Nygaard / Adler / Sinclair Radiation Research

Biomedical, Chemical, and Physical Perspectives
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7007-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 1404 Seiten, Web PDF

Radiation Research: Biomedical, Chemical and Physical Perspectives documents the proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Radiation Research held in Seattle, Washington, 14-20 July 1974. While the focus of the Congress was on fundamental research, there were several well-attended sessions on the practical aspects of radiation research as it relates to radiotherapy, central station power generation by both nuclear fission and fusion, and the environment. This volume contains 126 papers organized into 31 parts. Beginning with a keynote address and a lecture on the time scale in radiobiology, the subsequent contributions cover a wide range of topics presented over several sessions. Topics discussed during these sessions include energy needs, nuclear power, and the environment; prospects for fusion power; technological applications of radiation; human radiobiology; hazards of radiation exposure relative to other environmental agents; the basic physics of the interactions of radiation with matter; particle penetration phenomena; and radiation effects in frozen media.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Nygaard, Oddvar F.

Adler, Howard I.

Sinclair, Warren K.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Radiation Research: Biomedical, Chemical and Physical Perspectives;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;PREFACE;16
6;EDITORS' NOTE
AND ACKNOWLEDMENTS;20
7;PART 1: SPECIAL ADDRESSES;24
7.1;Chapter 1. Speech at Opening Ceremonies of the Fifth International Congress on Radiation Research July 14, 1974
Seattle, Washington;26
7.2;Chapter 2. Twelfth Failla Memorial Lecture
The Time Scale in Radiobiology;32
7.2.1;REFERENCES;52
8;PART 2: ENERGY NEEDS, NUCLEAR POWER AND
THE ENVIRONMENT;54
8.1;Chapter 3. Energy
Needs, Nuclear Power, and the Environment;55
8.1.1;CAN MAN LIVE WITH FISSION? (4);57
8.1.2;TECHNOLOGICAL FIXES FOR FISSION;59
8.1.3;REFERENCES;61
9;PART 3: PROSPECTS FOR FUSION POWER;64
9.1;Chapter 4. Status and Future Prospects for Fusion Power;65
9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;65
9.1.2;THE PRINCIPAL GOAL;65
9.1.3;THE FUSION PLASMA PROBLEM;66
9.1.4;THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM;68
9.1.5;THE ENERGY SYSTEM;69
9.1.6;ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FUSION POWER;71
9.1.7;FUSION AS A SOLUTION TO OTHER PROBLEMS;76
9.1.8;REFERENCES;77
9.2;Chapter 5. Fusion Research in Japan;79
10;PART 4: TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
OF RADIATION;84
10.1;Chapter 6. Technological Applications of Radiation:
An Introduction;85
10.1.1;REFERENCES;87
10.2;Chapter 7. Applied Industrial Radiation Chemistry
of Monomers and Polymers;88
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;88
10.2.2;CROSSLINKED WIRE AND CABLE INSULATION;90
10.2.3;HEAT SHRINKABLE FILM, TUBING
AND MOLDED OBJECTS;91
10.2.4;CROSSLINKED POLYETHLENE FOAM;94
10.2.5;TEXTILES;94
10.2.6;CURING OF COATINGS AND INKS;96
10.2.7;WOOD-PLASTIC COMPOSITES;97
10.2.8;WOOD CHIP IRRADIATION;98
10.2.9;CONTROLLED MOLECULAR WEIGHTS VIA
POLYMER DEGRADATION;99
10.2.10;MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS BASED ON CROSSLINKED
AND GRAFTED HYDROPHILIC POLYMERS;99
10.2.11;MISCELLANEOUS POLYMERIZATION PROCESSES;100
10.2.12;RUBBER VULCANIZATION;100
10.2.13;REFERENCES;100
10.3;Chapter 8. Mutations in Plant Breeding—A Glance Back
And a Look Forward;104
10.3.1;PLANT BREEDING—SCIENCE OR ART?;104
10.3.2;INCREASING COMPLEXITY OF PLANT BREEDING;104
10.3.3;DOMESTICATION OF WILD SPECIES;105
10.3.4;DIRECT MUTATION IN BARLEY IMPROVEMENT;106
10.3.5;RECOMBINATION OF INDUCED MUTANT ALLELES;108
10.3.6;INDUCED MUTATIONS IN TRITICUM DURUM;113
10.3.7;CHROMOSOME MANIPULATION IN PLANT BREEDING;114
10.3.8;CONCLUDING REMARKS;115
10.3.9;REFERENCES;117
10.4;Chapter 10. The Use of Ionizing Radiation for Preservation
of Food and Feed Products;119
10.4.1;INTRODUCTION;119
10.4.2;RADAPPERTIZATION;120
10.4.3;DIS INFESTATION OF INSECTS AND PARASITES;
RETARDATION OF MATURATION;125
10.4.4;REDUCED DEPENDENCE ON CHEMICAL FOOD ADDITIVES;129
10.4.5;SAFETY FOR CONSUMPTION (WHOLESOMENESS);130
10.4.6;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;137
10.4.7;REFERENCES;138
10.5;Chapter 11. Radiation Sterilization—An Industrial Process;141
10.5.1;INTRODUCTION;141
10.5.2;ISOTOPE SOURCES AND PLANT;141
10.5.3;RADIATION STERILIZATION DOSE;146
10.5.4;PROCESS AND PRODUCT CONTROL;148
10.5.5;RANGE OF APPLICATION;149
10.5.6;FUTURE PROSPECTS;151
10.5.7;REFERENCES;152
11;PART 5: HUMAN RADIOBIOLOGY;154
11.1;Chapter 12. The Late Effects of Acute External Exposure
to Ionizing Radiation in Man;155
11.1.1;REFERENCES;167
11.2;Chapter 13. The Risk of Malignancy from
Internally-Deposited Radioisotopes;169
11.2.1;REFERENCES;178
12;PART 6: RE-EVALUATION OF HAZARDS OF RADIATION EXPOSURE RELATIVE TO OTHER
ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS;180
12.1;Chapter 14. Chemical and Radiation Carcinogenesis
in Man and Experimental Animals;181
12.1.1;INTRODUCTION;181
12.1.2;ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
IN CANCER INDUCTION IN THE HUMAN;181
12.1.3;CHEMICAL AND RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS
IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS;184
12.1.4;CHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE CELLULAR ABSORPTION
OF IONIZING AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONS;188
12.1.5;MECHANISMS OF CARCINOGENESIS
BY CHEMICALS AND RADIATIONS;189
12.1.6;CONCLUSIONS;190
12.1.7;REFERENCES;190
12.2;Chapter 15. Problems in the Reevaluation of Genetic Risks from Radiation
and Other Environmental Hazards;192
12.2.1;REFERENCES;204
13;PART 7: THE BASIC PHYSICS OF THE INTERACTIONS OF
RADIATION WITH MATTER;206
13.1;Chapter 16. Introduction to the Symposium on the
Basic Physics of the Interactions of Radiation with Matter;207
13.1.1;REFERENCES;210
13.2;Chapter 17. Photoionization;211
13.2.1;INTRODUCTION;211
13.2.2;AUTOIONIZATION IN ATOMIC GASES;213
13.2.3;AUTOIONIZATION AND PRE-DISSOCIATION IN MOLECULES;217
13.2.4;THE VARIATION OF TOTAL AND PARTIAL
CROSS SECTION WITH PHOTON ENERGY;223
13.2.5;PARTIAL CROSS SECTIONS AND MASS SPECTRA;226
13.2.6;REFERENCES;227
13.3;Chapter 18. Electron Energy Deposition in Matter
at the Molecular Level;228
13.3.1;INTRODUCTION;228
13.3.2;HIGH INCIDENT ENERGY;229
13.3.3;DIPOLE APPROXIMATION;233
13.3.4;LOW INCIDENT ENERGY;234
13.3.5;INNER SHELL PROCESSES;238
13.3.6;CONCLUSIONS;239
13.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;240
13.3.8;REFERENCES;240
13.4;Chapter 19. Secondary Electron Spectra;242
13.4.1;INTRODUCTION;242
13.4.2;THEORY;243
13.4.3;NORMALIZATION AND EXTRAPOLATION
OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA;244
13.4.4;CONCLUDING REMARKS;248
13.4.5;REFERENCES;249
13.5;Chapter 20. Ionization by Energy Transfer from Excited Species;250
13.5.1;INTRODUCTION;250
13.5.2;PENNING IONIZATION;250
13.5.3;IONIZATION BY ATOMS IN RESONANCE STATES;259
13.5.4;IONIZATION IN COLLISIONS
WITH HIGH RYDBERG ATOMS;260
13.5.5;IONIZATION IN THERMAL COLLISIONS WITH
AN ION OF HIGH RECOMBINATION ENERGY;262
13.5.6;REFERENCES;263
13.6;Chapter 21. Ionization by Interpénétration of Electron Shells;265
13.6.1;INTRODUCTION;265
13.6.2;COULOMB IONIZATION;266
13.6.3;CHARGE TRANSFER IONIZATION;267
13.6.4;SHELL INTERPENETRATION PHENOMENA;267
13.6.5;DIFFERENTIAL INELASTIC ENERGY LOSS MEASUREMENTS;271
13.6.6;FANO-LICHTEN MODEL;272
13.6.7;COUPLING MECHANISMS;274
13.6.8;ENERGY THRESHOLDS FOR INNER-SHELL EXCITATION;275
13.6.9;ENERGY DEPOSITION IN INNER-SHELL PROCESSES;276
13.6.10;CONCLUDING REMARKS;277
13.6.11;REFERENCES;277
13.7;Chapter 22. Spontaneous Break-up of Gaseous Ions;278
13.7.1;INTRODUCTION;278
13.7.2;INSTRUMENTAL;278
13.7.3;CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS;282
13.7.4;ENERGETICS;285
13.7.5;KINETICS;288
13.7.6;CONCLUSION;296
13.7.7;REFERENCES;297
13.8;Chapter 23. Ion Molecule Reactions;299
14;PART 8: PARTICLE PENETRATION
PHENOMENA;300
14.1;Chapter 24. Energy Loss and Ranges of Charged
Particles in Matter;301
14.1.1;INTRODUCTION;301
14.1.2;GENERAL;302
14.1.3;LIGHT-ION STOPPING;303
14.1.4;HEAVY-ION AND LOW-VELOCITY STOPPING;304
14.1.5;NUCLEAR STOPPING;305
14.1.6;RANGES;306
14.1.7;REFERENCES;307
14.2;Chapter 25. Channeling: A Tool for the Study of the Interactions
of Energetic Particles Penetrating Solids;310
14.2.1;INTRODUCTION;310
14.2.2;ATOMIC INTERACTIONS
FROM PLANAR CHANNELING MEASUREMENTS;311
14.2.3;HYPERCHANNELING;317
14.2.4;CHARGE EXCHANGE OF CHANNELED IONS;319
14.2.5;REFERENCES;324
14.3;Chapter 26. Transmission of Fast Molecules
Through Solids;325
14.3.1;INTRODUCTION;325
14.3.2;ANOMALIES OBSERVED WITH MOLECULAR BEAMS;325
14.3.3;MOLECULAR TRANSMISSION;330
14.3.4;CONCLUSION;337
14.3.5;REFERENCES;337
14.4;Chapter 27. Primary Processes and Track Effects
in Irradiated Media;338
14.4.1;INTRODUCTION;338
14.4.2;COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS;341
14.4.3;ENERGY LOCALIZATION;344
14.4.4;CONCLUSION;347
14.4.5;REFERENCES;347
15;PART 9: ELECTRONS IN LIQUIDS1;348
15.1;Chapter 28. The Optical Absorption Spectrum of the Solvated Electron
in Polar Liquids and in Binary Solutions;349
15.1.1;INTRODUCTION;349
15.1.2;SPECTRA OF esol IN
AMIDES;349
15.1.3;EMPIRICAL CORRELATION OF FREEMAN;351
15.1.4;SPECTRAL GROUPING OF ABSORPTION MAXIMA;352
15.1.5;esol
IN BINARY SOLUTIONS;353
15.1.6;STRUCTURE IN THE ABSORPTION SPECTRUM OF
esol;354
15.1.7;REFERENCES;355
15.2;Chapter 29. Theory of Optical Spectra
of Solvated Electrons;356
15.2.1;REFERENCES;366
15.3;Chapter 30. Electron Yields and Reaction Kinetics
in Polar Liquids;368
15.3.1;INTRODUCTION;368
15.3.2;EXPERIMENTAL;369
15.3.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;369
15.3.4;CONCLUSION;377
15.3.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;377
15.3.6;REFERENCES;378
15.4;Chapter 31.
Reactions Rates of Electrons at Short Times;379
15.4.1;REFERENCES;388
15.5;Chapter 32.
