Murashov / Howard Nanotechnology Standards

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-1-4419-7853-0
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 262 Seiten

Reihe: Nanostructure Science and Technology

Written by a team of experts, Nanotechnology Standards provides the first comprehensive, state-of-the-art reviews of nanotechnology standards development, both in the field of standards development and in specific areas of nanotechnology. It also describes global standards-developing processes for nanotechnology, which can be extended to other emerging technologies. For topics related to nanotechnology, the reviews summarize active areas of standards development, supporting knowledge and future directions in easy-to-understand language aimed at a broad technical audience. This unique book is also an excellent resource for up-to-date information on the growing base of knowledge supporting the introduction of nanotechnology standards and applications into the market.Praise for this volume:'This book provides a valuable and detailed overview of current activities and issues relevant to the area as well as a useful summary of the short history of standardization for nanotechnologies and the somewhat longer history of standardization in general. I have no hesitation in recommending this book to anyone with an interest in nanotechnologies whether it is from a technical or societal perspective.'--Dr. Peter Hatto, Director of Research, IonBond Limited, Durham, UK

Autoren/Hrsg.

Murashov, Vladimir

Howard, John

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;10
3;Contributors;12
4;Chapter 1: Introduction*;16
4.1;1.1 Introduction;16
4.2;1.2 History of Standards;17
4.2.1;1.2.1 Community Standards Development;17
4.2.2;1.2.2 National Standards Development;18
4.2.3;1.2.3 International Standards Development;21
4.2.4;1.2.4 Global Standards Development;25
4.2.5;1.2.5 Emerging Development of Nanotechnology Standards;29
4.3;1.3 Conclusion;31
4.4;References;32
5;Chapter 2: Current Perspectives in Nanotechnology Terminology and Nomenclature;35
5.1;2.1 Introduction;35
5.2;2.2 Terminology;37
5.2.1;2.2.1 Non-SDO Sources;38
5.2.2;2.2.2 ASTM International;44
5.2.3;2.2.3 ISO TC 229;47
5.2.4;2.2.4 Concluding Terminology Comments;51
5.3;2.3 Nomenclature and Nanotechnology;52
5.3.1;2.3.1 Why is Nomenclature Useful in Relation to Standards?;53
5.3.2;2.3.2 Nomenclature Challenges;55
5.3.3;2.3.3 Standards Development Organizations and Nomenclature for Nanotechnology;56
5.3.4;2.3.4 Overview of Recognized Chemical Nomenclature Bodies;57
5.3.5;2.3.5 Other Concept;60
5.3.6;2.3.6 Possible Parameters for a Nanotechnology Nomenclature System;60
5.3.7;2.3.7 The Distinction Between Characterization and a Name;62
5.3.8;2.3.8 Future Nomenclature Directions;63
5.4;2.4 Final Remarks;63
5.5;References;64
6;Chapter 3: Nanoscale Reference Materials;67
6.1;3.1 Introduction;67
6.1.1;3.1.1 The Growing Use of Reference Materials;67
6.1.2;3.1.2 The Term “Nanoscale”;68
6.1.3;3.1.3 Nanotechnology Needs Reference Materials;69
6.1.4;3.1.4 Structure of the Chapter;69
6.2;3.2 Generic Issues in Reference Materials Production and Use;69
6.2.1;3.2.1 The Role of ISO/REMCO;69
6.2.2;3.2.2 Reference Material;70
6.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 Homogeneity;70
6.2.2.2;3.2.2.2 Stability;71
6.2.2.3;3.2.2.3 Notes to the RM Definition;71
6.2.3;3.2.3 Certified Reference Material;72
6.2.3.1;3.2.3.1 Metrologically Valid Characterisation;72
6.2.3.2;3.2.3.2 Certificate;72
6.2.3.3;3.2.3.3 Uncertainty of the Certified Value;73
6.2.3.4;3.2.3.4 Metrological Traceability;73
6.2.4;3.2.4 Different Usage of Certified and Non-certified RMs;73
6.2.4.1;3.2.4.1 Accuracy, Trueness and Precision;73
6.2.4.2;3.2.4.2 Calibration;74
6.2.4.3;3.2.4.3 Method Validation;74
6.2.4.4;3.2.4.4 Statistical Quality Control;74
