Nakazawa / Kikuchi / Miyazaki High Spectral Density Optical Communication Technologies

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-10419-0
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 6, 338 Seiten

Reihe: Optical and Fiber Communications Reports

The growth of Internet traf?c in recent years surpassed the prediction of one decade ago. Data stream in individual countries already reached terabit/s level. To cope with the petabit class demands of traf?c in coming years the communication engineers are required to go beyond the incremental improvement of today's technology. A most promising breakthrough would be the introduction of modulation f- mats enabling higher spectral ef?ciency than that of binary on-off keying scheme, virtually the global standard of ?ber-optic communication systems. In wireless communication systems, techniques of high spectral density modulation have been well developed, but the required techniques in optical frequency domain are much more complicated because of the heavier ?uctuation levels. Therefore the past trials of coherent optical modulation/detection schemes were not successful. However, the addition of high-speed digital signal processing technology is the fundam- tal difference between now and two decades ago, when trials of optical coherent communication systems were investigated very seriously. This approach of digital coherent technology has attracted keen interest among communication specialists, as indicated by the rapid increase in the pioneering presentations at the post-deadline sessions of major international conferences. For example, 32 terabit/s transmission in a ?ber experiment based on this technology was reported in post-deadline session of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2009. The advancement of the digital coherent technologies will inevitably affect the network architecture in terms of the network resource management for the new generation photonic networks, rather than will simply provide with huge transmission capacity.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Nakazawa, Masataka

Kikuchi, Kazuro

Miyazaki, Tetsuya

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;10
4;Part I Overview and System Technologies;12
4.1; 1 Social Demand of New Generation Information Network: Introduction to High Spectral Density Optical Communication Technology;13
4.1.1;1.1 Achievements and Challenges of Fiber-Optic Communication Technology;13
4.1.2;1.2 Social Demands Requiring Advanced Photonic Network;14
4.1.3;1.3 Technical Issues for New Generation Network;17
4.1.4;1.4 Fundamental Problems of High Spectral Density Modulation Technology;18
4.1.5;References;19
4.2; 2 Coherent Optical Communications: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions;21
4.2.1;2.1 History of Coherent Optical Communications;21
4.2.1.1;2.1.1 Coherent Optical Communication Systems 20 Years Ago;22
4.2.1.2;2.1.2 Revival of Coherent Optical Communications;25
4.2.2;2.2 Principle of Coherent Optical Detection;30
4.2.2.1;2.2.1 Coherent Detection;30
4.2.2.2;2.2.2 Heterodyne Receivers;31
4.2.2.3;2.2.3 Homodyne Receivers;33
