Nösberger / Long / Norby Managed Ecosystems and CO2

Case Studies, Processes, and Perspectives
2006
ISBN: 978-3-540-31237-6
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 187, 459 Seiten

Reihe: Ecological Studies

This book provides an up-to-date review of the effects of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide on agroecosystems, forests, and grasslands. It summarizes the main findings from 13 experiments with annual crops, permanent pastures and plantation forests at 11 sites throughout the world during the past ten years. The results significantly alter our perception of how rising CO2 will directly affect these managed ecosystems.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Nösberger, Josef

Long, S. P.

Norby, R. J.

Stitt, M.

Hendrey, G. R.

Blum, H.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
1.1;Reference;8
2;Contents;9
3;Contributors;24
4;Abbreviations;36
5;Part A Introduction;40
5.1;1 Introduction;41
5.1.1;1.1 Managed Ecosystems and the Future Supply;41
5.1.2;of Raw Materials;41
5.1.3;1.2 Why are [CO2] Enrichment Studies;42
5.1.4;with Managed Ecosystems Important?;42
5.1.5;1.3 Free-Air [CO2] Enrichment;44
5.1.6;1.4 Spatial and Temporal Scale;45
5.1.7;1.5 Elevated [CO2] Affects Plant Growth and Ecosystems;47
5.1.8;via a Multitude of Mechanisms;47
5.1.9;1.6 Conclusions;50
5.1.10;References;50
5.2;2 FACE Technology: Past, Present, and Future;52
5.2.1;2.1 Introduction;52
5.2.2;2.2 Need for Controlled Experiments in the Field:;54
5.2.3;Historical Perspective;54
5.2.4;2.3 Advantages of FACE;58
5.2.5;2.4 Problems and Limitations;58
5.2.6;2.5 FACE Systems Engineering;62
5.2.7;2.5.3 CNR FACE Design;65
5.2.8;2.6 Multiple Variable Experiments;67
5.2.9;2.7 Future Perspectives;69
5.2.10;2.8 Conclusions;74
5.2.11;References;76
6;Part B: Case Studies;81
6.1;3 The Effects of Free-Air [CO2] Enrichment of Cotton, Wheat, and Sorghum;82
6.1.1;3.1 Introduction;82
6.1.2;3.2 Description of the FACE System and Experimental;82
6.1.3;Methodology;82
6.1.4;3.3 Cotton;86
6.1.5;3.4 Wheat;95
6.1.6;3.5 Sorghum;99
6.1.7;3.6 Conclusions;101
6.1.8;References;102
6.2;4 SoyFACE: the Effects and Interactions of Elevated [CO2] and [O3] on Soybean;106
6.2.1;4.1 Introduction;106
6.2.2;4.2 Site Description;106
6.2.3;4.3 Experimental Treatments;107
6.2.4;4.4 Resource Acquisition;109
6.2.5;4.5 Resource Transformation;114
6.2.6;4.6 Consequences for Future Soybean Crop Management;116
6.2.7;and Plant Breeding;116
6.2.8;4.7 Conclusions;118
6.2.9;References;119
6.3;5 Paddy Rice Responses to Free-Air [CO2] Enrichment;122
6.3.1;5.1 Introduction to Rice;122
6.3.2;5.2 The Rice FACE Experiment: Phase 1;123
6.3.3;5.3 Effects of e[CO2] on Paddy Rice;124
6.3.4;5.4 Implications for Rice Production in e[CO2];135
6.3.5;5.5 Conclusions;137
6.3.6;References;138
6.4;6 Growth and Quality Responses of Potato to Elevated [CO2];140
6.4.1;6.1 Introdution;140
6.4.2;6.2 Site Description;141
6.4.3;6.3 Experimental Treatments;145
6.4.4;6.4 Resource Acquisition;145
6.4.5;6.5 Resource Transformation;149
6.4.6;6.6 Conclusions;153
6.4.7;References;154
6.5;7 Responses of an Arable Crop Rotation System to Elevated [CO2];155
6.5.1;7.1 Introduction;155
6.5.2;7.2 Site Description;157
6.5.3;7.3 Results;160
6.5.4;7.4 Conclusions;168
6.5.5;References;169
6.6;8 Short- and Long-Term Responses of Fertile Grassland to Elevated [CO2];172
6.6.1;8.1 Introduction;172
6.6.2;8.2 Site Description;173
6.6.3;8.3 Experimental Treatments;174
6.6.4;8.4 Nutrient Availability: A Key Factor for the Plant’s;175
6.6.5;Response to e[CO2];175
6.6.6;8.5 Changes over 10 Years in the e[CO2] Response;178
