Reddick Comparative E-Government

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4419-6536-3
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 25, 679 Seiten

Reihe: Integrated Series in Information Systems

Comparative E-Government examines the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on governments throughout the world. It focuses on the adoption of e-government both by comparing different countries, and by focusing on individual countries and the success and challenges that they have faced. With 32 chapters from leading e-government scholars and practitioners from around the world, there is representation of developing and developed countries and their different stages of e-government adoption. Part I compares the adoption of e-government in two or more countries. The purpose of these chapters is to discern the development of e-government by comparing different counties and their individual experiences. Part II provides a more in-depth focus on case studies of e-government adoption in select countries. Part III, the last part of the book, examines emerging innovations and technologies in the adoption of e-government in different countries. Some of the emerging technologies are the new social media movement, the development of e-participation, interoperability, and geographic information systems (GIS).

Autoren/Hrsg.

Reddick, Christopher G.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;9
3;Contributors;13
4;Part I Comparing Countries and Regions;17
4.1;1 E-government Maturity over 10 Years: A Comparative Analysis of E-government Maturity in Select Countries Around the World;18
4.1.1;1 Introduction;19
4.1.2;2 Background;20
4.1.2.1;2.1 Stages of E-government;21
4.1.3;3 Country Comparison;23
4.1.3.1;3.1 Africa;25
4.1.3.1.1;3.1.1 Kenya;26
4.1.3.1.2;3.1.2 Nigeria;26
4.1.3.2;3.2 Asia;27
4.1.3.2.1;3.2.1 India;27
4.1.3.2.2;3.2.2 Pakistan;27
4.1.3.3;3.3 Australia;28
4.1.3.3.1;3.3.1 Australia;28
4.1.3.3.2;3.3.2 New Zealand;28
4.1.3.4;3.4 Europe;29
4.1.3.4.1;3.4.1 United Kingdom;30
4.1.3.4.2;3.4.2 Germany;30
4.1.3.5;3.5 North America;31
4.1.3.5.1;3.5.1 United States;31
4.1.3.5.2;3.5.2 Canada;32
4.1.3.6;3.6 South America;32
4.1.3.6.1;3.6.1 Argentina;33
4.1.3.6.2;3.6.2 Brazil;33
4.1.4;4 Emerging Trends in E-government;33
4.1.5;5 Future Challenges for E-government;34
4.1.6;6 Concluding Remarks;35
4.2;References;36
4.3;2 Framework of E-governance at the Local Government Level;38
4.3.1;1 Introduction;38
4.3.2;2 Background;39
4.3.3;3 Main Thrust;41
4.3.3.1;3.1 Observations;51
4.3.3.1.1;3.1.1 Observations Related to Physical Infrastructure;51
4.3.3.1.2;3.1.2 Observations Related to E-Government Frameworks;53
4.3.4;4 Future E-governance Framework and Recommendations;54
4.3.4.1;4.1 Proposed Framework;56
4.3.5;5 Conclusion;56
4.4;References;59
4.5;3 A Comparative Study of Contents of E-government Service Websites of Middle East and North African (MENA) Countries;63
4.5.1;1 Introduction;64
4.5.2;2 Background;66
4.5.2.1;2.1 ICT in MENA Nations;66
4.5.2.2;2.2 Digital Divide: An Undesired Outcome of Widespread ICTs in MENA Nations;67
4.5.2.3;2.3 E-government for Better Governance in MENA Nations;67
4.5.2.4;2.4 E-government Challenges Faced by MENA Nations;68
4.5.2.5;2.5 Public Private Partnerships (PPP) in MENA Nations for E-government;69
4.5.2.6;2.6 The Role of Comparative Research in MENA Countries' E-government Adoption;70
4.5.3;3 Methods;71
4.5.3.1;3.1 Sample of E-government Websites;71
4.5.3.2;3.2 Data Analysis;72
4.5.4;4 Results and Discussion;72
4.5.4.1;4.1 Types of E-government Websites;72
4.5.4.2;4.2 Types of Services;75
4.5.4.3;4.3 Features Available on E-government Websites;76
4.5.4.4;4.4 Online Executable Services;77
4.5.4.5;4.5 Stages of Development of E-government Services;77
4.5.4.6;4.6 E-government Indices for MENA Nations;78
4.5.5;5 Conclusions and Recommendations;79
4.5.5.1;5.1 Recommendations and Concluding Remarks;79