4.2.2.4;2.2.4 Homodyne Receiver Employing Phase and Polarization Diversities;36
4.2.2.5;2.2.5 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio;38
4.2.3;2.3 Digital Signal Processing in Coherent Receivers;40
4.2.3.1;2.3.1 Basic Concept of the Digital Coherent Receiver;40
4.2.3.2;2.3.2 Sampling of the Signal and Clock Extraction;42
4.2.3.3;2.3.3 Phase Estimation;42
4.2.3.4;2.3.4 Polarization Alignment;44
4.2.3.5;2.3.5 Equalization of Inter-symbol Interference;50
4.2.4;2.4 Performance of the Digital Coherent Receiver;52
4.2.4.1;2.4.1 Optical Circuit for the Homodyne Receiver Comprising Phase and Polarization Diversities;53
4.2.4.2;2.4.2 Receiver Sensitivity;54
4.2.4.3;2.4.3 Polarization Sensitivity;55
4.2.4.4;2.4.4 Phase Noise Tolerance;55
4.2.4.5;2.4.5 Coherent Demodulation of Multi-level Encoded Signals;57
4.2.5;2.5 Challenges for the Future;58
4.2.6;References;58
4.3; 3 Ultrahigh Spectral Density Coherent Optical Transmission Technologies;60
4.3.1;3.1 Introduction;60
4.3.2;3.2 Spectral Efficiency of QAM Signal and Shannon Limit;61
4.3.3;3.3 Fundamental Configuration and Key Components of QAM Coherent Optical Transmission;64
4.3.3.1;3.3.1 C2H2 Frequency-Stabilized Erbium-Doped Fiber Ring Laser;66
4.3.3.2;3.3.2 Optical PLL for Coherent Transmission Using Heterodyne Detection with Fiber Lasers;68
4.3.3.3;3.3.3 Optical IQ Modulator;71
4.3.3.4;3.3.4 Digital Demodulator;72
4.3.4;3.4 Single-Channel 1 Gsymbol/s, 128 QAM Transmission;74
4.3.4.1;3.4.1 1 Gsymbol/s, 128 QAM Transmission Setup;74
4.3.4.2;3.4.2 Transmission Results;75
4.3.4.3;3.4.3 SPM Compensation;76
4.3.4.4;3.4.4 Comparison with Theoretical OSNR Limit;78
4.3.5;3.5 128 QAM-FDM Transmission with a Spectral Efficiency of 10bit/s/Hz;79
4.3.6;3.6 64 QAM-OFDM Coherent Transmission;82
4.3.6.1;3.6.1 Principle of OFDM Transmission;82
4.3.6.2;3.6.2 24Gbit/s, 64 QAM-OFDM Coherent Transmission Experiment;83
4.3.7;3.7 Conclusion;87
4.3.8;References;87
4.4; 4 ``Quasi Ultimate'' Technique ;90
4.4.1;4.1 Introduction;90
4.4.2;4.2 Pilot Symbol Insertion Technique;92
4.4.2.1;4.2.1 8PSK Simulation;92
4.4.2.2;4.2.2 QPSK Homodyne Using Pilot Symbols;94
4.4.3;4.3 Polarization-Multiplexed Pilot Carrier Technique;98
4.4.3.1;4.3.1 Principle;98
4.4.3.2;4.3.2 QPSK Demonstration;99
4.4.3.3;4.3.3 8PSK Demonstration;102
4.4.4;4.4 ISI Digital Pre-equalization Technique for M-QAMs;104
4.4.4.1;4.4.1 Pre-equalization for ISI;104
4.4.4.2;4.4.2 16-QAM and 64-QAM Demonstration;105
4.4.5;4.5 Simulated Results in 256-QAM;108
4.4.6;References;110
4.5; 5 High-Speed and High-Capacity Optical Transmission Systems ;112
4.5.1;5.1 The Need for Capacity and Spectral Efficiency;112
4.5.2;5.2 Modulation at High Spectral Efficiencies;114
4.5.2.1;5.2.1 Signal Orthogonality in Optical Communications;115
4.5.2.2;5.2.2 The Evolution of Optical Modulation Formats;118
4.5.3;5.3 Theoretical Fiber Capacity Limits;128
4.5.4;5.4 Conclusion;131
4.5.5;References;132
5;Part II Advanced Modulation Formats;137
5.1; 6 Multilevel Signaling with Direct Detection ;138
5.1.1;6.1 Introduction;138
5.1.2;6.2 Combined Binary Detection;139
