Murphy / Morrison Introduction to Environmental Forensics

3. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-404707-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 704 Seiten

The third edition of Introduction to Environmental Forensics is a state-of-the-art reference for the practicing environmental forensics consultant, regulator, student, academic, and scientist, with topics including compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA), advanced multivariate statistical techniques, surrogate approaches for contaminant source identification and age dating, dendroecology, hydrofracking, releases from underground storage tanks and piping, and contaminant-transport modeling for forensic applications. Recognized international forensic scientists were selected to author chapters in their specific areas of expertise and case studies are included to illustrate the application of these methods in actual environmental forensic investigations. This edition provides updates on advances in various techniques and introduces several new topics. - Provides a comprehensive review of all aspects of environmental forensics - Coverage ranges from emerging statistical methods to state-of-the-art analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry and polytopic vector analysis - Numerous examples and case studies are provided to illustrate the application of these forensic techniques in environmental investigations

Autoren/Hrsg.

Murphy, Brian L.

Morrison, Robert D.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;About the Editors;12
6;About the Authors;14
7;SECTION I - BASIC INFORMATION;28
7.1;Chapter 1 - Applications of Environmental Forensics;30
7.1.1;1.1 INTRODUCTION;31
7.1.2;1.2 CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND/OR DELINEATION OF CONTAMINATION;32
7.1.3;1.3 RECONSTRUCTING HISTORICAL RELEASES AND ESTABLISHING BACKGROUND;34
7.1.4;1.4 DETERMINATION OF RESPONSIBILITY AND ALLOCATION OF LIABILITY;35
7.1.5;1.5 INSURANCE LITIGATION;42
7.1.6;1.6 TOXIC TORTS;45
7.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;47
7.1.8;REFERENCES;47
7.2;Chapter 2 - Essential Historical Research Methods and Their Application to Environmental Forensics;48
7.2.1;2.1 INTRODUCTION;49
7.2.2;2.2 HISTORICAL RESEARCH FOR SITE ASSESSMENT OR RESPONSIBILITY ASSIGNMENT;49
7.2.3;2.3 HISTORICAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS FOR APPORTIONMENT AND COST ALLOCATION;54
7.2.4;2.4 THE HISTORIAN’S CONTRIBUTION TO LIABILITY DETERMINATIONS;55
7.2.5;2.5 THE HISTORIAN’S CONTRIBUTION TO COST ALLOCATION;58
7.2.6;2.6 HISTORICAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS FOR MATTERS OF “INTENTIONALITY”;59
7.2.7;2.7 CONCLUSION;63
7.2.8;REFERENCES;63
7.3;Chapter 3 - Photogrammetry, Photointerpretation, and Digital Imaging and Mapping in Environmental Forensics;66
7.3.1;3.1 THE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD;67
7.3.2;3.2 PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY;68
7.3.3;3.3 PHOTOINTERPRETATION;73
7.3.4;3.4 ANALYTICAL PRODUCTS AND PREPARATION OF EXHIBITS;78
7.3.5;3.5 CASE STUDIES;80
7.3.6;3.6 CONCLUSION;90
7.3.7;REFERENCES;90
7.4;Chapter 4 - The Measurement Process;92
7.4.1;4.1 INTRODUCTION;93
7.4.2;4.2 SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL ERRORS IN THE MEASUREMENT PROCESS;94
7.4.3;4.3 PLANNING;101
7.4.4;4.4 SAMPLING DIFFERENT MEDIA;108
7.4.5;4.5 DATA ASSESSMENT;112
7.4.6;4.6 CONCLUSION;119
7.4.7;REFERENCES;119
7.5;Chapter 5 - Statistical Methods;126
7.5.1;5.1 INTRODUCTION;127
7.5.2;5.2 BACKGROUND;128
7.5.3;5.3 APPLICATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS;140
7.5.4;5.4 CONCLUSION;173
