Noormets Phenology of Ecosystem Processes

Applications in Global Change Research
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-4419-0026-5
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 281 Seiten

Changes in the seasonal timing of ecosystem carbon, water and energy exchange are key sources of variation in biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks. Referencing this variability to traditional phenological events, such as bud break or flowering, introduces additional uncertainty with little mechanistic relationship to the process of interest. Instead, the seasonal cycles of each process must be understood in the context of biological and environmental factors that affect it. Some processes, like photosynthesis, are represented with high degree of realism and accuracy in several existing ecosystem process models, whereas others still have significant uncertainties. 

This volume summarizes the current understanding of the seasonality of ecosystem carbon and water cycles in the temperate and boreal zones using eight case studies, highlighting sources of variability, necessary additional measurements and novel ways to analyze existing datasets. It also includes syntheses of the interaction between water and carbon fluxes as mediated by constraints from plant anatomy to the ecosystem level. This book is intended as a reference for researchers and graduate students in ecosystem ecology, modeling, climate change, phenology and land surface phenology, and as supplementary material for advanced courses in ecosystem or community ecology and biometeorology. 

The editor Asko Noormets is Research Assistant Professor at the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, North Carolina State University.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Noormets, Asko

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
1.1;References;6
2;Preface;7
2.1;References;9
3;Contents;11
4;Contributors;13
5;Part I Phenological Phenomena;16
5.1;Climatic and Phenological Controls of the Carbon and Energy Balances of Three Contrasting Boreal Forest Ecosystems in Western Canada;17
5.1.1;1 Introduction;18
5.1.1.1;1.1 Boreal Forests;19
5.1.1.2;1.2 Phenology;19
5.1.1.3;1.3 Inter-Annual Variability;20
5.1.2;2 Study Sites and Measurements;21
5.1.3;3 Seasonality of the Carbon, Water and Energy Cycles;26
5.1.4;4 Delineating the Spring and Autumn Transitions;31
5.1.5;5 Climatic and Phenological Controls;37
5.1.6;6 Temperature Controls on the Seasonal Phenology of Deciduous-Broadleaf and Evergreen-Coniferous Forests;40
5.1.7;7 Summary and Conclusions;42
5.1.8;References;43
5.2;Characterizing the Seasonal Dynamics of Plant Community Photosynthesis Across a Range of Vegetation Types;49
5.2.1;1 Introduction;50
5.2.2;2 Sites and Data Used in the Present Study;51
5.2.3;3 Representation of the Seasonal Dynamics of Plant Community Photosynthesis;52
5.2.4;4 Indices Characterizing the Seasonal Dynamics of Plant Community Photosynthesis;56
5.2.4.1;4.1 Characterizing the Dynamics in CPC;56
5.2.4.2;4.2 Characterizing Canopy Photosynthetic Potential;61
5.2.4.3;4.3 The Five Phases of the Seasonal Cycle of Plant Community Photosynthesis;61
5.2.4.4;4.4 Transitions Between Phases;62
5.2.4.5;4.5 Effective Growing Season Length;63
5.2.4.6;4.6 Effective Canopy Photosynthetic Capacity;64
5.2.4.7;4.7 Shape Parameters of the Seasonal Patterns of Plant Community Photosynthesis;64
5.2.5;5 Application for Synthesis Across Sites;65
5.2.5.1;5.1 The Recovery–Senescence Relationship;66
5.2.5.2;5.2 Factors Affecting the Carbon Assimilation Potential;67
5.2.6;6 Discussion and Conclusions;69
5.2.7;Appendix: List of Terms;70
5.2.8;References;71
5.3;The Phenology of Gross Ecosystem Productivity and Ecosystem Respiration in Temperate Hardwood and Conifer Chronosequences;73
5.3.1;1 Introduction;74
5.3.2;2 Methods;80
5.3.3;3 Results;86
5.3.4;4 Discussion;90
5.3.5;5 Conclusions;94
5.3.6;References;94
5.4;Phenological Differences Between Understory and Overstory: A Case Study Using the Long-Term Harvard Forest Records;100
