Pomponi / de Wolf / Moncaster Embodied Carbon in Buildings

Measurement, Management, and Mitigation
1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-3-319-72796-7
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 519 Seiten

This book provides a single-source reference for whole life embodied impacts of buildings. The comprehensive and persuasive text, written by over 50 invited experts from across the world,  offers an indispensable resource both to newcomers and to established practitioners in the field. Ultimately it provides a persuasive argument as to why embodied impacts are an essential aspect of sustainable built environments. The book is divided into four sections: measurement, including a strong emphasis on uncertainty analysis, as well as offering practical case studies of individual buildings and a comparison of materials; management, focusing in particular on the perspective of designers and contractors; mitigation, which identifies some specific design strategies as well as challenges; and finally global approaches, six chapters which describe in authoritative detail the ways in which the different regions of the world are tackling the issue. 

Dr Francesco Pomponi is the Vice Chancellor's Research Fellow at the Institute for Sustainable Construction of Edinburgh Napier University. Francesco's expertise lies with life cycle assessment, embodied carbon, and circular economy and he moved to academia after six years in industry as an engineer and project manager. He is part of the newly launched Annex 72 of the International Energy Agency and has recently chaired the 'Life Cycle Assessment and Carbon Accounting' Forum of the International Passive and Low Energy Architecture conference and the 'Design for Sustainability' Track of the International Sustainable Development Research Society conference. He is a Fellow of the RSA, a member of the IET, and an Associate Fellow of the HEA. An associate member of St Edmund's College University of Cambridge and of Cambridge Architectural Research (CAR), Francesco regularly collaborates with practitioners and researchers from South and Central America, South Africa, Europe, and of course the UK.Dr Catherine De Wolf is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL) cofounded by the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Postdoctoral Fellowships from the European Commission and a Swiss Government Excellence Scholarship, where she works on low carbon structural design within the Structural Xploration Lab. She also worked as a researcher at the University of Cambridge while obtaining her PhD in Building Technology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), after studying both civil engineering and architecture at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Université Libre de Bruxelles. She closely collaborated with leading engineering firms including Arup, Ney & Partners, and Thornton Tomasetti on embodied carbon assessment in buildings. This led to her nomination on the board of the Carbon Leadership Forum and the launch of the Structural Engineers 2050 Commitment Initiative. Dr Alice Moncaster is a Senior Lecturer in Engineering at the Open University. She remains a Visiting Fellow at the University of Cambridge, where she was previously a Lecturer in Engineering and Director of the IDBE masters course, and a Fellow of Newnham College. The move to academia followed ten years in industry as a civil/structural engineer, during which time she became increasingly concerned about the responsibility of the construction sector for climate change. Alice's research focuses on reducing the ecological impacts of the built environment. She led the research group Cambridge University Built Environment Sustainability (CUBES) as part of the Centre for Sustainable Development at Cambridge between 2010-17, and has been the UK participating expert on the International Energy Agency Annex 57, and now Annex 72, since 2012.