7.5.5;REFERENCES;174
7.6;Chapter 6 - Identification of Forensic Information from Existing Conventional Site-Investigation Data;176
7.6.1;6.1 INTRODUCTION;177
7.6.2;6.2 SITE HISTORY;178
7.6.3;6.3 GEOLOGICAL DATA;179
7.6.4;6.4 HYDROGEOLOGICAL DATA;180
7.6.5;6.5 CONTAMINANT CHEMISTRY DATA;183
7.6.6;6.6 HIGH RESOLUTION SITE CHARACTERIZATION (HRSC) DATA;186
7.6.7;6.7 DATA REFLECTING POSTRELEASE CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATION PATTERN CHANGES;187
7.6.8;6.8 CONCLUSION;189
7.6.9;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;190
7.6.10;REFERENCES;190
7.7;Chapter 7 - Chemical Partitioning and Transport in the Environment;192
7.7.1;7.1 INTRODUCTION;193
7.7.2;7.2 CHEMICAL PARAMETERS;193
7.7.3;7.3 FUGACITY DESCRIPTION OF PARTITIONING;200
7.7.4;7.4 MASS-TRANSFER MODELS;201
7.7.5;7.5 THE ADVECTION–DISPERSION EQUATION;206
7.7.6;7.6 CONCLUSION;221
7.7.7;LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS;222
7.7.8;REFERENCES;223
8;SECTION II - CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND ISOTOPIC PATTERN-RECOGNITION METHODS;226
8.1;Chapter 8 - Hydrocarbon Fingerprinting Methods;228
8.1.1;8.1 INTRODUCTION;229
8.1.2;8.2 OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL FINGERPRINTING METHODOLOGY;230
8.1.3;8.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL;235
8.1.4;8.4 VOLATILE HYDROCARBON FINGERPRINTING METHODS;246
8.1.5;8.5 SEMIVOLATILE HYDROCARBON FINGERPRINTING METHODS;279
8.1.6;REFERENCES;330
8.2;Chapter 9 - Source Identification and Age Dating of Chlorinated Solvents;338
8.2.1;9.1 INTRODUCTION;339
8.2.2;9.2 PRODUCT FORMULATIONS AND DIAGNOSTIC STABILIZERS;339
8.2.3;9.3 MANUFACTURING IMPURITIES;346
8.2.4;9.4 MANUFACTURING IMPURITIES TO DISTINGUISH NEW AND USED VAPOR DEGREASING CHLORINATED SOLVENTS;350
8.2.5;9.5 SYMMETRIC TETRACHLOROETHANE FOR AGE DATING PCE AND TCE;351
8.2.6;9.6 COMPOUND-SPECIFIC ISOTOPE ANALYSIS (CSIA);353
8.2.7;9.7 RECONSTRUCTED CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PLUME TECHNIQUE;359
8.2.8;9.8 CONCLUSION;362
8.2.9;REFERENCES;362
8.3;Chapter 10 - Congeners: A Forensics Analysis;374
8.3.1;10.1 INTRODUCTION;375
8.3.2;10.2 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS);375
8.3.3;10.3 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS);380
8.3.4;10.4 DIOXINS AND FURANS;390
8.3.5;10.5 OTHER CHEMICAL FAMILIES;399
8.3.6;10.6 DEVELOPING ANALYTICAL TOOLS FOR FORENSIC STUDIES OF CONGENERS;411
8.3.7;10.7 CONCLUSION;413
8.3.8;REFERENCES;415
8.4;Chapter 11 - Application of Stable Isotopes and Radioisotopes in Environmental Forensics;422
8.4.1;11.1 INTRODUCTION;423
8.4.2;11.2 RADIOISOTOPE AGE DATING OF CONTAMINANTS IN SEDIMENTS AND GROUNDWATER;426
8.4.3;11.3 USE OF STABLE ISOTOPES TO IDENTIFY CONTAMINANT SOURCES;428
8.4.4;11.4 BIODEGRADATION;450
8.4.5;11.5 VOCS AND VAPOR INTRUSION;457
8.4.6;11.6 SOURCES AND SINK OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES;458
8.4.7;11.7 COMBINING ISOTOPE METHODS WITH OTHER METHODS;459
8.4.8;11.8 INORGANIC ISOTOPES;465
8.4.9;11.9 SHALE GAS, SHALE OIL, AND HYDROFRACKING;467
8.4.10;11.10 DEVELOPMENTS IN LC/IRMS;469
8.4.11;REFERENCES;469
8.5;Chapter 12 - Criminal and Environmental Soil Forensics: Soil as Physical Evidence in Forensic Investigations;484
8.5.1;12.1 INTRODUCTION;485
8.5.2;12.2 SOIL AND FORENSIC CONTEXT;486
8.5.3;12.3 CLASSIC METHODS OF CHARACTERIZING SOIL FOR FORENSIC INVESTIGATIONS;490
8.5.4;12.4 THE PRACTICE OF FORENSIC INVESTIGATIONS RELATING TO SOIL;491
8.5.5;12.5 DEVELOPMENTS IN ANALYSIS OF SOIL SAMPLES;494
8.5.6;12.6 CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER;495
8.5.7;12.7 MAXIMIZATION OF SOIL EVIDENCE BY INTEGRATION AND USE OF DATABASES;506
