE OR PASSIVE? — COMPARISON OF THE BAIKAL AND KENYA RIFT ZONES;236
10.3.1;ABSTRACT;236
10.3.2;INTRODUCTION;236
10.3.3;VOLCANICS AND SEDIMENTS;237
10.3.4;ARCHED UPLIFTS;238
10.3.5;RIFT DEPRESSIONS;241
10.3.6;GREAT DYKES;242
10.3.7;THE EARTH'S CRUST AND THE MAGNITUDE OF ITS EXTENSION;244
10.3.8;LITHOSPHERE AND ASTHENOSPHERE;246
10.3.9;CONCLUSIONS;250
10.3.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;252
10.3.11;REFERENCES;252
10.4;CHAPTER 15. PROCESSES OF PLANETARY RIFTING AS SEEN IN THE RIFTING AND BREAK UP OF AFRICA;254
10.4.1;ABSTRACT;254
10.4.2;INTRODUCTION;254
10.4.3;RIFTING AND THINNING: WHICH COMES FIRST?;255
10.4.4;EVOLUTION OF RIFTING: CONTINUOUS OR DISCONTINUOUS;260
10.4.5;A REVISED MODEL FOR RIFTING AND LITHOSPHERIC THINNING;262
10.4.6;REFERENCES;264
10.5;CHAPTER 16. THE DISTRIBUTION AND IMPLICATIONS OF HEAT FLOW FROM THE GREGORY RIFT IN KENYA;266
10.5.1;ABSTRACT;266
10.5.2;INTRODUCTION;266
10.5.3;HEAT FLOW METHODS AND CALCULATIONS;269
10.5.4;BOGORIA;276
10.5.5;EBURRU;277
10.5.6;OLKARIA;278
10.5.7;NATRON;278
10.5.8;CONDUCTIVE VERSUS ADVECTIVE MEASUREMENTS;280
10.5.9;SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF GEOTHERMAL REGIONS IN THE GREGORY RIFT: IMPLICATIONS FOR VOLCANIC, TECTONIC AND THERMAL WAVE LENGTHS;281
10.5.10;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;286
10.5.11;REFERENCES;287
10.6;CHAPTER 17. CONSTRAINTS ON RIFT THERMAL PROCESSES FROM HEAT FLOW AND UPLIFT;290
10.6.1;ABSTRACT;290
10.6.2;INTRODUCTION;290
10.6.3;HEAT FLOW DATA FROM CONTINENTAL RIFT ZONES;291
10.6.4;UPLIFT IN CONTINENTAL RIFT ZONES;294
10.6.5;APPLICATION OF THERMAL UPLIFT MODELS TO CONTINENTAL RIFTS;306
10.6.6;CONCLUSIONS;308
10.6.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;309
10.6.8;REFERENCES;309
10.7;CHAPTER 18. MAGNETOTELLURIC RESULTS OPPOSING MAGMA ORIGIN OF CRUSTAL CONDUCTORS IN THE RIO GRANDE RIFT;312
10.7.1;ABSTRACT;312
10.7.2;INTRODUCTION;312
10.7.3;SOURCES OF CRUSTAL CONDUCTIVE ZONES;315
10.7.4;RIO GRANDE RIFT MAGNETOTELLURIC STUDIES;323
10.7.5;RIO GRANDE RIFT GEOELECTRIC MODELS;331
10.7.6;CONCLUSIONS;331
10.7.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;335
10.7.8;REFERENCES;335
10.8;CHAPTER 19. CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE NORTHERN MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT AND A COMPARISON WITH OTHER CONTINENTAL RIFT ZONES;340
10.8.1;ABSTRACT;340
10.8.2;INTRODUCTION;340
10.8.3;REGIONAL SETTING;341
10.8.4;REFRACTION DATA;342
10.8.5;THE AXIAL PROFILE;346
10.8.6;THE CROSS PROFILES;347
10.8.7;GRAVITY MODELS;349
10.8.8;DISCUSSION OF REFRACTION AND GRAVITY RESULTS;353
10.8.9;COMPARISON WITH OTHER CONTINENTAL RIFTS;354
10.8.10;CONCLUSIONS;357
10.8.11;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;357
10.8.12;REFERENCES;358
10.9;CHAPTER 20. THE ROLE OF SEISMIC REFRACTION DATA FOR STUDIES OF THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF CONTINENTAL RIFTS;360
10.9.1;ABSTRACT;360
10.9.2;INTRODUCTION;360
10.9.3;METHODS OF OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS;362
10.9.4;STATUS OF REFRACTION PROFILING IN CONTINENTAL RIFTS;365
10.9.5;CONCLUSIONS;377
10.9.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;378
10.9.7;REFERENCES;379
11;Part 3: Geological and Geochemical Constraints on Rifting;382
11.1;CHAPTER 21. CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF RIFTED CONTINENTAL MARGINS: GEOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS FROM THE PROTEROZOIC ROCKS OF THE CANADIAN SHIELD;382