6.2.4.5;3.2.4.5 Interlaboratory Comparisons;75
6.3;3.3 Critical Issues Related to Nanoscale RMs;75
6.3.1;3.3.1 Definition of the “Measurand”;75
6.3.2;3.3.2 Traceability Statements;76
6.3.3;3.3.3 Laboratory Qualification;77
6.3.4;3.3.4 Homogeneity and Stability;77
6.3.4.1;3.3.4.1 Homogeneity at the Nanoscale;77
6.3.4.2;3.3.4.2 Stability of Nanoscale Structural Features;78
6.4;3.4 Examples of RMs for Nanotechnology;78
6.4.1;3.4.1 Areas of Application for Nanoscale Reference Materials;78
6.4.2;3.4.2 A Database of Existing Nanoscale RMs;79
6.4.3;3.4.3 RMs for Nanoparticle Size Analysis;80
6.4.4;3.4.4 RMs for Measurement of Film Thickness;81
6.4.5;3.4.5 RMs for Chemical Contrast Imaging;82
6.4.6;3.4.6 RMs for Measurement of Surface Topography;83
6.4.7;3.4.7 RMs for Surface Area Measurements;83
6.4.8;3.4.8 RMs for Powder Porosity Measurements;84
6.4.9;3.4.9 RMs for Carbon Nanotube Characterisation;84
6.5;3.5 Current Developments and Trends for the Future;85
6.5.1;3.5.1 Scientific Challenges for Nanoscale RMs;85
6.5.2;3.5.2 Laboratory Accreditation and Regulation;86
6.5.3;3.5.3 Collaboration;86
6.6;References;87
7;Chapter 4: Nanoscale Metrology and Needs for an Emerging Technology;90
7.1;4.1 Introduction;90
7.2;4.2 International Cooperation;91
7.3;4.3 Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty;93
7.4;4.4 Metrology & Industry: An Example from Length Calibration;94
7.5;4.5 Key Elements of Metrology Currently in Use;95
7.6;4.6 Redundancy vs. Duplication;97
7.7;4.7 Current State-of-Play and Trends;97
7.8;References;99
8;Chapter 5: Performance Standards;101
8.1;5.1 Support of Successful Industrialization of Nanotechnology by Anticipative Standardization of Performance Testing: The Gen;101
8.1.1;5.1.1 Why Are Performance Standards Needed?;101
8.1.2;5.1.2 Anticipative Standardization;106
8.1.3;5.1.3 Nanotechnology Standards and Existing Standards;108
8.2;5.2 How to Practically Create Standards Through the Whole Value Adding Chain/Supply Chain;108
8.2.1;5.2.1 Quality and Process Management;108
8.2.2;5.2.2 Key Control Characteristics as Direct and Indirect Performance Parameters, and Their Role in a QM System;110
8.2.3;5.2.3 The Quality Function Deployment Method to Identify KCCs;112
8.3;5.3 Nanoelectronics Standardization: First Steps and Practical Experience;115
8.3.1;5.3.1 The Microelectronics Industry: High Quality Standards and a High Rate of Innovation;116
8.3.2;5.3.2 Safety Aspects: Cleanroom Technology, Small Quantities of Nanomaterials, Encapsulation of Nanosubassemblies;117
8.3.3;5.3.3 The Experience So Far: Current Projects in IEC TC113;118
8.3.3.1;5.3.3.1 Example 1: IEC 62565-2-1 Nanomanufacturing – Material Specification Part 2-1: Blank Detail Specification for Single W;120
8.3.3.2;5.3.3.2 Example 2: IEC/TS 62607-2-1 Nanomanufacturing – Key Control Characteristics Part 2.1: Carbon Nanotube Materials – Fil;123
8.4;5.4 Future Developments;124
8.5;5.5 Conclusions;126
8.6;References;127
9;Chapter 6: Current Standardization Activities of Measurement and Characterization for Industrial Applications;129
9.1;6.1 Introduction;129
9.2;6.2 Standardization for Measurement/Characterization of Engineered Nanomaterials Including Nanotubes (Activities of ISO/TC 2;134
9.2.1;6.2.1 Representative Engineered Nano-materials;134
9.2.2;6.2.2 Standardization of MWCNT Characterization;136
9.2.3;6.2.3 Standardization of SWCNT Characterization;138
9.2.4;6.2.4 Necessity of Standardization for the Characterization of Other Engineered Nanomaterials;141
9.3;6.3 Standardization of Analytical Techniques for Nanocoating/Structure Measurement (Activities of ISO/TC 201 on Surface Chem;144
9.3.1;6.3.1 Standardization in ISO/TC 201 for Surface Chemical Analysis as a Tool to Characterize Surfaces and Interfaces of Nano-c;144
9.3.2;6.3.2 Standardization of SPM in ISO/TC 201/SC 9;147