8.5.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;508
8.5.9;REFERENCES;508
8.6;Chapter 13 - Environmental Forensic Microscopy;514
8.6.1;13.1 INTRODUCTION;515
8.6.2;13.2 SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS EQUIPMENT;515
8.6.3;13.3 DETERMINING THE NATURE OF CONTAMINANTS;517
8.6.4;13.4 MEASURING THE EXTENT OF A SPECIFIC CONTAMINANT;520
8.6.5;13.5 CASE STUDIES: EXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSIC MICROSCOPY INVESTIGATIONS;525
8.6.6;13.6 CONCLUSION;534
8.6.7;REFERENCES;535
8.7;Chapter 14 - Hydraulic Fracturing: Data Analysis Methods to Identify Sources of Dissolved Gas and Chemical Compounds in Drinking Water Wells;540
8.7.1;14.1 INTRODUCTION;541
8.7.2;14.2 CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF POTENTIAL SOURCES FOR THE DRINKING WATER WELL IN QUESTION;541
8.7.3;14.3 SAMPLING OF DRINKING WATER WELLS;546
8.7.4;14.4 LABORATORY ANALYSIS;548
8.7.5;14.5 DATA ANALYSIS METHODS TO INVESTIGATE THE SOURCE(S) OF GASES IN DRINKING WATER WELLS;548
8.7.6;14.6 CONCLUSION;554
8.7.7;REFERENCES;555
8.8;Chapter 15 - Forensic Applications of Dendroecology;558
8.8.1;15.1 INTRODUCTION;558
8.8.2;15.2 TERMINOLOGY;559
8.8.3;15.3 PRINCIPLES;559
8.8.4;15.4 DENDROECOLOGY/PHYTOSCREENING SAMPLING;561
8.8.5;15.5 SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS;567
8.8.6;15.6 FORENSIC OPPORTUNITIES;568
8.8.7;15.7 INTERPRETATION OF DENDROECOLOGY/PHYTOSCREENING DATA;571
8.8.8;15.8 CONCLUSION;573
8.8.9;REFERENCES;573
9;SECTION III - FORENSIC MODELING;580
9.1;Chapter 16 - Forensic Applications of Subsurface Contaminant Transport Models;582
9.1.1;16.1 INTRODUCTION;583
9.1.2;16.2 CONTAMINANT RELEASES ON A PAVED AND UNPAVED SURFACE;583
9.1.3;16.3 CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT THROUGH A PAVED SURFACE;592
9.1.4;16.4 CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT THROUGH AN UNPAVED SURFACE;596
9.1.5;16.5 CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT THROUGH SOIL;596
9.1.6;16.6 GROUNDWATER MODELS;604
9.1.7;16.7 CONCLUSION;610
9.1.8;REFERENCES;610
9.2;Chapter 17 - Forensic Investigation of Underground Storage Tanks and Subsurface Piping;620
9.2.1;17.1 INTRODUCTION;621
9.2.2;17.2 FORENSIC SAMPLING DURING TANK EXCAVATION;621
9.2.3;17.3 HISTORICAL UST STANDARDS;622
9.2.4;17.4 CORROSION;623
9.2.5;17.5 CONCLUSION;633
9.2.6;REFERENCES;633
9.2.7;17 APPENDIX: OBSERVATIONS OF ROSSUM MODEL;635
9.3;Chapter 18 - Principal Components Analysis and Receptor Models in Environmental Forensics;636
9.3.1;18.1 INTRODUCTION;637
9.3.2;18.2 PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS;642
9.3.3;18.3 SELF-TRAINING RECEPTOR-MODELING METHODS;663
9.3.4;18.4 THE INFLUENCE OF ALTERATION PROCESSES ON MIXING MODELS;674
9.3.5;18.5 CONCLUSION;675
9.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;676
9.3.7;REFERENCES;676
9.4;Chapter 19 - Multivariate Statistical Methods and Source Identification in Environmental Forensics;682
9.4.1;19.1 INTRODUCTION;682
9.4.2;19.2 MULTIVARIATE METHODS;683
9.4.3;REFERENCES;701
9.5;Chapter 20 - Receptor Models and Measurements for Identifying and Quantifying Air Pollution Sources;704
9.5.1;20.1 INTRODUCTION;705
9.5.2;20.2 THE GENERAL AIR QUALITY MODEL;706
9.5.3;20.3 THE CHEMICAL MASS BALANCE RECEPTOR MODEL;708
9.5.4;20.4 CHEMICAL COMPONENTS (I);709
9.5.5;20.5 SOURCE PROFILES (J);715
9.5.6;20.6 SAMPLING PERIODS (K);715
9.5.7;20.7 PARTICLE SIZE (M);716
9.5.8;20.8 RECEPTOR LOCATIONS (L);716
9.5.9;20.9 ESTIMATING UNCERTAINTIES (sCIKL, sFIJ, AND sSJKL);719
9.5.10;20.10 RECEPTOR-MODEL APPLICATION AND VALIDATION PROTOCOL;720
9.5.11;20.11 CONCLUSION;721
9.5.12;REFERENCES;721
10;Index;734