Measured Mobilities of Electrons ;390
15.5.1;INTRODUCTION;390
15.5.2;POLAR LIQUIDS;393
15.5.3;NONPOLAR LIQUIDS;394
15.5.4;SATURATED COMPOUNDS;395
15.5.5;UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS;399
15.5.6;REFERENCES;400
15.6;Chapter 33. Energies of Conduction Bands in Dielectric Liquids;401
15.6.1;INTRODUCTION;401
15.6.2;PHOTOELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS OF
V;401
15.6.3;EFFECT OF Vo ON PHOTOIONIZATION OF SOLUTES;404
15.6.4;MODELS FOR CONDUCTION BAND ENERGIES;405
15.6.5;RELATION
OF Vo TO THE ELECTRON MOBILITY (µ);406
15.6.6;TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON
Vo;407
15.6.7;EFFECT OF Vo ON ELECTRON REACTIONS;408
15.6.8;REFERENCES;409
15.7;Chapter 34. Excess Electrons and Energy Fluctuations in
Non-Polar Liquids;411
15.7.1;INTRODUCTION;411
15.7.2;ELECTRON MOBILITY;412
15.7.3;FREE-ION YIELD;414
15.7.4;DISCUSSION;416
15.7.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;418
15.7.6;REFERENCES;418
15.8;Chapter 35. Mobilities of Slow Electrons in Low- and High-Pressure Gases and
Liquids;420
15.8.1;ELECTRON MOBILITIES IN LOW-PRESSURE GASES;420
15.8.2;ELECTRON MOBILITIES IN HIGH-PRESSURE GASES;422
15.8.3;ELECTRON MOBILITIES IN GASES AND LIQUIDS;425
15.8.4;REFERENCES;426
16;PART 10: RADIATION EFFECTS
IN FROZEN MEDIA;428
16.1;Chapter 36. Ground State Structure of Trapped Electrons in
Glassy Matrices;429
16.1.1;INTRODUCTION;429
16.1.2;NUMBER OF FIRST SHELL NUCLEI
FROM SATELLITE LINE ANALYSIS;429
16.1.3;ELECTRON SPIN ECHO BACKGROUND;432
16.1.4;ELECTRON SPIN ECHO OF TRAPPED ELECTRONS
IN 10 M NaOD ICE;434
16.1.5;ELECTRON SPIN ECHO OF TRAPPED ELECTRONS IN MTHF;435
16.1.6;SUMMARY;436
16.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;437
16.1.8;REFERENCES;437
16.2;Chapter 37. Some Aspects of Electron Dynamics in Solid Alkanes;438
16.2.1;INTRODUCTION;438
16.2.2;THERMALIZED ELECTRONS;438
16.2.3;EPITHERMAL ELECTRONS;443
16.2.4;REFERENCES;448
16.3;Chapter 38. Deferred Luminescence in Organic Matrices
at Low and Very Low Temperatures;449
16.3.1;INTRODUCTION;449
16.3.2;EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE;450
16.3.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;450
16.3.4;CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK;458
16.3.5;REFERENCES;458
16.4;Chapter 39. Trapped Electrons and Anions in Rigid
Organic Glasses at 4°Ê';459
16.4.1;INTRODUCTION;459
16.4.2;TRAPPED ELECTRONS;459
16.4.3;ANIONIC INTERMEDIATES;461
16.4.4;REFERENCES;464
16.5;Chapter 40. Reactions of Elections in 3-Methylhexane Glass;466
16.5.1;INTRODUCTION;466
16.5.2;GEMINATE RECOMBINATION IN COLD LIQUID 3MH;466
16.5.3;PULSE RADIOLYSIS OF PYRENE IN 3MH AT 76 K;469
16.5.4;REFERENCES;471
16.6;Chapter 41. Formation and Decay of Trapped Electrons
in Frozen Media;473
16.6.1;INTRODUCTION;473
16.6.2;FORMATION OF
et;473
16.6.3;DECAY OF et;478
16.6.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;483
16.6.5;REFERENCES;483
16.7;Chapter 42. Electron Tunneling in Rigid Media1;485
16.7.1;INTRODUCTION;485
16.7.2;EXPERIMENTAL;485
16.7.3;THEORY;486
16.7.4;RESULTS;491
16.7.5;DISCUSSION;495
16.7.6;CONCLUSIONS;498
16.7.7;REFERENCES;498
17;PART 11: FAST RESPONSE
TECHNIQUES IN CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY;500
17.1;Chapter 43. Rapid-Mixing Studies on the Time-Scale
of Radiation Damage in Cells1;501
17.1.1;INTRODUCTION;501
17.1.2;THE APPARATUS;502
17.1.3;TIME SCALE OF THE OXYGEN EFFECT;503
17.1.4;CHEMICAL RADIOSENSITIZERS;507
17.1.5;REFERENCES;514
17.2;Chapter 44. Application of Fast Polarography in
Pulse Radiolysis;516
17.2.1;INTRODUCTION;516
17.2.2;EXPERIMENTAL;516
17.2.3;THEORY;517
17.2.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;522
17.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;533
17.2.6;REFERENCES;533
17.3;Chapter 45. Catalysis of Electron and Electron Transfer
Reactions in Micellar and Protein Systems;534
17.3.1;INTRODUCTION;534
17.3.2;EXPERIMENTAL;535
17.3.3;RESULTS;535
17.3.4;DISCUSSION;542
17.3.5;REFERENCES;546
17.4;Chapter 46. The Picosecond Reactions of Electrons
with Biologically Important Molecules;547
17.4.1;INTRODUCTION;547
17.4.2;EXPERIMENTAL;547
17.4.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;548
17.4.4;CONCLUSION;553
17.4.5;REFERENCES;553
18;PART 12: CURRENT TOPICS IN DOSIMETRY;554
18.1;Chapter 47. International Intercomparison of Neutron Dosimetry;555
18.1.1;INTRODUCTION;555
18.1.2;EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENTS;556
18.1.3;PRELIMINARY RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;557
18.1.4;CONCLUSIONS;567
18.1.5;APPENDIX A;568
18.1.6;APPENDIX
B;569
18.1.7;REFERENCES;569
18.2;Chapter 48. Dosimetrie Parameters and Terminology
Relevant to Radiobiology;570
18.2.1;BACKGROUND;570
18.2.2;THE SPECIFICATION OF DOSE;570
18.2.3;SPECIFICATION OF THE IRRADIATION PROCEDURE;572
18.2.4;THE MEASUREMENT OF DOSE;573
18.2.5;MICRODOSIMETRY;574
18.2.6;RESPONSE MODIFICATION;576
18.2.7;REFERENCES;579
18.3;Chapter
49. Microdosimetery of Auger Electrons;580
18.3.1;INTRODUCTION;580
18.3.2;THE AUGER CASCADE;580
18.3.3;DOSIMETRY;582
18.3.4;THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF
125I;585
18.3.5;CONCLUDING REMARKS;589
18.3.6;REFERENCES;590
18.4;Chapter 50. Particle Dosimetry by Track Etching, with Applications to Apollo Astronauts and to Heavy Radionuclide Mapping
in Biological Systems1;593
18.4.1;INTRODUCTION;593
18.4.2;PARTICLE DOSIMETRY;594
18.4.3;RADIONUCLIDE DISTRIBUTION;601
18.4.4;SUMMARY;602
18.4.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;602
18.4.6;REFERENCES;602
19;PART 13: PHOTODYNAMIC INACTIVATION OF MACROMOLECULES
AND CELLS;604
19.1;Chapter 51. Psoralen Cross-Links in DNA: Biological
Consequences and Cellular Repai;605
19.1.1;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;611