6.6.7;of Pure L. perenne Swards;178
6.6.8;8.6 N Availability in Soil;181
6.6.9;8.7 C and N Sequestration;183
6.6.10;8.8 Conclusions;184
6.6.11;References;185
6.7;9 Impacts of Elevated CO2 on a Grassland Grazed by Sheep: the New Zealand FACE Experiment;189
6.7.1;9.1 Introduction;189
6.7.2;9.2 Site Description;190
6.7.3;9.3 Experimental Treatments;191
6.7.4;9.4 Resource Acquisition;192
6.7.5;9.5 Resource Transformation;196
6.7.6;9.6 Conclusions;201
6.7.7;References;201
6.8;10 Responses to Elevated [CO2] of a Short Rotation, Multispecies Poplar Plantation: the POPFACE/EUROFACE Experiment;204
6.8.1;10.1 Introduction;204
6.8.2;10.2 Site Description;205
6.8.3;10.3 Experimental Treatment;208
6.8.4;10.4 Resource Acquisition;210
6.8.5;10.5 Resource Transformation;216
6.8.6;10.6 Consequences and Implications;221
6.8.7;10.7 Conclusions;223
6.8.8;References;224
6.9;11 The Duke Forest FACE Experiment: CO2 Enrichment of a Loblolly Pine Forest;227
6.9.1;11.1 Introduction;227
6.9.2;11.2 Site Description;228
6.9.3;11.3 Results;230
6.9.4;11.4 Estimated Global Carbon Sink in Forests;237
6.9.5;11.5 Conclusions;238
6.9.6;References;238
6.10;12 Impacts of Elevated Atmospheric [CO2] and [O3] on Northern Temperate Forest Ecosystems: Results from the Aspen FACE Experiment;243
6.10.1;12.1 Introduction;243
6.10.2;12.2 Site Description;244
6.10.3;12.3 Experimental Treatments;245
6.10.4;12.4 Resource Acquisition;246
6.10.5;12.5 Resource Transformation;250
6.10.6;12.6 Consequences and Implications;252
6.10.7;12.7 Conclusions;256
6.10.8;References;256
6.11;13 CO2 Enrichment of a Deciduous Forest: The Oak Ridge FACE Experiment;260
6.11.1;13.1 Introduction;260
6.11.2;13.2 Site Description;261
6.11.3;13.3 Experimental Treatments;263
6.11.4;13.4 Resource Acquisition;263
6.11.5;13.5 Resource Transformation;269
6.11.6;13.6 Consequences and Implications;274
6.11.7;13.7 Conclusions;277
6.11.8;References;278
6.12;14 Long-Term Responses of Photosynthesis and Stomata to Elevated [CO2] in Managed Systems;281
6.12.1;14.1 Introduction;281
6.12.2;14.2 Why FACE for Photosynthesis and Conductance?;286
6.12.3;14.3 Which FACE?;288
6.12.4;14.4 Have Findings From FACE Altered Perspectives?;290
6.12.5;14.5 Conclusion;294
6.12.6;References;295
6.13;15 Carbon Partitioning and Respiration – Their Control and Role in Plants at High CO2;299
6.13.1;15.1 Introduction;299
6.13.2;15.2 A Brief Background to Partitioning;300
6.13.3;of Dry Matter and Carbon;300
6.13.4;15.3 Export From Source Leaves;301
6.13.5;15.4 Whole-Plant Partitioning;303
6.13.6;15.5 Within Root Partitioning;306
6.13.7;15.5.3 Exudation, Mucilage, and Cell Death;308
6.13.8;15.6 Respiration;310
6.13.9;15.7 Conclusion;314
6.13.10;References;315
6.14;16 The Response of Foliar Carbohydrates to Elevated [CO2];321
6.14.1;16.1 Introduction;321
6.14.2;16.2 Do Carbohydrates Accumulate in the Leaves;323
6.14.3;of Plants Grown in the Field Using FACE Technology?;323
6.14.4;16.3 Manipulations of Source–Sink Balance;326
6.14.5;16.4 The Effect of Nitrogen Supply on Sink Capacity;329
6.14.6;16.5 What Are the Signs of a Limited Sink Capacity?;331
6.14.7;16.6 Conclusion;333
6.14.8;References;333
7;Part C Processes;337
7.1;17 Evapotranspiration, Canopy Temperature, and Plant Water Relations;338
7.1.1;17.1 Introduction;338
7.1.2;17.2 Canopy Temperature;338
7.1.3;17.3 Evapotranspiration;341
7.1.4;17.4 Soil Water Content;346
7.1.5;17.5 Plant Water Use Efficiency;347
7.1.6;17.6 Plant Water Relations;347
7.1.7;17.7 Conclusions;348
7.1.8;References;349
7.2;18 Biological Nitrogen Fixation: A Key Process for the Response of Grassland Ecosystems to Elevated Atmospheric [CO2];352