Leseproben

About the Authors

Paul D. Boehm

Dr. Paul D. Boehm, Ph.D. is Principal Scientist and Group Vice President for Exponent’s Environmental business. During 38 years of consulting, he has advised industrial, legal, and government clients on scientific matters involving many aspects of environmental, analytical, and forensic chemistry as well as petroleum chemistry and natural gas geochemistry. He is a leading practitioner and a recognized expert in the field of environmental forensics as applied to site and sediment investigations; environmental fate of chemicals; and natural resource damage assessments (NRDA) for oil spills and contaminated sites. Many of his projects involve aspects of historical reconstruction of chemical releases; chemical fingerprinting; divisibility and apportionment; and chemical exposure and injury assessment. He has provided expert technical support in the areas of analytical, environmental, and geo-chemistry involving petroleum hydrocarbons – crude oils, refined fuels, and fuel additives – polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), other chlorinated organics, solvents (TCE, PCE), and metals. Dr. Boehm has published extensively and been appointed to serve on several national panels on environmental/marine pollution and has served on several National Research Council panels. E-mail: [e-mail]

Shelley Bookspan

Shelley Bookspan, a historian of technology, has specialized in designing, conducting, and testifying about historical research and analysis for environmental forensics matters since the 1980s. In her work, she has investigated past land use and industrial practices in most parts of the United States and in several global countries. Among the numerous industries she has studied are oil, mining, metallurgy, transportation, chemicals and pesticides, forestry, and electricity generation. Dr. Bookspan has particular interest and expertise in examining changes in standards and practices over time, and assessing the bases for such changes. Her offices are in Santa Barbara, California. Her website is: www.shelleybookspan.com. E-mail: [e-mail]

Richard S. Brown

Richard S. Brown, M.S. is a microscopist and an Executive Director at MVA Scientific Consultants in Atlanta, Georgia. Since 1989 Rich has applied light and electron microscopy to small particle problems in the environmental forensics field to characterize and identify the particles and determine their source(s). Rich received his Master’s degree in Forensic Chemistry and worked as a Criminalist doing crime scene investigation and trace evidence examination at the Orange County Sheriff-Coroner Department in Santa Ana, California. Rich has testified in court as an expert witness and is a member of the California Association of Criminalists, the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, and is a diplomate of the American Board of Criminalistics. E-mail: [e-mail]