19.1.2;REFERENCES;611
19.2;Chapter 52. Chemical Aspects of Photodynamic Action
in the Presence of Molecular Oxygen;613
19.2.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;631
19.2.2;REFERENCES;631
19.3;Chapter 53. The Effects of Photodynamic Action Involving
Oxygen upon Biological Systems;635
19.3.1;INTRODUCTION;635
19.3.2;THERAPEUTIC USES OF PHOTODYNAMIC ACTION;635
19.3.3;SENSITIZED OXIDATION IN THE SELECTIVE MODIFICATION
OF PROTEINS;636
19.3.4;PHOTODYNAMIC ISOMERIZATION;639
19.3.5;PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
BY ENDOGENOUS SENSITIZERS;640
19.3.6;REFERENCES;644
20;PART 14: THE EFFECTS OF UV LIGHT
ON GENETIC FUNCTIONS;646
20.1;Chapter 54. Dissipation of UV Energy
in Nucleic Acids and Nucleoproteins;647
20.2;Chapter 55. Genetic Effects of UV on Escherichia coli—a Model
for Prokaryotes;649
20.2.1;INTRODUCTION;649
20.2.2;ExrA+ REPAIR AS A MINOR OPTIONAL PATHWAY FOR REPAIR OF ANY
SINGLESTRAND GAP;649
20.2.3;THE INVOLVEMENT OF RECOMBINATION;650
20.2.4;THE "DOSE-SQUARED" RESPONSE CURVE—THREE HYPOTHESES;651
20.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;654
20.2.6;REFERENCES;654
20.3;Chapter 56. The Present Status of DNA Repair Mechanisms in UV Irradiated Yeast
Taken as a Model Eukaryotic System;655
20.3.1;INTRODUCTION;655
20.3.2;THE FATE OF UV-INDUCED PYRIMIDINE DIMERS IN THE NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA'S
OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE;656
20.3.3;PHYSIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC FACTORS WHICH MODIFY
UV-INDUCED CYTOPLASMIC GENETIC DAMAGES;664
20.3.4;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;671
20.3.5;REFERENCES;671
20.4;Chapter 57. Radiology Applied: Mapping Transcriptional
Organization in Pro- and Eukaryotes;674
20.4.1;INTRODUCTION;674
20.4.2;UV EFFECTS ON THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL
TEMPLATE FUNCTIONS OF DNA;675
20.4.3;RELEASE OF RNA POLYMERASE
AT THE TRANSCRIPTION-TERMINATING UV LESION;677
20.4.4;UV STUDIES ON THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF
PRO- AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS;679
20.4.5;REFERENCES;685
21;PART 15: THE EUKARYOTIC
CHROMOSOME;686
21.1;Chapter 58. The Replication of Drosophila DNA:
The Periodic Distribution of Replication Origins;687
21.1.1;INTRODUCTION;687
21.1.2;EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS, METHODS, AND DEFINITIONS;687
21.1.3;SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS RESULTS;688
21.1.4;ADDITIONAL RESULTS;692
21.1.5;DISCUSSION;693
21.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;695
21.1.7;REFERENCES;695
21.2;Chapter 59. Mammalian Chromosome Structure: Ultrastructural Aspects of Specialized Regions
and Chromosome Aberrations;696
21.2.1;INTRODUCTION;696
21.2.2;STRUCTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CHROMOSOME BANDING;696
21.2.3;ULTRASTRUCTURE OF METAPHASE CHROMOSOMES;701
21.2.4;ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SPECIALIZED CHROMOSOME REGIONS;706
21.2.5;ANALYSIS OF CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS
BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;710
21.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;713
21.2.7;REFERENCES;713
21.3;Chapter 60. Structure and Replication of theYeast Chromosome;715
22;PART 16: REPAIR PROCESSES IN
EUKARYOTES;716
22.1;Chapter 61. Repair Studies at the Molecular, Chromosomal, and
Cellular Levels: a Review of Current Work in Japan;717
22.1.1;I. Lymphocytes;721
22.1.2;2. Fibroblasts;721
22.1.3;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;725
22.1.4;REFERENCES;725
22.2;Chapter 62. DNA Damage and its Repair in Hyperthermic
Mammalian Cells: Relation to Enhanced Cell Killing;726
22.2.1;INTRODUCTION;726
22.2.2;ENHANCED KILLING OF HYPERTHERMIC CELLS;726
22.2.3;DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR IN HYPERTHERMIC CELLS;731
22.2.4;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;739
22.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;740
22.2.6;REFERENCES;740
22.3;Chapter 63. Use of a Purified Lesion-Recognizing Enzyme To Assay
DNA Repair in Cultured Animal Cells;741
22.3.1;INTRODUCTION;741
22.3.2;METHODS FOR MONITORING DIMER REPAIR;742
22.3.3;DIMER REPAIR AS MEASURED BY THE
IN VITRO ENZYMATIC ASSAY;744
22.3.4;USE OF EXISTING ASSAYS
TO COMPLEMENT ENZYMATIC ASSAY;746
22.3.5;CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTUS;748
22.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;748
22.3.7;REFERENCES;749
22.4;Chapter 64. Carcinogens And DNA Repair;750
22.4.1;REFERENCES;756
22.5;Chapter 65. Chemical Changes Induced in DNA by Ionizing Radiation and the Relationship of Their
Repair to Survival of Mammalian Cells;758
22.5.1;INTRODUCTION;758
22.5.2;BASE DAMAGE;758
22.5.3;SINGLE-STRAND BREAKS;759
22.5.4;DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS;761
22.5.5;CONCLUSION;761
22.5.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;762
22.5.7;REFERENCES;762
23;PART 17: CHEMICAL RADIOSENSITIZATION OF
MAMMALIAN CELLS;764
23.1;Chapter 66. Mammalian Cell Sensitization Repair
and the Cell Cycle1;765
23.1.1;CONCLUSIONS;773
23.1.2;REFERENCES;774
23.2;Chapter 67. Chemical Radiosensitization Studies With
Mammalian Cells Growing In Vitro;775
23.2.1;REFERENCES;783
23.3;Chapter 68. In Vivo Testing of Hypoxic
Cell Radiosensitizers;784
23.3.1;INTRODUCTION;784
23.3.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;786
23.3.3;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;794
23.3.4;REFERENCES;794
23.4;Chapter 69. Chairman's Comments on the Discussion
of Effects in Vivo;796
23.4.1;SELF-CONSISTENCY IN 1N-VIVO DATA;796
23.4.2;TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY;798
23.4.3;HOW IMPORTANT CLINICALLY ARE HYPOXIC CELLS?;800
