Pontarotti Evolutionary Biology from Concept to Application

1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-3-540-78993-2
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 220 Seiten

Every biological system is the outcome of its evolution; therefore, the deciphering of its evolutionary history is of tremendous importance to understand the biology of a system. Since 1997 scientists of different disciplines have held an annual 'Evolutionary Biology Meeting' at Marseille (France) in order to discuss their research developments, exchange ideas and start collaborations. Consisting of the most representative talks of the 11th meeting, this book provides an up-to-date overview of evolutionary concepts and how these concepts can be applied to a better understanding of various biological aspects. It is divided into the following four parts: Modelization of Evolution - Concepts in Evolutionary Biology - Knowledge - Applied Evolutionary Biology. This book is an invaluable source of information not only for evolutionary biologists, but also for biologists in general.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Pontarotti, Pierre

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;9
4;I Modelization of Evolution;12
4.1;Rate of Adaptation of Large Populations;13
4.1.1;1.1 Background and Introduction;13
4.1.2;1.2 Two Models;18
4.1.3;1.2.1 Strong Selection Model;19
4.1.4;1.2.2 Weak Selection Model;21
4.1.5;1.3 Strong Selection: Asymptotic Adaptation Rate;24
4.1.6;1.4 Weak Selection: Girsanov Calculations;27
4.1.7;1.4.1 The Girsanov Transform;27
4.1.8;1.4.2 Moments of the Neutral Process;30
4.1.9;1.4.3 Representation Using the Neutral Process;32
4.1.10;1.5 Open Problems;35
4.1.11;References;36
4.2;A Phylogenetic Mixture Model for Heterotachy;38
4.2.1;2.1 Introduction;38
4.2.2;2.2 Branch Length Sets Mixture Model;40
4.2.3;2.3 Model Testing;41
4.2.4;2.6 Application to Published Data Sets;43
4.2.5;2.7 Results 2.7.1 Four –Taxon Simulation;44
4.2.6;2.7.2 Seventy-Taxon Simulation;45
4.2.7;2.7.3 Application to Real Data;45
4.2.8;2.8 Discussion;46
4.2.9;References;49
5;II Concepts in Evolutionary Biology;51
5.1;Accelerated Evolution of Genes of Recent Origin;52
5.1.1;3.1 Introduction;52
5.1.2;3.2 Results 3.2.1 De . nition of Groups of Genes of Different Age;55
5.1.3;3.2.2 Evolutionary Rate of Genes of Different Age;55
5.1.4;3.2.3 Length of Genes of Different Age;58
5.1.5;3.2.4 Functions of Primate Genes of Different Age;58
5.1.6;3.2.5 Estimation of the Age of Genes;60
5.1.7;3.3 Discussion 3.3.1 Differences between Genes of Different Age;61
5.1.8;3.3.2 Properties of Novel Genes;62
5.1.9;3.3.3 Hypotheses to Explain the Origin of Novel Genes;63
5.1.10;3.4 Conclusion;64
5.1.11;References;65
5.2;Life-Cycle Features of Tumour Cells;67
5.2.1;4.1 Introduction;67
5.2.2;4.2 From Embryonal to Stem Cell Theories of Cancer;68
5.2.3;4.3 Cancer Testes Antigens: Expression in Tumour and Germ Cells;69
5.2.4;4.4 From Mitosis to Polyploidy and Life Cycles;69
5.2.5;4.5 Endomitosis: The Earliest Evolutionary Analogue of Meiosis;71
5.2.6;4.6 Endomitotic Tumour Cells Express Meiotic Kinases;71
5.2.7;4.7 Genetic Consequences of Reproductive Polyploidy in Tumour Microevolution;71
5.2.8;4.8 Do Tumour Cells Display Life-Cycle Behaviour Similar to that of Unicellular Protozoans?;72
5.2.9;4.9 Role of p53;74
5.2.10;4.10 Adaptive Paleogenesis in Tumours;74
5.2.11;4.11 Conclusion;75
5.2.12;References;75
5.3;General Evolutionary Regularities of Organic and Social Life;78
5.3.1;5.1 Introduction;78
5.3.2;5.2 Processes of Polymerization in Foraminiferal Development;82
5.3.3;5.3 Processes of Differentiation in Foraminiferal Development;84
5.3.4;5.4 Processes of Integration in Foraminiferal Development;86
5.3.5;5.5 Aromorphoses in Foraminiferal Evolutionary Development;89
5.3.6;5.6 General Character of the Main Evolutionary Regularities 5.6.1 Different Levels of the Organization of Matter;90
5.3.7;5.6.2 Processes of Polymerization, Differentiation, and Integration in the Development of Human Society;91
5.3.8;5.6.3 Processes of Polymerization, Differentiation, and Aromorphoses in the Development of the Material Objects of Social Integrative Systems;94
5.3.9;5.7 Conclusions;95
5.3.10;References;96
5.4;Old and New Concepts in EvoDevo;100
5.4.1;6.1 Introduction;100
5.4.2;6.2 Two Different Approaches to Development and Evolution;101