5.1.3;6.3 Receiver-Side Digital Signal Processing;141
5.1.4;6.4 Transmitter-Side Digital Signal Processing;143
5.1.5;6.5 Conclusions;146
5.1.6;References;146
5.2; 7 High Spectral Efficiency Coherent Optical OFDM ;148
5.2.1;7.1 Overview;148
5.2.1.1;7.1.1 Background;148
5.2.1.2;7.1.2 Organization of the Chapter;151
5.2.2;7.2 Signal Processing in Coherent Optical MIMO-OFDM;151
5.2.2.1;7.2.1 Representation of OFDM;152
5.2.3;7.3 Implementation of CO-OFDM;155
5.2.4;7.4 Representation of Coherent Optical MIMO-OFDM;158
5.2.5;7.5 High-order Modulation in CO-OFDM;160
5.2.5.1;7.5.1 BER Performance of Advanced Modulation Formats in AWGN;160
5.2.5.2;7.5.2 Simulation Results on Laser Phase Noise;161
5.2.5.3;7.5.3 Experimental Investigations of Phase Noise Effects;162
5.2.5.4;7.5.4 Laser Linewidth Effects;164
5.2.5.5;7.5.5 Non-linear Phase Noise from Optical Fiber Transmissions;164
5.2.6;7.6 Orthogonal-Band Multiplexing Using CO-OFDM;167
5.2.6.1;7.6.1 Principle of Orthogonal-Band-Multiplexed OFDM (OBM-OFDM);167
5.2.6.2;7.6.2 Experimental Setup and Description;168
5.2.6.3;7.6.3 Experimental Results and Discussion;169
5.2.7;7.7 Conclusion;171
5.2.8;References;172
5.3; 8 Polarization Division-Multiplexed Coherent Optical OFDM Transmission Enabled by MIMO Processing ;174
5.3.1;8.1 Introduction;174
5.3.2;8.2 PDM Receiver with MIMO Processing;175
5.3.2.1;8.2.1 PDM-OFDM;175
5.3.2.2;8.2.2 MIMO Processing;176
5.3.2.3;8.2.3 MIMO OFDM Channel Estimation;178
5.3.3;8.3 10 × 122-Gb/s Transmission Experiment with PDM-OFDM;179
5.3.3.1;8.3.1 Experimental Setup;179
5.3.3.2;8.3.2 Experimental Results;182
5.3.4;8.4 Conclusion;184
5.3.5;References;184
5.4; 9 No-Guard-Interval Coherent Optical OFDM with Frequency Domain Equalization;186
5.4.1;9.1 Introduction;186
5.4.2;9.2 High-Capacity Challenges and Modulation Format Alternatives;187
5.4.3;9.3 Concept of No-Guard-Interval OFDM;188
5.4.4;9.4 PDM No-Guard-Interval CO-OFDM Transmitter and Receiver Configuration;191
5.4.5;9.5 111Gbps No-Guard-Interval OFDM Transmitter and Receiver Performance;193
5.4.6;9.6 13.5-Tbps WDM Transmission Using 111-Gbps PDM No-Guard-Interval OFDM QPSK Format;194
5.4.7;9.7 Conclusions;195
5.4.8;References;195
5.5; 10 QPSK-Based Transmission System: Trade-Offs Between Linear and Nonlinear Impairments ;198
5.5.1;10.1 Introduction;198
5.5.2;10.2 Options of QPSK-Based Transceiver Implementation;199
5.5.3;10.3 DP Signal Impairment Due to PDL;201
5.5.4;10.4 Impact of Cross-Phase Modulationon SP- and DP-RZ-DQPSK Signals;203
5.5.5;10.5 XPM Tolerance Comparison between Direct and Coherent Detection Receivers;206
5.5.6;10.6 Summary;208
5.5.7;References;209
5.6; 11 Real-Time Digital Coherent QPSK Transmission Technologies;210
5.6.1;11.1 Introduction;210
5.6.2;11.2 Algorithmic Requirements;210
5.6.3;11.3 Feasibility of Parallel Processing;211
5.6.4;11.4 Hardware Efficiency;213
5.6.5;11.5 Tolerance Against Feedback Delays;213
5.6.6;11.6 Technological Requirements;216
5.6.7;11.7 Real-time Implementations of Digital Coherent QPSK Receivers;217
5.6.8;References;219
5.7; 12 Challenge for Full Control of Polarization in Optical Communication Systems;221
5.7.1;12.1 Introduction;221