24;PART 18: RESPONSE OF STEM CELLS TO SINGLE REPEATED AND
CONTINUOUS IRRADIATION1;802
24.1;Chapter 70. Concept of Human Stem Cell Kinetics;803
24.1.1;INTRODUCTION;803
24.1.2;Do OF HUMAN STEM CELLS;804
24.1.3;A NEW APPROACH TO STUDY OF STEM CELLS;805
24.1.4;CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN STEM CELL POOLS FROM KNOWN KINETICS OF ERYTHRO- AND
GRANULOPOIESIS;806
24.1.5;CONCLUSION;809
24.1.6;REFERENCES;809
24.2;Chapter 71. Response of Stem Cell System to
Whole Body and Partial Body Irradiation;811
24.2.1;CONCLUSIONS;818
24.2.2;REFERENCES;819
24.3;Chapter 72. Characteristics of the Stem Cell Population Surviving a
Sublethal Exposure to Ionizing Radiation;820
24.3.1;INTRODUCTION;820
24.3.2;RADIOSENSITIVITY;820
24.3.3;THERAPEUTIC EFFICIENCY;821
24.3.4;SPLEEN SEEDING FACTOR "f';822
24.3.5;DOUBLING TIME;824
24.3.6;PROLIFERATION RATE;825
24.3.7;DIFFERENTIATION PATTERN;826
24.3.8;DISCUSSION;829
24.3.9;REFERENCES;830
25;PART 19: CELL PROLIFERATION CHANGES IN TUMOR AND NORMAL TISSUE
AS A RESULT OF IRRADIATION;832
25.1;Chapter 73. Changes in the Rate of Proliferation
in Normal Tissues After Irradiation;833
25.1.1;REFERENCES;847
25.2;Chapter 74. Cell Proliferation Changes in Hemopoietic Tissue As a Result of Irradiation or Drug Administration: The Control of Cell Proliferation in
Hemopoietic Tissue;849
25.2.1;CELL PROLIFERATION IN THE BONE MARROW;849
25.2.2;THE STEM CELL COMPARTMENT;849
25.2.3;RECOVERY FROM DEPOPULATION OF THE CFUs COMPARTMENT;850
25.2.4;THE MATURATION COMPARTMENTS;854
25.2.5;REFERENCES;855
25.3;Chapter 75. The Importance of Proliferation Kinetics and
Clonogenicity of Tumor Cells for Volume Responses of Experimental Tumors after Irradiation;857
25.3.1;INTRODUCTION;857
25.3.2;CELL KINETIC PARAMETERS AND MODELS
FOR TUMOR GROWTH;859
25.3.3;CELL PROLIFERATION IN IRRADIATED TUMORS;862
25.3.4;CORRELATION BETWEEN CELL KINETICS
AND TUMOR VOLUME RESPONSES;865
25.3.5;TIME COURSE VARIATION IN THE FRACTION OF
SURVIVING TUMOR CELLS AFTER IRRADIATION;867
25.3.6;REFERENCES;871
25.4;Chapter 76. Cell Proliferation Kinetics and Growth
Rate of the Irradiated Human Tumors;873
25.4.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;880
25.4.2;REFERENCES;880
26;PART 20: CARCINOGENESIS: RADIATION
AND OTHER AGENTS;882
26.1;Chapter 77. Carcinogenesis by Ionizing Radiation and Lessons
For Other Pollutants1;883
26.1.1;INTRODUCTION;883
26.1.2;THE NATURE OF CANCER;883
26.1.3;IONIZING RADIATION AS A CARCINOGEN;884
26.1.4;CARCINOGENESIS BY LOW LEVELS OF EXPOSURE;884
26.1.5;LATENT PERIOD;885
26.1.6;THE RARITY OF THE CARCINOGENIC TRANSFORMATION;888
26.1.7;DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS AND CELL STERILIZATION;889
26.1.8;CARCINOGENESIS IN VIVO: AGE AND SENSITIVITY TO RADIATION;889
26.1.9;CONCLUDING COMMENT;890
26.1.10;REFERENCES;891
26.2;Chapter 78. Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis;892
26.2.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;900
26.2.2;REFERENCES;900
26.3;Chapter 79. Direct Evidence that Damaged DNA Results in Neoplastic Transformation—A Fish
Story;902
26.3.1;INTRODUCTION;902
26.3.2;EXPERIMENTAL METHODS;903
26.3.3;RESULTS;905
26.3.4;CONCLUSIONS;906
26.3.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;906
26.3.6;REFERENCES;907
27;PART 21:
IMMUNOLOGY OF CARCINOGENESIS AND ITS RELATION TO RADIATION;908
27.1;Chapter 80.
Mechanisms of Radiation Carcinogenesis;909
27.1.1;INTRODUCTION;909
27.1.2;IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE;909
27.1.3;HUMORAL VERSUS CELLULAR SURVEILLANCE;911
27.1.4;IMMUNE SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF RADIATION;912
27.1.5;LOCAL IRRADIATION;913
27.1.6;TUMOR ANTIGENS;913
27.1.7;A PROPOSED MECHANISM FOR RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS;914
27.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;916
27.1.9;REFERENCES;916
27.2;Chapter 81. The Interplay of Viruses and Radiation
in Carcinogenesis;918
27.2.1;INTRODUCTION;918
27.2.2;COMPARATIVE IMPORTANCE OF VIRUSES
IN THE ETIOLOGY OF NEOPLASMS;918
27.2.3;BIOLOGY OF TUMOR VIRUSES;920
27.2.4;VIRUSES IMPLICATED IN RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS;925
27.2.5;INTERACTION OF RADIATION AND VIRUS
AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL;926
27.2.6;ROLE OF IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS;927
27.2.7;OVERVIEW;928
27.2.8;REFERENCES;929
27.3;Chapter 82. Roles of Cellular and Humoral
Immunity in Malignancy;932
27.3.1;REFERENCES;938
27.4;Chapter 83. Macrophage Functions in Immune
Responses to Tumors;940
27.4.1;INTRODUCTION;940
27.4.2;THE MACROPHAGE CELL LINE(S);940
27.4.3;RESPONSES OF THE MACROPHAGE
CELL LINE(S) TO STIMULI;941
27.4.4;NON-SPECIFIC ACTIVATION OF MACROPHAGES;941
27.4.5;THE ROLE OF MACROPHAGES IN THE INITIATION
OF A SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE;942
27.4.6;THE EFFECTOR ROLE OF MACROPHAGES
AGAINST TUMOR CELLS;943
27.4.7;THE USE OF NONSPECIFIC MACROPHAGE STIMULANTS
AS ANTI-CANCER AGENTS;944
27.4.8;RADIATION-INDUCED MODIFICATION
OF MACROPHAGE FUNCTIONS AGAINST TUMOR CELLS;945
27.4.9;REFERENCES;945
28;PART 22: NEW WAYS OF ESTIMATING GENETIC
RISKS IN MAN;948
28.1;Chapter 84. The Use Of Chromosome Aberrations
for Predicting
Genetic Hazards to Man;949
28.1.1;INTRODUCTION;949
28.1.2;INTERSPECIFIC COMPARISONS OF DICENTRIC
AND DELETION PRODUCTION IN PERIPHERAL LEUKOCYTES;951
28.1.3;THE COMPARISON OF DICENTRIC YIELDS IN LEUKOCYTES
TO RECIPROCAL TRANSLOCATION YIELDS IN SPERMATOGONIA;953
28.1.4;RECOVERY OF SPERMATOGONIA INDUCED TRANSLOCATIONSIN THE SONS OF IRRADIATED MALES;955
28.1.5;CYTOLOGICALLY AND GENETICALLY DETECTED DELETIONS;956
28.1.6;CURRENT GAPS IN OUR KNOWLEDGE
AND PROBLEMS OF FUTURE INTEREST;957
28.1.7;REFERENCES;958
28.2;Chapter 85.