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Pomponi, Francesco

de Wolf, Catherine

Moncaster, Alice

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;The Editors;8
3;Introduction;10
4;Contents;13
5;Contributors;16
6;Part I: Measurement;20
6.1;Chapter 1: Uncertainty Analysis in Embodied Carbon Assessments: What Are the Implications of Its Omission?;21
6.1.1;Introduction;21
6.1.2;Uncertainty in LCA;22
6.1.2.1;Types of Uncertainty;24
6.1.2.2;Approaches to Deal with Uncertainties in LCA;24
6.1.2.3;LCAs of Buildings with Uncertainty Analysis;25
6.1.3;The Inclusion of Uncertainty Analysis in LCAs;28
6.1.3.1;Illustration Case Implementation;28
6.1.4;Results;29
6.1.5;Discussion;34
6.1.6;Conclusion;35
6.1.7;References;36
6.2;Chapter 2: Probabilistic Approaches to the Measurement of Embodied Carbon in Buildings;40
6.2.1;Introduction;40
6.2.2;Sources of Uncertainty;41
6.2.3;Representation of Uncertainty;43
6.2.3.1;Current Measurement;43
6.2.3.2;Life Cycle Measurement;46
6.2.3.3;Tree Representations;48
6.2.3.4;Monte Carlo Simulation;49
6.2.4;Decision-Making Under Uncertainty;50
6.2.4.1;Risk Aversion;50
6.2.4.2;Time Preference;52
6.2.4.3;Sensitivity Analysis;53
6.2.4.4;Measurement and Decision Making;54
6.2.5;Flexible Strategies;55
6.2.6;Worked Example;58
6.2.6.1;Introduction;58
6.2.6.2;Basis for Measurement;58
6.2.6.3;System Boundaries and Assumptions;59
6.2.6.4;Framing the Life Cycle Model;59
6.2.6.5;Data;59
6.2.6.6;Method of Measurement: Deterministic Analysis;60
6.2.6.7;Method of Measurement: Probabilistic Analysis;61
6.2.6.8;Results: Deterministic Analysis;61
6.2.6.9;Results: Probabilistic Analysis;62
6.2.6.10;Sensitivity Analysis;64
6.2.7;Conclusions;65
6.2.8;References;66
6.3;Chapter 3: Uncertainty Assessment of Comparative Design Stage Embodied Carbon Assessments;68
6.3.1;Introduction;68
6.3.2;Review of Uncertainty Literature;69
6.3.3;Identifying Relevant Sources of Uncertainty;73
6.3.4;Method;74
6.3.5;Scope of the Uncertainty Assessment;75
6.3.5.1;Eliciting Expert Judgements of Uncertainty for Steel and Timber;75
6.3.6;Elicited Statistical Uncertainties;77
6.3.7;Elicited Scenario Uncertainties;77
6.3.7.1;Steel;77
6.3.7.2;Timber;81
6.3.8;Case Study: Steel Vs. Glulam Structural Frame;81
6.3.8.1;Scope and Boundaries;82
6.3.8.2;Case Study Results;84
6.3.9;Discussion;88
6.3.10;Conclusions and Further Work;90
6.3.11;References;91
6.4;Chapter 4: Embodied Carbon of Wood and Reinforced Concrete Structures Under Chronic and Acute Hazards;94
6.4.1;Introduction;94
6.4.2;EC Accounting Methodologies;95
6.4.3;Quantifying the EC of Buildings Under Chronic Hazards;97
6.4.3.1;Reinforced Concrete;98
6.4.3.1.1;Chloride-Induced Corrosion;98
6.4.3.1.2;Freeze-Thaw Deterioration;100
6.4.3.1.3;Sulfate Attack;101
6.4.3.1.4;Carbonation-Induced Corrosion and Carbon Sequestration;101
6.4.3.1.5;Shrinkage and Creep;103
6.4.3.2;Wood and Engineered Wood;104
6.4.3.2.1;TimberLife: Service-Life Prediction Software;105
6.4.4;Quantifying the EC of Buildings Under Acute Hazards;106