11.1.1;ABSTRACT;382
11.1.2;INTRODUCTION;382
11.1.3;TYPES OF PROTEROZOIC RIFT SEQUENCES;383
11.1.4;GEOLOGY OF RIFT ASSEMBLAGES RELATED TO POSSIBLE PROTEROZOIC CONTINENTAL MARGINS;385
11.1.5;DISCUSSION: CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF CONTINENTAL MARGINS;395
11.1.6;CONCLUSIONS;398
11.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;398
11.1.8;REFERENCES;398
11.2;CHAPTER 22. THE ROLE OF RIFTING IN THE TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE MIDCONTINENT, U.S.A.;402
11.2.1;ABSTRACT;402
11.2.2;INTRODUCTION;402
11.2.3;PRECAMBRIAN RIFTS;406
11.2.4;EOCAMBRIAN RIFTS;408
11.2.5;MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC RIFTS;415
11.2.6;DISCUSSION;417
11.2.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;420
11.2.8;REFERENCES;420
11.3;CHAPTER 23. GEOLOGIC AND GEOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC (KEWEENAWAN) MIDCONTINENT RIFT OF NORTH AMERICA;424
11.3.1;ABSTRACT;424
11.3.2;INTRODUCTION;424
11.3.3;EVIDENCE AND INTERPRETATION;428
11.3.4;DISCUSSION;435
11.3.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;444
11.3.6;REFERENCES;444
11.4;CHAPTER 24. TIMING AND CHEMISTRY OF IGNEOUS EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SOUTHERN OKLAHOMA AULACOGEN;450
11.4.1;ABSTRACT;450
11.4.2;INTRODUCTION;450
11.4.3;GEOLOGICAL SETTING;455
11.4.4;DEVELOPMENT OF THE AULACOGEN;460
11.4.5;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;464
11.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;464
11.4.7;REFERENCES;465
11.5;CHAPTER 25. ORIGIN OF THE OSLO GRABEN IN RELATION TO THE HERCYNIAN–ALLEGHENIAN OROGENY AND LITHOSPHERIC RIFTING IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC;468
11.5.1;ABSTRACT;468
11.5.2;INTRODUCTION;469
11.5.3;DEFINITION OF THE OSLO GRABEN;469
11.5.4;DOLERITE INTRUSIVES;470
11.5.5;A LATE CARBONIFEROUS OCEANIC RIFT (HYPOTHESIS I);471
11.5.6;LINKS BETWEEN THE HERCYNIAN OROGENY, DYKES AND OSLO GRABEN (HYPOTHESIS II);474
11.5.7;TEST OF HYPOTHESES
;475
11.5.8;PLATE TECTONIC SYNTHESIS;477
11.5.9;CONCLUSIONS;479
11.5.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;479
11.5.11;REFERENCES;480
11.6;CHAPTER 26. ACTIVE VERSUS PASSIVE CONTINENTAL RIFTING: EVIDENCE FROM THE WEST AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM;484
11.6.1;ABSTRACT;484
11.6.2;INTRODUCTION;484
11.6.3;THE WEST AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM;485
11.6.4;ORIGIN OF THE CAMEROON LINE;487
11.6.5;IMPLICATIONS FOR CONTINENTAL RIFTING;490
11.6.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;491
11.6.7;REFERENCES;491
11.7;CHAPTER 27. TECTONIC AND GEOLOGIC EVOLUTION OF THE ESPANOLA BASIN, RIO GRANDE RIFT: STRUCTURE, RATE OF EXTENSION, AND RELATION TO THE STATE OF STRESS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES;494
11.7.1;ABSTRACT;494
11.7.2;INTRODUCTION;495
11.7.3;STRATIGRAPHY;496
11.7.4;STRUCTURE;498
11.7.5;TECTONIC AND GEOLOGIC HISTORY;502
11.7.6;RATE OF EXTENSION;507
11.7.7;RELATION OF RIO GRANDE RIFT TECTONICS TO REGIONAL STRESSES;509
11.7.8;WAS RIFTING IN THE RIO GRANDE RIFT AND BASIN AND RANGE ACTIVE OR PASSIVE;512
11.7.9;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;514
11.7.10;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;515
11.7.11;REFERENCES;515
11.8;CHAPTER 28. THE MORTON–BLACK HYPOTHESIS FOR THE THINNING OF CONTINENTAL CRUST—REVISITED IN WESTERN AFAR;520