5.4.1;1 Introduction;101
5.4.1.1;1.1 Seasonal Variation in the Understory Growth Environment;102
5.4.1.2;1.2 Phenological Differences Within and Among Species;104
5.4.1.3;1.3 Phenological Differences Between Understory and Overstory;105
5.4.1.4;1.4 Consequences of Different Phenological Strategies;106
5.4.2;2 Harvard Forest Case Study;108
5.4.2.1;2.1 Site Description;108
5.4.2.2;2.2 Phenology Observations;108
5.4.2.3;2.3 Phenology Models;110
5.4.2.4;2.4 Model Parameterization;113
5.4.3;3 Results;114
5.4.4;4 Discussion;121
5.4.5;5 Summary and Conclusions;127
5.4.6;References;128
5.5;Phenology of Forest-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange for Deciduous and Coniferous Forests in Southern and Northern New England: Variation with Latitude and Landscape Position;131
5.5.1;1 Introduction;132
5.5.2;2 Methods;133
5.5.3;3 Results;136
5.5.4;4 Discussion;145
5.5.5;5 Conclusions;151
5.5.6;References;152
5.6;Influence of Phenology and Land Management on Biosphere–Atmosphere Isotopic CO 2 Exchange;154
5.6.1;List of symbols;154
5.6.2;1 Introduction;155
5.6.3;2 Carbon Isotopes;156
5.6.4;3 Carbon Isotope Flux Measurements;161
5.6.4.1;3.1 Flux-Gradient;162
5.6.4.2;3.2 Eddy-Covariance;163
5.6.5;4 Applications and Results;163
5.6.5.1;4.1 High Temporal Resolution of Isotopic CO 2 Exchange;163
5.6.5.2;4.2 Isotopic Composition of Ecosystem Respiration;165
5.6.5.3;4.3 Ecosystem-Scale Flux Partitioning;167
5.6.6;5 Conclusions;173
5.6.7;References;174
6;Part II Biological Feedbacks;178
6.1;Phenology of Plant Production in the Northwestern Great Plains: Relationships with Carbon Isotope Discrimination, Net Ecosystem Productivity and Ecosystem Respiration;179
6.1.1;1 Introduction;179
6.1.2;2 Methods;180
6.1.3;3 Results and Discussion;183
6.1.4;4 Conclusions;193
6.1.5;References;193
6.2;Is Temporal Variation of Soil Respiration Linked to the Phenology of Photosynthesis?;196
6.2.1;1 Introduction;197
6.2.2;2 The Evidence for Linkages Between Plant Phenology and Soil Respiration;197
6.2.2.1;2.1 Seasonal Variation;197
6.2.2.2;2.2 Synoptic Scale Variation;200
6.2.2.3;2.3 Diel Variation;201
6.2.3;3 Physiological Links of Phloem Transport;202
6.2.4;4 Conclusions;204
6.2.5;References;205
6.3;The Annual Cycle of Development of Trees and Process-Based Modelling of Growth to Scale Up From the Tree to the Stand;209
6.3.1;1 Introduction;210
6.3.2;2 Principles for Modelling the Annual Cycle of Trees;210
6.3.3;3 Effects of Climate Change on the Phenology of Trees;213
6.3.4;4 Process-Based Tree Growth Models;216
6.3.4.1;4.1 Scaling Up in Space;217
6.3.4.2;4.2 Scaling Up in Time;219
6.3.5;5 Effects of Climate Changeon Growth of Trees;221
6.3.5.1;5.1 Importance of Phenology on the Growth of Temperate Zone Deciduous Trees;222
6.3.5.2;5.2 Importance of Phenology on the Growth of Boreal Coniferous Trees;223
6.3.5.3;5.3 Importance of Phenology on the Growth of Mediterranean Coniferous Trees;225
6.3.6;6 Future Research;225
6.3.7;References;227
6.3.8;Appendix;230
7;Part III Upscaling and Global View;236
7.1;Remote Sensing Phenology: Status and the Way Forward;237
7.1.1;1 Introduction;238
7.1.2;2 Satellite Remote Sensing;238
7.1.3;3 Vegetation Indices;240
7.1.4;4 Publicly Available Land Surface Phenology Products;243
7.1.5;5 Validation Efforts;243
7.1.5.1;5.1 Validation and Scale;244
7.1.5.2;5.2 Climate-Based Validation;245
7.1.6;6 Applications of Land Surface Phenology;246
7.1.6.1;6.1 Ecosystem Studies;246
7.1.6.2;6.2 Disasters;246
7.1.6.3;6.3 Land Use;247
7.1.6.4;6.4 Phenology Response to Climate Change;247
7.1.6.5;6.5 Forecasting;248
7.1.7;7 Conclusions;248
7.1.8;References;249
7.2;Land Surface Phenology: Convergence of Satellite and CO 2 Eddy Flux Observations;253
7.2.1;1 Introduction;254
7.2.2;2 Methods;255
7.2.2.1;2.1 CO 2 Eddy Flux Tower Approach for Land Surface Phenology;256
7.2.2.2;2.2 Satellite-Based Approach for Land Surface Phenology;257
7.2.3;3 Land Surface Phenology of Forests, Grasslands and Cropland: Five Case Studies;260
7.2.4;4 Summary;271
7.2.5;References;272
8;Index;277