5.7.2;12.2 Polarization Fluctuation in Single-Mode Fibers;222
5.7.3;12.3 Solutions for SOP Fluctuation;223
5.7.3.1;12.3.1 Polarization-Maintaining Fiber;223
5.7.3.2;12.3.2 Polarization Control Scheme;224
5.7.3.3;12.3.3 Polarization-Diversity Scheme;226
5.7.3.4;12.3.4 Polarization Scrambling Scheme;229
5.7.4;12.4 Evolutions of Technology for SOP Fluctuation Problem;229
5.7.5;References;230
6;Part III Opto-electronics Devices;232
6.1; 13 Semiconductor Lasers for High-Density Optical Communication Systems;233
6.1.1;13.1 Requirements to Spectral Linewidth;233
6.1.2;13.2 Spectral Linewidth of Semiconductor Lasers;235
6.1.3;13.3 Reports of Narrow Spectral Linewidth Semiconductor Lasers;238
6.1.3.1;13.3.1 DFB and DBR Lasers;238
6.1.3.2;13.3.2 External Cavity Semiconductor Lasers;241
6.1.4;13.4 Comparison between Several types of Narrow Spectral Linewidth Semiconductor Lasers;241
6.1.5;13.5 Reported Technologies and Issues of Tunable Semiconductor Lasers;242
6.1.5.1;13.5.1 DFB Laser Array (Wavelength Selectable Laser);244
6.1.5.2;13.5.2 Super Structure Grating or Sampled Grating DBR Laser;244
6.1.5.3;13.5.3 External Cavity Laser;246
6.1.5.4;13.5.4 Dynamic Wavelength Drift and its Suppression;247
6.1.5.5;13.5.5 Dependence of Wavelength Tuning Scheme on Spectral Linewidth;248
6.1.5.6;13.5.6 Wavelength Stability;250
6.1.6;13.6 Summary;251
6.1.7;References;251
6.2; 14 Monolithic InP Photonic Integrated Circuits for Transmitting or Receiving Information with Augmented Fidelity or Spectral Efficiency ;254
6.2.1;14.1 Introduction;254
6.2.2;14.2 InP basics;256
6.2.3;14.3 Transmitters;260
6.2.3.1;14.3.1 Increasing the Spectral Efficiency via Polarization;261
6.2.3.2;14.3.2 Increasing the Spectral Efficiency via Phase;263
6.2.3.3;14.3.3 Increasing the Spectral Efficiency via Multiple Levels;268
6.2.3.4;14.3.4 Compensating for Fiber Chromatic Dispersion;269
6.2.4;14.4 Receivers;271
6.2.5;14.5 Conclusions;272
6.2.6;References;273
6.3; 15 Integrated Mach--Zehnder Interferometer-Based Modulators for Advanced Modulation Formats;275
6.3.1;15.1 Background;275
6.3.2;15.2 Optical Components for Vector Modulation Schemes;277
6.3.3;15.3 Phase Modulator;279
6.3.4;15.4 Mach--Zehnder Intensity Modulator;280
6.3.5;15.5 Integrated Modulators for High Data Rate Signal Generation;281
6.3.6;15.6 High-Speed Optical Multi-level Modulation Using DPMZM and QPMZM;283
6.3.7;References;286
6.4; 16 Key Devices for High-Speed Optical Communication and Their Application to Transceiver Module ;289
6.4.1;16.1 High-Speed Electrical Devices and Optical Devices;289
6.4.2;16.2 Integration of High-Speed Devices;294
6.4.3;16.3 Packaging of Electrical Devices and Optical Devices;299
6.4.4;16.4 High-Speed Transceivers;300
6.4.5;16.5 Future Directions for Devices and Transceiver Modules;302
6.4.6;References;303
6.5; 17 Forward Error Correction ;304
6.5.1;17.1 Basic Concepts and Terminology;304
6.5.2;17.2 First-Generation FEC;309
6.5.3;17.3 Second-Generation FEC;312
6.5.4;17.4 Third-Generation FEC;315
6.5.5;17.5 Comparison with the Shannon limit;326
6.5.6;17.6 FEC Error Count;329
6.5.7;References;331
7;Index;335