9.3.3;6.3.3 Potential Use of International Standards Published by ISO/TC 201 for Nano-coating/Structure Characterization;151
9.3.4;6.3.4 On-Going Project in ISO/TC 201 for Characterization of Nanostructured Materials;155
9.4;6.4 Application Measurement in Other Standard Organizations;161
9.4.1;6.4.1 International Workshop on Documentary Standards for Measurement and Characterization;161
9.4.2;6.4.2 Activities of ISO/TC 24/SC 4 (Standardization of Particle Characterization);162
9.4.3;6.4.3 IEC/TC 113;165
9.4.4;6.4.4 CEN/TC 352;167
9.4.5;6.4.5 ASTM International E42 and E56 Committees;167
9.4.6;6.4.6 IEEE Nanotechnology Standards Working Group;169
9.5;6.5 Conclusion;171
9.5.1;6.5.1 Standardization for Characterization from Nano-materials to Nano-intermediates;171
9.6;References;172
10;Chapter 7: Implications of Measurement Standards for Characterizing and Minimizing Risk of Nanomaterials;176
10.1;7.1 Introduction;176
10.2;7.2 Risk Paradigm;177
10.3;7.3 Nanotechnology Standards Development;178
10.4;7.4 Relating Measurement Standards to the Risk Paradigm;180
10.4.1;7.4.1 Nano-object Content of Powders;180
10.4.2;7.4.2 Metal Aerosol Inhalation Standards;183
10.4.3;7.4.3 Quantification of Endotoxin in Nanomaterials;184
10.5;7.5 Summary;186
10.6;References;187
11;Chapter 8: Nanomaterial Toxicity: Emerging Standards and Efforts to Support Standards Development;189
11.1;8.1 Introduction;189
11.2;8.2 International Efforts Related to Nanotoxicology;196
11.2.1;8.2.1 OECD;196
11.2.2;8.2.2 ISO Technical Committee on Nanotechnologies;199
11.2.3;8.2.3 ASTM International;203
11.3;8.3 Need for Validation in Toxicity Testing and Assay Validation Efforts;204
11.3.1;8.3.1 Need for Validation in Toxicity Testing;204
11.3.2;8.3.2 Efforts to Support Validation of Toxicological Testing and the Development of Standards;205
11.3.2.1;8.3.2.1 NCI-NCL;205
11.3.2.2;8.3.2.2 International Alliance for NanoEHS Harmonization;206
11.3.2.3;8.3.2.3 ASTM International’s Interlaboratory Studies;207
11.3.2.4;8.3.2.4 European Network on the Health and Environmental Impact of Nanomaterials and European Center for the Validation of ;208
11.3.2.5;8.3.2.5 NanoInteract;209
11.4;8.4 Future;210
11.4.1;8.4.1 Where Standards Are Needed: Opportunities for the Future;210
11.4.2;8.4.2 Harmonization and the Role of Standards;214
11.4.3;8.4.3 The Future of International Cooperation in Nanotoxicology;215
11.5;References;216
12;Chapter 9: Health and Safety Standards*;219
12.1;9.1 Introduction;219
12.2;9.2 Exposure Limits;220
12.3;9.3 Hazard Communication;224
12.3.1;9.3.1 Material Safety Data Sheets;224
12.3.2;9.3.2 Labeling;225
12.3.3;9.3.3 Globally Harmonized System;228
12.4;9.4 Risk Mitigation;229
12.4.1;9.4.1 Occupational Guidance;229
12.4.2;9.4.2 Environmental and Consumer Guidance;235
12.4.3;9.4.3 Comprehensive Risk Management Frameworks;236
12.5;9.5 Codes of Conduct;237
12.6;9.6 Future Directions;239
12.6.1;9.6.1 Trends and Outlook;239
12.6.2;9.6.2 Performance-Based Risk Management Program for Nanotechnology;240
12.6.3;9.6.3 Global Health and Safety Standards Development Coordination;241
12.7;9.7 Conclusion;242
12.8;References;242
13;Chapter 10: Nanotechnology Standards and International Legal Considerations;249
13.1;10.1 Introduction;249
13.2;10.2 Standards Are Not Laws;250
13.3;10.3 Standards and Government Decision-Making;251
13.4;10.4 Standards and Intellectual Property;253
13.5;10.5 Standards and Corporate Transactions;254
13.6;10.6 Standards and Environment, Health, and Safety Regulation;254
13.7;10.7 Standards and Consumers;255
13.8;10.8 Standards and International Trade;257
13.9;10.9 Standards and Risk Management;260
13.10;10.10 When Standards Are More Strict than the Law;261
13.11;10.11 Incorporating Nanotechnology Standards into the Fabric of the Law;261
13.12;10.12 Conclusions;264
14;Index;266