6.4.4.1;Overview;106
6.4.4.2;A Review of Loss-Estimation Methodologies;107
6.4.4.3;Quantifying EC by Extending Loss-Estimation Methodologies;108
6.4.4.4;Exemplifying the Calculation of EC;109
6.4.4.4.1;Reinforced Concrete Buildings;110
6.4.4.4.2;Wood-Frame Buildings;111
6.4.5;Conclusions;114
6.4.6;References;115
6.5;Chapter 5: Embodied Carbon of Surfaces: Inclusion of Surface Albedo Accounting in Life-Cycle Assessment;121
6.5.1;Introduction;121
6.5.2;Aim of the Research and Methodology;123
6.5.3;Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes and Surface Albedo;124
6.5.4;Surface Albedo and the Building Sector;128
6.5.5;Discussion;133
6.5.6;Conclusions;133
6.5.7;References;134
6.6;Chapter 6: Quantifying Environmental Impacts of Structural Material Choices Using Life Cycle Assessment: A Case Study;139
6.6.1;Life Cycle Assessment: History and Limitations;139
6.6.2;LCA Software Used for Study;142
6.6.3;Case Study Parameters;142
6.6.4;Tally Results and Observations;146
6.6.5;Limitations of This Study;150
6.6.5.1;Data Set Limitations and Findings;150
6.6.5.2;Software and Database Limitations;151
6.6.5.3;Parameter Limitations;151
6.6.5.4;Structural Design Limitations;151
6.6.6;Conclusions;152
6.6.7;Appendix A: Material Quantity Tables for Four Design Schemes;153
6.6.8;References;158
6.7;Chapter 7: Analysis of Embodied Carbon in Buildings Supported by a Data Validation System;159
6.7.1;Introduction;159
6.7.2;Literature Review;160
6.7.2.1;LCA Approaches;161
6.7.2.2;LCA Studies in Buildings;161
6.7.2.3;LCA Studies on Embodied Carbon;162
6.7.2.4;Data Quality;163
6.7.3;Methodology;164
6.7.3.1;Data Validation System in LCA Studies;165
6.7.3.1.1;Goal and Scope;166
6.7.3.1.2;Life Cycle Inventory;167
6.7.3.1.3;Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA);168
6.7.4;Evaluation of the Model with a Case Study;171
6.7.4.1;Goal and Scope;171
6.7.4.2;Life Cycle Inventory;173
6.7.4.3;Life Cycle Assessment;175
6.7.4.4;Interpretation;175
6.7.5;Conclusion;177
6.7.6;References;178
7;Part II: Management;181
7.1;Chapter 8: Embodied Carbon Tools for Architects and Clients Early in the Design Process;182
7.1.1;Introduction;182
7.1.2;Environmental Assessment Early in the Design Process;183
7.1.3;Building Geometry Calculation;186
7.1.3.1;Geometric Input Parameters;187
7.1.3.2;Extent of Primary Building Elements;189
7.1.4;Building and Material Lifespan;192
7.1.4.1;Lifespan of Materials;192
7.1.4.2;Lifespan of Buildings;193
7.1.5;Parametric Variation of Building Elements;194
7.1.5.1;Constructive Variations;194
7.1.5.2;Lifespan Variations;194
7.1.6;Embodied Carbon Calculation;197
7.1.6.1;Inventory Data;197
7.1.6.2;Calculation Procedure;198
7.1.7;LCA Profile Tool;199
7.1.7.1;Building Geometry;199
7.1.7.2;Building Elements;200
7.1.8;Simplified Vs. Detailed Building LCA;201
7.1.8.1;Precision of the Simplified Embodied Carbon Design Tool;201
7.1.9;Conclusion;203
7.1.10;References;203
7.2;Chapter 9: Embodied Carbon Research and Practice: Different Ends and Means or a Third Way;206
7.2.1;Introduction;206
7.2.2;Aim;207
7.2.3;Background;208
7.2.3.1;Observations and Informal Correspondence;208
7.2.3.2;Embodied Carbon and Life Cycle Assessments;208
7.2.3.3;Building and Product Assessments;208
7.2.4;Literature;209
7.2.4.1;Parts of the Life Cycle Assessment Standards and Guides;209
7.2.4.2;Assessment Meta-research: Reviews and Meta-studies;209
7.2.4.3;Taxonomies;210
7.2.5;Method;210
7.2.5.1;Articulating the Questions Posed by Assessment;211