Mutation and the Amount of Human I11 Health;960
28.2.1;INTRODUCTION;960
28.2.2;GENERAL PRINCIPLES;960
28.2.3;METHODS OF ESTIMATING RISKS;961
28.2.4;DOMINANT DISEASES;964
28.2.5;THE COST OF PREVENTING A GENETIC DEFECT;965
28.2.6;CONCLUSIONS;967
28.2.7;REFERENCES;968
28.3;Chapter 86. Use of the Mouse to Fill Gaps
In Our Risk Assignments;970
28.3.1;INTRODUCTION;970
28.3.2;DOMINANT MUTATIONS;970
28.3.3;RECESSIVES AND THEIR HETEROZYGOUS EFFECTS;972
28.3.4;THRESHOLD VARIANTS;973
28.3.5;USE OF INVERSIONS;973
28.3.6;SOMATIC MUTATIONS;974
28.3.7;LOSSES AND GAINS OF CHROMOSOMES;975
28.3.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;978
28.3.9;REFERENCES;978
29;PART 23: COMPARISON OF THE MUTAGENIC EFFECTS OFCHEMICALS AND
IONIZING RADIATION;980
29.1;Chapter 88. A Comparison of the Mutagenic Effects of Chemicals and Ionizing Radiation
(Chairman's Remarks);981
29.1.1;INTRODUCTION;981
29.1.2;DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF
CHEMICALS AND IRRADIATION;982
29.1.3;THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MUTATIONS
AND CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS;983
29.1.4;SPECIFICITY;983
29.1.5;DOSE EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS;985
29.1.6;THE MUTATION SPECTRUM;986
29.1.7;CONCLUDING REMARKS;986
29.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;987
29.1.9;REFERENCES;987
29.2;Chapter 89. Determinants of the Mutagenic Specificity of Chemical
and Physical Agents in Microorganisms;989
29.2.1;THE PROBLEM;989
29.2.2;SPECIFICITY AT THE DNA LEVEL;990
29.2.3;FACTORS OPERATING BEFORE FIXATION;991
29.2.4;FACTORS OPERATING AFTER FIXATION;994
29.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;997
29.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;997
29.2.7;REFERENCES;998
29.3;Chapter 90. Comparison of the Mutagenic Effects of Chemicals and Ionizing Radiation Usine
Drosophila melanogaster Test Systems;999
29.3.1;INTRODUCTION;999
29.3.2;CELL STAGE SPECIFICITY;1000
29.3.3;MOSAICS;1001
29.3.4;DOSIMETRY;1003
29.3.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;1005
29.3.6;REFERENCES;1005
29.4;Chapter 91. Comparison of the Mutagenic Effect of Chemicals and Ionizing Radiation in the
Spermatogenic Cells of the Mouse;1007
29.4.1;REFERENCES;1014
30;PART 24: THEORETICAL APPROACHES
TO RADIATION BIOLOGY;1016
30.1;Chapter 92. Biophysical Implications of Radiation Quality;1017
30.1.1;REFERENCES;1020
30.2;Chapter 93. Analysis of Radiation-Induced
Chromosome Aberrations;1021
30.2.1;INTRODUCTION;1021
30.2.2;PROGRESS IN OBSERVATIONAL METHODS;1022
30.2.3;MODELS FOR ABERRATION PRODUCTION;1023
30.2.4;STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DOSE-RESPONSE FUNCTIONS;1028
30.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;1029
30.2.6;REFERENCES;1029
30.3;Chapter 94. Cell Cycle Kinetics and Radiation Therapy;1032
30.3.1;INTRODUCTION;1032
30.3.2;INTRACYCLIC DIFFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY;1032
30.3.3;NONCYCLING CELLS;1043
30.3.4;REPOPULATION;1043
30.3.5;CONCLUSION;1045
30.3.6;REFERENCES;1046
30.4;Chapter 95. Theoretical Aspects and Implications
of the Oxygen Effect;1048
30.4.1;INTRODUCTION;1048
30.4.2;ALTERNATIVE MODELS;1051
30.4.3;SENSITIZATION;1055
30.4.4;LET-EFFECTS;1058
30.4.5;CONCLUSIONS;1059
30.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;1059
30.4.7;REFERENCES;1059
31;PART 25: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LET
IN RADIOBIOLOGY;1062
31.1;Chapter 96. Fundamental Aspects of LET
in Radiobiology;1063
31.1.1;INTRODUCTION;1063
31.1.2;TRACK SEGMENT EXPERIMENTS;1065
31.1.3;MICRODOSIMETRY;1066
31.1.4;VARIATION OF RBE WITH ABSORBED DOSE;1068
31.1.5;CONSEQUENCES OF REDUCED REPAIR AT HIGH LET;1070
31.1.6;THE USE OF HIGH LET RADIATION
TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN REPAIR AND REPOPULATION;1072
31.1.7;THE OXYGEN ENHANCEMENT RATIO;1072
31.1.8;OER AND DOSE RATE;1073
31.1.9;CONCLUSIONS;1074
31.1.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;1074
31.1.11;REFERENCES;1074
31.2;Chapter 97. Energy Deposition in Small Volumes in Relation
to Linear Energy Transfer (LET);1076
31.2.1;INTRODUCTION;1076
31.2.2;ENERGY DEPOSITION IN SMALL VOLUMES;1077
31.2.3;EXPERIMENTAL METHOD;1078
31.2.4;CONCLUSION;1079
31.2.5;REFERENCES;1080
31.3;Chapter 98. The Dependence on LET of Various Types of Damage in Phage DNA in Relation to the
Inactivation Efficiency;1083
31.3.1;TYPES OF DNA DAMAGE;1083
31.3.2;THE LET-DEPENDENCE OF DNA DAMAGE;1084
31.3.3;CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DNA DAMAGE AND VIABILITY;1085
31.3.4;CONCLUSION;1087
31.3.5;REFERENCES;1088
31.4;Chapter 99. The Dependence of RBE And OER on Neutron
Energy For Damage to Mammalian Cells And Plant Systems;1089
31.4.1;INTRODUCTION;1089
31.4.2;RECENT EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;1090
31.4.3;COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS DATA IN THE LITERATURE;1092