7.2.1;18.1 Introduction;352
7.2.2;18.2 Elevated Atmospheric [CO2] Appears Not to Affect;353
7.2.3;the Activity of Symbiotic N2 Fixation;353
7.2.4;18.3 The Initial Response of Symbiotic N2 Fixation to;353
7.2.5;Elevated Atmospheric [CO2] Under Field Conditions is;353
7.2.6;Different From That Under Continuous Nutrient Supply;353
7.2.7;18.4 What Are the Possible Reasons For the Differential;355
7.2.8;Responses of Symbiotic N2 Fixation to Elevated Atmospheric;355
7.2.9;[CO2] in Laboratory and Field Experiments?;355
7.2.10;18.5 The Time Component, While Often Suggested,;357
7.2.11;Is Now Evident in the 10-Year Swiss FACE Experiment;357
7.2.12;18.6 The Significance of Symbiotic N2 Fixation Under;358
7.2.13;Elevated Atmospheric [CO2] in Terrestrial Ecosystems:;358
7.2.14;An Attempt to Reach a General Conclusion;358
7.2.15;18.7 Conclusion;359
7.2.16;References;360
7.3;19 Effects of Elevated [CO2] and N Fertilization on Interspecific Interactions in Temperate Grassland Model Ecosystems;364
7.3.1;19.1 Introduction;364
7.3.2;19.2 Materials and Methods;365
7.3.3;19.2.2 Experimental Treatments;366
7.3.4;19.3 Results;367
7.3.5;19.4 Discussion;370
7.3.6;19.5 Conclusions;374
7.3.7;References;375
7.4;20 The Potential of Genomics and Genetics to Understand Plant Response to Elevated Atmospheric [CO2];378
7.4.1;20.1 Introduction;378
7.4.2;20.2 Genomics in Field-Grown Plants;381
7.4.3;20.3 Proteomics and Metabolomics in Field-Grown Plants;388
7.4.4;20.4 The Importance of Experimental Design and Sampling;391
7.4.5;Strategy in FACE Facilities;391
7.4.6;20.5 The Future;393
7.4.7;20.6 Conclusions;393
7.4.8;References;394
7.5;21 The Impact of Elevated Atmospheric [CO2] on Soil C and N Dynamics: A Meta-Analysis;399
7.5.1;21.1 Introduction;399
7.5.2;21.2 Materials and Methods;400
7.5.3;21.3 Results;403
7.5.4;21.4 Discussion;407
7.5.5;21.5 Future Research Needs;411
7.5.6;21.6 Conclusions;412
7.5.7;References;414
7.6;22 The Influence of Elevated [CO2] on Diversity, Activity and Biogeochemical Functions of Rhizosphere and Soil Bacterial Communities;418
7.6.1;22.1 Introduction;418
7.6.2;22.2 Interactions Between Soil Microbiota;419
7.6.3;and Rhizosphere Conditions;419
7.6.4;22.3 Effect of e[CO2] on Rhizodeposition;422
7.6.5;22.4 Responses of Microbial Biomass, Cell Number;423
7.6.6;and Activity;423
7.6.7;22.5 Effects on Soil Structure and Enzyme Activities;425
7.6.8;22.6 Responses of Bacterial Community Structure to e[CO2];425
7.6.9;22.7 Elevated [CO2] and Nitrogen Cycle in Soil and;427
7.6.10;Rhizosphere;427
7.6.11;22.8 Plant-Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria;431
7.6.12;22.9 Discussion and Perspectives;431
7.6.13;22.10 Conclusions;433
7.6.14;References;434
7.7;23 Increases in Atmospheric [CO2] and the Soil Food Web;438
7.7.1;23.1 Introduction;438
7.7.2;23.1.1 Soil Food Webs: The Concept;439
7.7.3;23.2 Effects of Elevated [CO2] on Soil Organic Matter;440
7.7.4;and the Food Web;440
7.7.5;23.3 Root Exudation and the Effects of Elevated [CO2];442
7.7.6;23.4 Linking Plants to Soil Food Webs;444
7.7.7;under Changing [CO2];444
7.7.8;23.5 Conclusions;447
7.7.9;References;448
8;Part D Perspectives;454
8.1;24 FACE Value: Perspectives on the Future of Free-Air CO2 Enrichment Studies;455
8.1.1;24.1 The Value of FACE Experiments;455
8.1.2;24.2 What Have We Learnt From FACE?;456
8.1.3;24.3 What Is Missing From Current FACE Research and What Are the Gaps in Understanding?;461
8.1.4;24.4 Technologies for Future FACE Science;465
8.1.5;24.5 A Potential Problem for Long-Running FACE Experiments?;467
8.1.6;24.6 Conclusion;468
8.1.7;References;469
9;Subject Index;474