7.2.5.2;Developing the Taxonomy;212
7.2.5.3;Communicating the Taxonomy;214
7.2.6;Using the Taxonomy;214
7.2.6.1;Identifying Candidate Cases of Assessment;215
7.2.6.2;Identifying Extreme Cases of Assessment;216
7.2.6.3;Established Guiding Principles;216
7.2.7;Results;216
7.2.7.1;C-Oriented Assessments Produced by Researchers;219
7.2.7.2;A-Oriented Assessments Produced by Researchers;219
7.2.7.3;C-Oriented Assessments Produced by the Author as Practitioner;221
7.2.7.4;A-Oriented Assessments Produced by the Author as Practitioner;221
7.2.8;Discussion;222
7.2.8.1;Range Produced by Researchers;223
7.2.8.2;Range Produced by the Author as Practitioner;224
7.2.8.3;A Third Way?;224
7.2.8.4;Other Recommendations;225
7.2.8.5;Limitations;226
7.2.8.6;Further Work;227
7.2.9;Conclusion;228
7.2.10;References;229
7.3;Chapter 10: Embodied Carbon in Construction, Maintenance and Demolition in Buildings;231
7.3.1;Introduction;231
7.3.2;Literature Review;232
7.3.2.1;Problems of Waste;232
7.3.2.2;Waste Definition and Composition;233
7.3.2.3;International Policies and Regulations;235
7.3.2.4;Building Lifecycle and the Associated Waste;237
7.3.2.5;Estimation Methods;239
7.3.2.5.1;Construction Process (A4-5);243
7.3.2.5.2;Use Stage (B2-5);244
7.3.2.5.3;End-of-Life Stage (C1-4);246
7.3.2.6;Mitigation Methods;247
7.3.2.7;Challenges and Barriers;249
7.3.3;The Case Study;250
7.3.4;Results;253
7.3.5;Discussion;254
7.3.6;Conclusion;255
7.3.7;References;256
7.4;Chapter 11: Carbon and Cost Hotspots: An Embodied Carbon Management Approach During Early Stages of Design;260
7.4.1;Introduction;260
7.4.2;A Review of Studies on Embodied Carbon;261
7.4.3;Identifying Carbon and Cost Hotspots;263
7.4.4;Analysis of Data;264
7.4.5;Implications;271
7.4.6;Conclusions;273
7.4.7;References;274
8;Part III: Mitigation;276
8.1;Chapter 12: Applying Circular Economic Principles to Reduce Embodied Carbon;277
8.1.1;Introduction;277
8.1.2;State of the Art;278
8.1.3;The Circular Economy in Construction;278
8.1.3.1;Building Reuse;280
8.1.3.2;Material Reuse;281
8.1.3.3;Design for Deconstruction and Material Reuse;281
8.1.3.4;Design for Adaptability;282
8.1.3.5;State-of-the-Art Conclusions;283
8.1.4;Research Design;283
8.1.5;Case Study Analysis;284
8.1.5.1;Building Reuse;284
8.1.5.2;Material Reuse;285
8.1.5.3;Design for Deconstruction and Material Reuse;287
8.1.5.4;Design for Adaptability;290
8.1.5.5;Adaptable Use;291
8.1.6;Discussion;291
8.1.6.1;Building Reuse;292
8.1.6.2;Material Reuse;292
8.1.6.3;Design for Deconstruction and Material Reuse;293
8.1.6.4;Design for Adaptability;293
8.1.7;Conclusion;294
8.1.8;References;295
8.2;Chapter 13: Embodied Carbon of Sustainable Technologies;298
8.2.1;Introduction;298
8.2.2;The LCA Standard;300
8.2.3;Results;302
8.2.3.1;Solar PV;302
8.2.3.2;Solar Thermal;303
8.2.3.3;Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery (MVHR);304
8.2.3.4;Air-Source Heat Pump (ASHP);305
8.2.3.5;LED Lighting;306
8.2.4;Discussion;307
8.2.5;Conclusion;308
8.2.6;References;308
8.3;Chapter 14: Accounting for Embodied Carbon Emissions in Planning and Optimisation of Transport Activities During Construction;312
8.3.1;Introduction;312
8.3.2;Literature Review;315
8.3.2.1;Facility Layout Problem;315
8.3.2.2;Facility Location Problem;315
8.3.2.3;Container Loading Problem;316
8.3.3;Framework;316
8.3.3.1;Site Layout Planning Models;317
8.3.3.1.1;SCTL;318
8.3.3.1.2;MCTL;321
8.3.3.2;Container Loading Problem Model;322
8.3.4;Case Studies;324
8.3.4.1;Case 1;324
8.3.4.2;Case 2;326
8.3.5;Conclusion;328