11.8.1;ABSTRACT;520
11.8.2;INTRODUCTION;520
11.8.3;THE WESTERN MARGIN OF AFAR AT LATITUDE 12.58N;521
11.8.4;EVOLUTION OF THE WESTERN AFAR MARGIN;529
11.8.5;THE MORTON-BLACK HYPOTHESIS REVIEWED;531
11.8.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;536
11.8.7;REFERENCES;537
11.9;CHAPTER 29. CONTINENTAL RIFT JUMPS;540
11.9.1;ABSTRACT;540
11.9.2;INTRODUCTION;540
11.9.3;ICELANDIC JUMPS;541
11.9.4;AFAR JUMPS;542
11.9.5;BENUE TROUGH-CAMEROON VOLCANICS;543
11.9.6;KENYA RIFT JUMPS;543
11.9.7;JUMPING RELATIONS;545
11.9.8;MORE JUMPS;549
11.9.9;CONCLUSIONS;549
11.9.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;549
11.9.11;REFERENCES;550
11.10;CHAPTER 30. SURFACE DEFORMATION IN VOLCANIC RIFT ZONES;552
11.10.1;ABSTRACT;552
11.10.2;INTRODUCTION;552
11.10.3;THE SOURCE OF DISPLACEMENT FIELDS;554
11.10.4;IMPLICATIONS OF THE SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS;557
11.10.5;INTERPRETATION OF CONTINUOUS VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT PROFILES;562
11.10.6;INTERPRETATION OF DISCONTINUOUS VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT PROFILES;567
11.10.7;THE NATURE OF SURFACE STRUCTURES;572
11.10.8;THE NATURE OF SURFACE STRUCTURES
;577
11.10.9;INTERPRETATION OF GROUND DEFORMATION;580
11.10.10;DISCUSSION;585
11.10.11;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;587
11.10.12;REFERENCES;587
11.11;CHAPTER 31. THE CHEMICAL AND THERMAL EVOLUTION OF RIFTS;590
11.11.1;ABSTRACT;590
11.11.2;RIFTS AS PERMISSIVE STRUCTURES IN OCEANS AND CONTINENTS;590
11.11.3;GENERAL EFFECTS OF GAS RELEASE FROM THE DEEP MANTLE
;594
11.11.4;THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LITHOSPHERE THERMAL HISTORY AND MAGMATISM;596
11.11.5;OBSERVED VARIATIONS OF STABLE CONTINENTAL MAGMATISM WITH LITHOSPHERE CONDITION;598
11.11.6;CONCLUSIONS;599
11.11.7;REFERENCES;600
11.12;CHAPTER 32. MAJOR STAGES OF RIFTING EVOLUTION IN THE EARTH'S HISTORY;604
11.12.1;ABSTRACT;604
11.12.2;INTRODUCTION;604
11.12.3;ARCHEAN EPOCH;605
11.12.4;EARLY PROTEROZOIC EPOCH;607
11.12.5;LATE PROTEROZOIC EPOCH;608
11.12.6;PALEOZOIC EPOCH;609
11.12.7;MESO-CENOZOIC EPOCH;610
11.12.8;CONCLUSIONS;612
11.12.9;REFERENCES;612
12;Part 4: Resources associated with Rifting;614
12.1;CHAPTER 33. CONTINENTAL RIFTING AND PORPHYRY–MOLYBDENUM OCCURRENCES IN THE OSLO REGION, NORWAY;614
12.1.1;ABSTRACT;614
12.1.2;INTRODUCTION;615
12.1.3;MAIN FEATURES OF THE OSLO RIFT SYSTEM;615
12.1.4;SOUTH NORWEGIAN MOLYBDENUM-PROVINCE;621
12.1.5;PORPHYRY-MOLYBDENUM OCCURRENCES;623
12.1.6;SYNTHESIS;629
12.1.7;CONCLUSIONS;633
12.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;634
12.1.9;REFERENCES;634
12.2;CHAPTER 34. ACCUMULATION OF FOSSIL FUELS AND METALLIC MINERALS IN ACTIVE AND ANCIENT RIFT LAKES;638
12.2.1;ABSTRACT;638
12.2.2;INTRODUCTION;638
12.2.3;INTERACTION OF RIFTING AND DEPOSITION;640
12.2.4;TRANSFORMATION OF ORGANIC TISSUES TO COAL AND PETROLEUM;649
12.2.5;RESERVOIRS, SEALS, AND TRAPS;653
12.2.6;POSTDEPOSITIONAL MOBILIZATION OF METALLIC ELEMENTS;655
12.2.7;CONCLUSIONS;656
12.2.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;657
12.2.9;REFERENCES;657
12.3;CHAPTER 35. GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES OF RIFTS: A COMPARISON OF THE RIO GRANDE RIFT AND THE SALTON TROUGH;664
12.3.1;ABSTRACT;664
12.3.2;INTRODUCTION;664
12.3.3;SALTON TROUGH;666
12.3.4;RIO GRANDE RIFT;672
12.3.5;SUMMARY;681
12.3.6;REFERENCES;682
13;SUBJECT INDEX;684