31.4.4;REFERENCES;1095
31.5;Chapter 100. RBE Values of Fast Neutrons for Damage to Organized
Tissues in Experimental Animals;1096
31.5.1;INTRODUCTION;1096
31.5.2;ENERGY DEPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS
OF FAST-NEUTRON BEAMS;1097
31.5.3;QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF
NORMAL TISSUE DAMAGE;1099
31.5.4;RBE VALUES AS A FUNCTION OF NEUTRON ENERGY;1102
31.5.5;CONCLUSION;1103
31.5.6;REFERENCES;1104
32;PART 26: THE USE OF HEAVY PARTICLES
IN RADIOTHERAPY;1106
32.1;Chapter 101. Biological Basis of Heavy Particle and
Fast Neutron Radiotherapy;1107
32.1.1;INTRODUCTION;1107
32.1.2;DIFFERENCES IN INTRINSIC CELLULAR RADIOSENSITIVITY
TO X RAYS AND HIGH-LET RADIATIONS;1108
32.1.3;HYPOXIC CELLS AND REOXYGENATION IN TUMORS;1110
32.1.4;DIFFERENCES IN RADIOSENSITIVITY AS A FUNCTION
OF CELL AGE IN THE PROLIFERATION CYCLE;1111
32.1.5;PROLIFERATION OF CELLS IN INTERVALS OF FRACTIONATED TREATMENTS
AND THE PRESENCE OF NONPROLIFERATING CELLS;1112
32.1.6;RBE VALUES OF 15 MeV NEUTRONS FOR RESPONSES
OF PULMONARY METASTASES OF TUMORS IN PATIENTS;1113
32.1.7;CONCLUDING REMARKS;1114
32.1.8;REFERENCES;1114
32.2;Chapter 102.
The Middle Atlantic Neutron Therapy Trial;1115
32.2.1;INTRODUCTION;1115
32.2.2;PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
AND DOSIMETRY OF THE NRL BEAM;1116
32.2.3;BIOLOGICAL STUDIES UTILIZING THE NRL NEUTRON BEAM;1119
32.2.4;HUMAN CANCER PILOT STUDY;1124
32.2.5;SUMMARY;1128
32.2.6;REFERENCES;1128
32.3;Chapter 103. A Preliminary Reportof the MDAH-TAMVEC Neutron Therapy
Pilot Study;1129
32.3.1;INTRODUCTION;1129
32.3.2;DOSAGE SCHEDULES;1129
32.3.3;PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF LOCAL CONTROL;1133
32.3.4;PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF RADIATION SEQUELAE;1137
32.3.5;TIME-DOSE RELATIONSHIPS;1138
32.3.6;REFERENCES;1140
32.4;Chapter 104. Clinical Experience of Therapy With Cyclotron Neutrons1'2
At The University of Washington;1141
32.4.1;INTRODUCTION;1141
32.4.2;PHYSICAL PARAMETERS;1141
32.4.3;PRECLINICAL RADIOBIOLOGICAL STUDIES;1141
32.4.4;CLINICAL STUDIES;1143
32.4.5;SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS;1147
32.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;1147
32.4.7;REFERENCES;1147
32.5;Chapter 105. The RBE for Fast Neutrons: The Link Between Animal Experiments
and Clinical Practice;1148
32.5.1;INTRODUCTION;1148
32.5.2;SKIN;1150
32.5.3;INTESTINE;1151
32.5.4;CARTILAGE AND HEMOPOIETIC TISSUE;1153
32.5.5;ESOPHAGUS;1153
32.5.6;LUNG;1153
32.5.7;RBE AS A FUNCTION OF NEUTRON ENERGY;1155
32.5.8;EXPERIMENTAL TUMORS;1155
32.5.9;CLINICAL ASPECTS;1156
32.5.10;CONCLUSIONS;1156
32.5.11;REFERENCES;1157
33;PART 27: HZE PARTICLE EFFECTS IN MANNED
SPACEFLIGHT ;1160
33.1;Chapter 106. Studies on the Effects of Cosmic HZE-Particles on Different Biological Systems in the Biostack Experiments I and II Flown on Board
of Apollo 16 and 17;1161
33.1.1;INTRODUCTION;1161
33.1.2;CONCEPTION OF THE BIOSTACK EXPERIMENTS;1162
33.1.3;RESULTS;1165
33.1.4;CONCLUSIONS FOR MANNED SPACEFLIGHT;1173
33.1.5;REFERENCES;1174
33.2;Chapter 107. Effects of Cosmic Heavy Ions
on Artemia Egg Development;1175
33.2.1;INTRODUCTION;1175
33.2.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;1176
33.2.3;IRRADIATION EXPERIMENTS;1178
33.2.4;RESULTS;1179
33.2.5;DISCUSSION;1184
33.2.6;REFERENCES;1185
33.3;Chapter 108. High-LET Particles in Manned
Spaceflight—Preliminary Report;1187
33.3.1;INTRODUCTION;1187
33.3.2;DOSIMETRIC PROCEDURES;1188
33.3.3;APOLLO MEASUREMENTS;1189
33.3.4;SKYLAB D-008 HZE MEASUREMENTS;1191
33.3.5;COMPARISON OF SKYLAB AND APOLLO HZE DOSIMETRY;1192
33.3.6;SUMMARY;1193
33.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;1193
33.3.8;REFERENCES;1193
33.4;Chapter 109. Some Studies on Visual Perception and Pathologic
Effects of Accelerated Heavy Ions;1195
33.5;Chapter 110. Biological Effects of Accelerated Boron, Carbon,
and Neon Ions1;1196
33.5.1;INTRODUCTION;1196
33.5.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;1196
33.5.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;1197
34;PART 28: TRANSPORT AND FATE
OF RADIONUCLIDES;1208
34.1;Chapter 111. Radioecological Studies
Applied to Electro-Nuclear Siting;1209
34.1.1;CONCLUSION;1213
34.1.2;GENERAL REFERENCES;1214
34.2;Chapter 112. Effects of Limnological Variables on
Bioaccumulation Factors;1215
34.2.1;INTRODUCTION;1215
34.2.2;IDEALIZED BIOACCUMULATION PATTERNS;1216
34.2.3;PHYSICOCHEMICAL FORMS OF RADIONUCLIDES AND
THEIR AVAILABILITY TO BIOTA;1217
34.2.4;BIOACCUMULATION FACTORS AND AVAILABILITY
OF RADIONUCLIDES;1218
34.2.5;BIOACCUMULATION FACTOR RELATIONS FOR
Cs, Sr, Co, AND Mn IN FISHES;1219
34.2.6;CONCLUSIONS;1223
34.2.7;APPENDIX A: EFFECT OF CARRIER CONCENTRATION ON
THE COEFFICIENT OF DEVIATION;1224
34.2.8;LITERATURE CITED;1226