5.4.3;6.3 Homology, Modularity, Developmental Networks;103
5.4.4;6.4 Can NeoDarwinism Provide a Theory of EvoDevo?;105
5.4.5;6.5 EvoDevo Beyond NeoDarwinism;106
5.4.6;6.6 EvoDevo and the Traditional Taxonomy of Protochordates: Current Achievements and Historical Roots;110
5.4.7;6.7 An Alternative View on the Phylogeny of Protochordates and the Origin of Vertebrates;114
5.4.8;References;115
6;III Knowledge;120
6.1;Overturning the Prejudices about Hydra and Metazoan Evolution;121
6.1.1;7.1 Diffusion: Potentially an Ideal Mechanism for Material Transport in Primitive Metazoans 7.1.1 A Theoretical Consideration;121
6.1.2;7.1.2 Problems of the Diffusion Paradigm”;122
6.1.3;7.1.3 Is Diffusion Powerful Enough for Circulation in Hydra?;124
6.1.4;7.1.4 Is Diffusion Powerful enough for Digestion in Hydra?;126
6.1.5;7.2 Does the Diffuse Nerve Net Have a Function in Hydra? 7.2.1 Common Knowledge;128
6.1.6;7.2.2 Problems Emerging;128
6.1.7;7.2.3 Diffuse Nerve Net as an Enteric Nervous System;128
6.1.8;7.3 Body Plan of Hydra: Closed Sac or a Tube as in Higher Metazoans? 7.3.1 Common Knowledge;130
6.1.9;7.3.2 Problems Emerging;131
6.1.10;7.3.3 Experimental Analysis;132
6.1.11;7.4 Discussion;135
6.1.12;References;136
6.2;The Search for the Origin of Cnidarian Nematocysts in Dino . agellates;139
6.2.1;8.1 Background;139
6.2.2;8.1.1 A Stinging Cell Type in Cnidarians;140
6.2.3;8.1.2 Polykrikos and the Extrusive Organelles;142
6.2.4;8.2 Comparison of Nematocysts between Hydra and Polykrikos 8.2.1 Similarities in the Structure of Nematocysts between Hydra and Polykrikos;143
6.2.5;8.2.2 The Strategy to Capture Prey;146
6.2.6;8.3 Nematocyst-Related Genes;148
6.2.7;8.3.1 Common Cytoskeletal Genes of Nematocysts;149
6.2.8;8.3.2 Nematocyst-Speci.c Genes in Hydra are not found in other Metazoans;150
6.2.9;8.3.3 Do Hydra and Polykrikos Share Homologous Protein in Making Nematocysts?;151
6.2.10;8.4 Evolution of Nematocysts?;152
6.2.11;8.4.1 Gene Loss or Lateral Gene Transfer?;152
6.2.12;References;154
7;IV Applied Evolutionary Biology;157
7.1;A Possible Relationship Between the Phylogenetic Branch Lengths and the Chaetognath rRNA Paralog Gene Functionalities: Ubiquitous, Tissue- Speci .c or Pseudogenes;158
7.1.1;9.1 Introduction;158
7.1.2;9.2 Materials and Methods;159
7.1.3;9.3 Results 9.3.1 18S rRNA Hybridizations;159
7.1.4;9.3.2 28S rRNA Hybridizations;160
7.1.5;9.3.3 Molecular Phylogenies;161
7.1.6;9.4 Discussion;163
7.1.7;9.5 Conclusion;165
7.1.8;References;165
7.2;Mode and Tempo of matK: Gene Evolution and Phylogenetic Implications;168
7.2.1;10.1 Introduction;168
7.2.2;10.2 Gene Structure;170
7.2.3;10.3 Evolution of matK;172
7.2.4;10.4 matK Role in Plant Phylogenetics;172
7.2.5;10.5 Why Is matK So Signal Rich?;174
7.2.6;10.6 Support for Function;176
7.2.7;10.6.1 Evolutionary Evidence;177
7.2.8;10.6.2 Evidence from Bioinformatics;177
7.2.9;10.6.3 Molecular Evidence;178
7.2.10;10.7 Conclusions;179
7.2.11;References;180
7.3;Phylogeography and Conservation of the Rare South African Fruit Chafer Ichnestoma stobbiai ( Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae);183
7.3.1;11.1 Introduction;183
7.3.2;11.2 Materials and Methods 11.2.1 Data Production;185
7.3.3;11.2.2 Data Analyses;187
7.3.4;11.3 Results;188
7.3.5;11.4 Discussion;193
7.3.6;11.5 Conclusion;196
7.3.7;References;196
7.4;Nothing in Medicine Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution: A Review;199
7.4.1;12.1 Introduction;200
7.4.2;12.2 Illness, a Threshold on a Reaction Norm ;200
7.4.3;12.3 The Central Mechanism at the Base of Evolutionary Medicine;202
7.4.4;12.3.1 Infections and Susceptibility to Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases;203
7.4.5;12.3.2 Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Arterial Hypertension and the Thrifty Gene Hypothesis;204
7.4.6;12.3.3 The Multiple Medical Consequences of Global Warming;205
7.4.7;12.4 Medical Applications, Carcinogenesis;207
7.4.8;References;208
7.5;An Overview of Evolutionary Biology Concepts for Functional Annotation: Advances and Challenges;210
7.5.1;13.1 Improving Functional Annotation Using Evolutionary Biology;210
7.5.2;13.2 Considering the Evolutionary Shift;211
7.5.3;13.3 Evolutionary Biology Concepts in the Genomic Era;213
7.5.4;13.3.1 Comparative Genomic Approach;214
7.5.5;13.3.2 Towards a Functional Annotation on the Community Scale;214
7.5.6;13.4 Conclusion;214
7.5.7;References;215
8;Index;217