8.3.6;References;328
8.4;Chapter 15: Design Strategies for Low Embodied Carbon in Building Materials;333
8.4.1;Introduction;333
8.4.2;Background;334
8.4.3;LCA of a Zero-Energy Building;338
8.4.4;Results;341
8.4.4.1;Reduction;341
8.4.4.2;Reuse and Recycling;342
8.4.4.3;Low Carbon;344
8.4.4.4;Local;345
8.4.4.5;Durability;346
8.4.5;Conclusion;347
8.4.6;References;348
8.5;Chapter 16: Embodied Carbon of Tall Buildings: Specific Challenges;350
8.5.1;Introduction;350
8.5.2;Where Is the Carbon?;352
8.5.3;The Influence of Urban Density;354
8.5.4;Carbon Over Time;355
8.5.5;Building Performance Objectives;360
8.5.6;Embodied Carbon Reductions Through Longevity;363
8.5.6.1;Earthquakes;363
8.5.6.2;Wind;364
8.5.7;Avoiding Obsolescence;368
8.5.8;Conclusion;370
8.5.9;References;371
9;Part IV: Approaches Across Global Regions;374
9.1;Chapter 17: Managing Embodied Carbon in Africa Through a Carbon Trading Scheme;375
9.1.1;Introduction;375
9.1.1.1;Need for Embodied Carbon Management in Africa;375
9.1.1.2;Carbon Trading Schemes: The CDM;376
9.1.2;Methods;378
9.1.2.1;Integrating EC in the Development Approval Process;378
9.1.2.2;Evaluation of the Procedure;378
9.1.2.2.1;Perceptions of Cost Implications of the Procedure;380
9.1.2.2.2;Perceptions of Distributional Considerations of the Procedure;380
9.1.2.2.3;Perceptions of Institutional Feasibility;381
9.1.2.2.4;Analysis of the Perceptions;381
9.1.2.3;Managing EC Using CDM;382
9.1.2.3.1;Measurement of Embodied Carbon;382
9.1.2.3.1.1;Manufacture and Transportation of Materials;383
9.1.2.3.1.2;Transportation of Workforce;383
9.1.2.3.2;Demonstration of the CDM;384
9.1.2.3.2.1;Basic Assumptions;384
9.1.2.3.2.2;Computation of EC;386
9.1.3;Results and Discussion;387
9.1.3.1;Professionals´ Perceptions on the Proposed Procedure;387
9.1.3.1.1;Overview of Responses;387
9.1.3.1.2;Cost Implications of the Procedure;388
9.1.3.1.2.1;Need for Institutions;388
9.1.3.1.2.2;Simplicity of the Procedure;389
9.1.3.1.2.3;Contribution to Other Benefits;389
9.1.3.1.3;Distributional Considerations of the Procedure;390
9.1.3.1.3.1;Willingness to Use the Procedure;390
9.1.3.1.3.2;Fairness of the Procedure;390
9.1.3.1.3.3;Transparency of the Procedure;390
9.1.3.1.4;Institutional Feasibility of the Procedure;391
9.1.3.1.4.1;Legal Acceptance;391
9.1.3.1.4.2;Compatibility with National Priorities;391
9.1.3.1.4.3;Persistence;392
9.1.3.1.4.4;Predictability;392
9.1.3.1.5;Overall Perception of the Procedure;392
9.1.3.2;EC of a Residential House;393
9.1.3.2.1;Baseline Option;393
9.1.3.2.2;Alternative Option;393
9.1.3.3;Managing EC Using CDM;394
9.1.3.4;Operation of the EC-CDM;394
9.1.4;Conclusions;396
9.1.5;References;397
9.2;Chapter 18: Embodied Carbon in Buildings: An Australian Perspective;401
9.2.1;Introduction;401
9.2.2;Data and Methods for Embodied Carbon Assessment in Australia;402
9.2.2.1;The Development of Embodied Carbon Data in Australia;402
9.2.2.1.1;Process Data;402
9.2.2.1.2;Environmentally Extended Input-Output (EEIO) Data;403
9.2.2.1.3;Hybrid Data;403
9.2.2.2;Embodied Carbon Assessment Methods: The Australian Contribution;404
9.2.2.2.1;Multi-region Input-Output Analysis;404
9.2.2.2.2;Path Exchange Hybrid Analysis (PXC);405
9.2.2.3;Future Direction;408
9.2.3;The Role of Policy and Voluntary Certifications in Building Embodied Carbon Mitigation in Australia;408
9.2.3.1;Current Status;409
9.2.3.2;Towards Embodied Carbon Regulations for Australia;412
9.2.4;What Is the Australian Construction Industry Doing to Reduce Embodied Carbon?;413