34.3;Chapter 113. Effect of Some Important Physio-ecological Factors on the Accumulation of Radionuclides
by Freshwater Fish;1228
34.3.1;INTRODUCTION;1228
34.3.2;GENERAL CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY;1228
34.3.3;CAPACITY OF METABOLIC REGULATION;1229
34.3.4;GROWTH PROCESSES;1232
34.3.5;CONCLUSIONS;1234
34.3.6;REFERENCES;1235
35;PART 29: TRANSURANIUM ELEMENT TOXICITY— DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS AT LOW
EXPOSURE LEVELS;1236
35.1;Chapter 114. Metabolism and Biological Effects in Rodents of
Plutonium and Other Actinide Elements;1237
35.1.1;TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF INHALED ACTINIDES;1237
35.1.2;LOCAL RADIATION DOSE IN LUNGF
ROM INHALED PLUTONIUM;1241
35.1.3;LATE EFFECTS OF DEPOSITED ACTINIDES;1245
35.1.4;ASSESSMENT OF THE LATE EFFECTS ARISINGF
ROM LOW DOSES OF ALPHA-EMITTERS;1247
35.1.5;FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DEVELOPMENT OF LATE EFFECTS;1250
35.1.6;CONSIDERATIONS OF TIME OF OBSERVATION AND LIFESPAN;1251
35.1.7;EVALUATION OF SAFE LEVELS OF DEPOSITED ACTINIDES;1252
35.1.8;REFERENCES;1254
35.2;Chapter 115. Late Effects of Inhaled Plutonium in Dogs;1256
35.2.1;INTRODUCTION;1256
35.2.2;EFFECTS OF INHALED 239PuO2
IN BEAGLES;1256
35.2.3;EFFECT OF INHALED
238PuO2 IN BEAGLES;1262
35.2.4;CONCLUSIONS;1269
35.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;1269
35.2.6;REFERENCES;1269
35.3;Chapter 116. Current Status of Information Obtained
from Plutonium Contaminated People;1271
35.3.1;MANHATTAN PROJECT EXPOSURES;1272
35.3.2;PLUTONIUM ADMINISTRATION STUDIES IN HUMAN SUBJECTS;1276
35.3.3;U.S. TRANSURANIUM REGISTRY (USTR);1278
35.3.4;ACCIDENT CASES;1279
35.3.5;TISSUE ANALYSIS PROGRAMS;1281
35.3.6;REFERENCES;1286
35.4;Chapter 117. Dose-response Relationships for Beagles
Injected with 239Pu(IV) or 241Am(III);1289
35.4.1;INTRODUCTION;1289
35.4.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;1289
35.4.3;RESULTS;1290
35.4.4;UNANSWERED QUESTIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH;1296
35.4.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;1299
35.4.6;REFERENCES;1299
35.5;Chapter 118. Transuranium Element Toxicity—Dose-Response
Relationships at Low Exposure Levels;1301
35.5.1;REFERENCES;1306
36;PART 30: RADIATION AND PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THEATMOSPHERE AND THEIR
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS;1308
36.1;Chapter 119. Some Aspects of Airborne Particles and
Radiation in the Atmosphere;1309
36.1.1;INTRODUCTION;1309
36.1.2;SIMPLE MODEL OF AEROSOL-RADIATION INTERACTION;1309
36.1.3;ORIGINS AND PROPERTIES OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS;1310
36.1.4;AEROSOLS AND THE EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT;1313
36.1.5;CLIMATOLOGICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL INTERACTIONS;1316
36.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;1320
36.1.7;REFERENCES;1320
36.2;Chapter 120. The Oxides of Nitrogen with Respect to Urban Smog,
Supersonic Transports, and Global Methane;1322
36.2.1;INTRODUCTION;1322
36.2.2;OZONE FORMATION IN URBAN SMOG;1322
36.2.3;OZONE DESTRUCTION
IN THE STRATOSPHERE ;1326
36.2.4;CONTINUITY OF OZONE PHOTOCHEMISTRY FROM THE
GROUND TO THE TOP OF THE STRATOSPHERE;1330
36.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;1335
36.2.6;REFERENCES;1335
36.3;Chapter 121. Gas-to-Particle Conversion in the Atmospheric Environment
by Radiation-Induced and Photochemical Reactions;1337
36.3.1;INTRODUCTION;1337
36.3.2;CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS AND TERMINOLOGY
OF GAS-TO-PARTICLE CONVERSION;1338
36.3.3;ION-INDUCED GAS-TO-PARTICLE CONVERSION—BRIEF HISTORY;1338
36.3.4;MECHANISMS BASED ON IONIC REACTIONS;1341
36.3.5;EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES;1344
36.3.6;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;1346
36.3.7;REFERENCES;1348
36.4;Chapter 122. Effects of Air Pollution
On Ecological Processes;1349
36.4.1;INTRODUCTION;1349
36.4.2;PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS;1350
36.4.3;ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS;1352
36.4.4;SUMMARY;1354
36.4.5;REFERENCES;1354
37;PART 31: SUMMARY PLENARY SESSION;1358
37.1;Chapter 123.
Physics;1359
37.1.1;REFERENCES;1364
37.2;Chapter 124.
Chemistry;1366
37.2.1;BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS;1366
37.2.2;FREE RADICALS;1367
37.2.3;ELECTRONS IN GLASSES AT LOW TEMPERATURES;1368
37.2.4;ELECTRONS IN NON-POLAR LIQUIDS;1369
37.2.5;MODELS FOR ELECTRONS IN POLAR LIQUIDS;1370
37.2.6;REFERENCES;1371
37.3;Chapter 125. Cellular and Subcellular Biology;1372
37.3.1;INTRODUCTION;1372
37.3.2;REPAIR STUDIES;1372
37.3.3;CARCINOGENESIS;1377
37.3.4;CHEMICAL SENSITIZERS;1379
37.3.5;THE SMALL DOSE REGION;1381
37.3.6;CONCLUSION;1383
37.3.7;REFERENCES;1383
37.4;Chapter 126. Tissue and Animal
Biology;1385
38;AUTHOR INDEX;1396
39;SUBJECT INDEX;1400