Judith C. Chow

Dr. Judith C. Chow, Nazir and Mary Ansari Chair in Entrepreneurialism and Science and Research Professor in the Division of Atmospheric Sciences (DAS) at the Desert Research Institute (DRI; http://www.dri.edu), has more than 35 years’ experience in atmospheric, air quality, and environmental health research and education. As founder and leader of DRI’s Environmental Analysis Facility (EAF), she heads a group of ?30 research scientists and technicians in developing and applying advanced analytical methods to characterize suspended atmospheric particles for source attribution and their effects on visibility and health. Dr. Chow is a member of the graduate faculty in the Department of Environmental Science and Health and Atmospheric Sciences Program in the Department of Physics at the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR), where she advises graduate students working on Master’s and Doctoral degrees. Her current strategic priorities include expansion of EAF capabilities to obtain more information from archived samples of existing monitoring networks using thermal and mass spectrometric technologies. Dr. Chow’s research includes assessment of contributions from seaport operations to adverse air quality in southern California; determining causes of atmospheric damage to the Terra-Cotta figures in Xi’an, China; measuring real-world emissions in Canada’s Oil Sands Region; and quantifying organic and elemental carbon at urban and non-urban locations in U.S. particulate matter networks. She has been principal investigator or a major collaborator on more than 50 large atmospheric studies and many smaller ones. During her career at DRI, Dr. Chow has established cooperative agreements and collaborative research projects with environmental scientists in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, mainland China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, India, Canada, Mexico, El Salvador, Chile, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Germany, Croatia, Italy, South Africa, and Antarctica. Her research leadership crosses traditional university departmental lines – involving chemists, physicists, biologists, engineers, toxicologists, epidemiologists, and physicians. Dr. Chow is the principal author or co-author of ?335 peer-reviewed journal articles, ?95 peer-reviewed book chapters, ?810 formal presentations at technical conferences and training sessions, and ?240 technical reports. She has been recognized by ISIHighlyCited.com in ecology and environment with more than 13,000 citations of her work. She may be reached at [e-mail]

Julie Corley

Julie Corley is a senior director in the FTI Consulting’s Environmental Solutions practice and Forensic History and Analysis group. With over twenty years’ experience as a consulting and expert historian she has researched a wide range of subjects relating to industrial development and environmental issues. Many of the research topics she has explored have involved examining the impacts of industrial operations on the environment. Ms. Corley specializes in using forensic historical research techniques to implement Potentially Responsible Party, natural resource damages, contaminated sediment site, and regional groundwater contamination investigations. E-mail: [e-mail]

Lorna A. Dawson

Professor Lorna A. Dawson is a Principal Soil Scientist at the James Hutton Institute and Head of the Forensic Soil Science Group, with over 25 years’ experience in managing and conducting research in soil science. She currently manages and advises on the Environmental Change program within the Scottish Government‘s Strategic Research. A key role is representing and developing the Strategic Programme’s impact within policy and toward economic growth and innovation. She is affiliated to Aberdeen and Robert Gordon Universities, contributing to the Archaeology, Soils, Environmental, and Forensic Science courses for Honors students. She is a visiting Professor at RGU and an external examiner at Strathclyde University. Lorna has supervised over 20 Ph.D. projects and has published over 60 refereed journal papers and books (Springer, 2009; The Geological Society, London, 2013). She is an editor for journals ISRN Soil Science and Materials Research Bulletin. She has a BSc (Hons) from Edinburgh University, a Ph.D. from Aberdeen University, and diplomas in civil and criminal law from Cardiff University. She developed the application of soil organo-mineral markers in forensic investigations, is treasurer of an international Geoforensics network (IUGS Initiative on Forensic Geology), is a trained court expert witness, and has worked on over 40 cases in the UK and abroad. She regularly presents evidence in courts in Scotland, England, Wales, and Australia, working both with prosecution and defense. Lorna is on the General Committee of the British Science Association, Chair of the Scottish Government’s Knowledge Exchange Group, and has worked with media on programs such as “Silent Witness,” “Vera,” and “Countryfile” and has collaborated with several leading international crime authors in the public communication of science, including Ann Cleeves, Mark Billingham, and Stuart MacBride. E-mail: [e-mail]

Gregory S. Douglas

Gregory S. Douglas holds a Ph.D. in Oceanography from the University of Rhode Island and is a senior scientist at NewFields Environmental Practice, LLC in Rockland, Massachusetts. Dr. Douglas has over 30 years' environmental chemistry and forensic investigation experience and has developed innovative analytical tools for the monitoring and quantification of petroleum contamination and biodegradation in soil and sediments. He has written interpretive reports on more than 200 environmental site or incident investigations associated with retail gasoline stations, bulk fuel storage facilities, refineries, petroleum pipelines, and exploration and production sites and has authored or co-authored over 50 papers published in scientific journals and scientific textbooks. His other areas of expertise include the measurement and environmental chemistry of industrial chemicals and solvents, modern and persistent pesticides, insecticides and fungicides, PCB congeners and Aroclors, dioxins and furans, metals, organo-metallic compounds, and petroleum-, natural gas-, coal-derived, and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in the environment. E-mail:...