9.2.4.1;The State of Embodied Carbon Assessment in Australia´s Construction Industry;414
9.2.4.2;5x4 Hayes Lane Project, Melbourne;415
9.2.4.3;Forte, Melbourne;416
9.2.4.4;Melbourne School of Design, Melbourne;416
9.2.4.5;Barangaroo, Sydney;417
9.2.4.6;Current Barriers and Future Direction;418
9.2.5;Conclusions;419
9.2.6;References;420
9.3;Chapter 19: Current Approaches for Embodied Carbon Assessment of Buildings in China: An Overview;425
9.3.1;Introduction;425
9.3.2;Literature Review;426
9.3.2.1;A Review of Carbon Assessment of Buildings from a Global Perspective;426
9.3.2.2;A Review of Carbon Assessment of Buildings in China;427
9.3.3;Current Policies and Industry Initiatives for Embodied Carbon Reduction;428
9.3.4;Current Methods Used in Embodied Carbon Assessment of Buildings;430
9.3.4.1;Embodied Carbon Assessment of Buildings from a Macro Perspective;430
9.3.4.1.1;National Level;430
9.3.4.1.2;Regional Level;432
9.3.4.2;Embodied Carbon Assessment of Buildings from a Micro Perspective;436
9.3.4.2.1;Process-Based LCA;437
9.3.4.2.2;Hybrid LCA;437
9.3.5;Uncertainty Analysis for Embodied Carbon Assessment of Buildings;439
9.3.5.1;Uncertainty in the I-O Analysis;439
9.3.5.2;Uncertainty in the Process-Based LCA Model;440
9.3.5.2.1;DQI Assessment Method;442
9.3.5.2.2;Contribution Analysis;444
9.3.5.2.3;Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS);444
9.3.6;Conclusions;445
9.3.7;References;445
9.4;Chapter 20: Embodied Carbon Measurement, Mitigation and Management Within Europe, Drawing on a Cross-Case Analysis of 60 Build...;451
9.4.1;Introduction;451
9.4.2;Developing Conclusions from a Comparative Analysis of Multiple Case Studies;453
9.4.3;Measurement of Embodied Carbon and Energy in the Annex 57 European Case Studies;458
9.4.4;Approaches to Mitigation: Reducing Embodied Impacts of Buildings;461
9.4.5;European Approaches to the Management of Embodied Impacts;463
9.4.5.1;Standards and Regulations;464
9.4.5.2;Professional Initiatives as Drivers;466
9.4.6;Summary and Conclusions;467
9.4.7;References;468
9.5;Chapter 21: Initiatives to Report and Reduce Embodied Carbon in North American Buildings;471
9.5.1;Introduction;471
9.5.2;Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Data and Tools for Buildings;472
9.5.2.1;Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs);473
9.5.2.2;LCA Databases;475
9.5.2.3;Whole-building LCA Tools;477
9.5.3;Incentives to Reduce Embodied Carbon in North America;478
9.5.3.1;LEED Rating Scheme´s whole-building LCA Credit;479
9.5.3.2;Other Rating Schemes in North America;481
9.5.3.3;Architecture 2030 and Structural Engineers 2050;482
9.5.4;Benchmarking Databases;483
9.5.4.1;Database of Embodied Quantity Outputs (deQo);483
9.5.4.2;Embodied Carbon Benchmark (ECB) Database;486
9.5.5;Summary;487
9.5.6;References;488
9.6;Chapter 22: Embodied and Life Cycle Carbon Assessment of Buildings in Latin America: State-of-the-Art and Future Directions;491
9.6.1;Introduction;491
9.6.2;Current Situation;492
9.6.2.1;Current Initiatives and Existing Policies;492
9.6.2.2;Initiatives in Colombia;493
9.6.2.3;Policies in Colombia;495
9.6.2.4;Available Data;497
9.6.2.5;Measures to Mitigate the Current Lack of Geographically Specific Data;500
9.6.3;Utilisation of Existing Data on Embodied Energy;500
9.6.4;Utilisation of Aggregated MRIO Data;503
9.6.5;Combination of the Two Measures in a Hybrid-LCA Fashion;505
9.6.6;Concluding Remarks and Future Directions;508
9.6.7;References;509
10;Index;512