4.6;References;81
4.7;4 Towards E-participation in the Middle East and NorthernEurope;84
4.7.1;1 Introduction;85
4.7.2;2 Background;85
4.7.3;3 E-participation in Egypt;90
4.7.4;4 E-participation in Bahrain;93
4.7.5;5 E-participation in Estonia;94
4.7.6;6 E-participation in Finland;96
4.7.7;7 Summary and Implications;99
4.7.8;8 Conclusions and Future Directions;100
4.8;References;100
4.9;5 Evaluation of the Impact and Adoption of E-government Services in the Balkans;104
4.9.1;1 Introduction;105
4.9.2;2 E-government Services;108
4.9.2.1;2.1 Sophistication of E-government Services;108
4.9.2.2;2.2 Basket of E-services;110
4.9.3;3 Fuzzy Numbers;111
4.9.3.1;3.1 Linguistics and Fuzzy Set Theory;111
4.9.3.2;3.2 Fuzzy Numbers;111
4.9.3.3;3.3 Defuzzification Methods;112
4.9.3.3.1;3.3.1 Center of Gravity (COG);112
4.9.3.3.2;3.3.2 Bisector of Area (BOA);113
4.9.4;4 Expressing Time with Fuzzy Numbers;113
4.9.4.1;4.1 Forming the Time Matrices;115
4.9.5;5 Evaluation Metrics;116
4.9.5.1;5.1 Average Gained Time I;116
4.9.5.2;5.2 Average Gained Time II;117
4.9.5.3;5.3 Average Gained Time III;118
4.9.5.4;5.4 Defuzzification;119
4.9.6;6 E-government Adoption Across the Balkans;119
4.9.6.1;6.1 Sophistication Stage of Services;119
4.9.6.2;6.2 Citizen Services;121
4.9.6.3;6.3 Business Services;122
4.9.6.4;6.4 Discussion;122
4.9.7;7 Future Research Directions;124
4.9.8;8 Conclusions;125
4.10;References;125
4.11;6 A Challenging E-journey Along the Silk Road: Lessons Learned from E-governments in China and India;128
4.11.1;1 Introduction;129
4.11.2;2 Role in Development;130
4.11.3;3 Factors for a Successful E-government;131
4.11.3.1;3.1 info Dev and E-government in Developing Countries;132
4.11.3.2;3.2 Heeks' Design-Reality Gap Model;133
4.11.4;4 Case Studies on China and India;133
4.11.4.1;4.1 China;134
4.11.4.1.1;4.1.1 The Success of Beijing's Business E-park;134
4.11.4.1.2;4.1.2 Nanhai's District-Level E-government;136
4.11.4.1.3;4.1.3 Comparative Analysis of Beijing and Nanhai;136
4.11.4.2;4.2 India;137
4.11.4.2.1;4.2.1 Success of Bhoomi;138
4.11.4.2.2;4.2.2 Failure of Gyandoot;139
4.11.4.2.3;4.2.3 Impact, Analysis, and Comparison;141
4.11.4.2.4;4.2.4 Analysis and Comparison;142
4.11.5;5 Overall Summary;149
4.12;References;149
4.13;7 Digital Government in North America: A Comparative Analysis of Policy and Program Priorities in Canada, Mexico, and the United States;152
4.13.1;1 Introduction;153
4.13.2;2 Understanding Digital Government;153
4.13.3;3 Research Design and Methods;155
4.13.4;4 Country Overviews;156
4.13.4.1;4.1 Mexico;156
4.13.4.2;4.2 Canada;157
4.13.4.3;4.3 The United States;158
4.13.4.4;4.4 Comparing the Three Countries;159
4.13.5;5 Understanding Digital Government Related Priorities in the Three Countries of North America;159
4.13.5.1;5.1 Objectives;159
4.13.5.1.1;5.1.1 Comparing the Three Countries;161
4.13.5.2;5.2 Strategies;162
4.13.5.2.1;5.2.1 Comparing the Three Countries;163
4.13.5.3;5.3 Projects;163
4.13.5.3.1;5.3.1 Comparing the Three Countries;165
4.13.5.4;5.4 Budget Priorities;166
4.13.5.4.1;5.4.1 Comparing the Three Countries;166
4.13.5.5;5.5 IT Governance;167
4.13.5.5.1;5.5.1 Comparing the Three Countries;168
4.13.6;6 Final Remarks;168
4.14;References;171
4.15;8 Adoption of Web 2.0 by Canadian and US Governments;174
4.15.1;1 Introduction;174
4.15.2;2 Theoretical Overview;177
4.15.3;3 Methodology;179
4.15.3.1;3.1 Evolution of Web 2.0;179
4.15.3.2;3.2 How Is Web 2.0 Different from Web 1.0?;180
4.15.3.3;3.3 Rationale and Definitions for Comparable Web 2.0 Technologies;181
4.15.4;4 Results;183
4.15.4.1;4.1 How Are Canadian Government Agencies Adopting Web 2.0?;183
4.15.4.2;4.2 How Are US Government Agencies Adopting Web 2.0?;184
4.15.5;5 Discussion and Comparison of Adoption of Web 2.0 by Canadian and US Governments;187
4.15.6;6 Recommendations;188
4.15.7;7 Conclusions;192
4.16;References;193
4.17;9 E-government and Federalism in Italy and CanadaA Comparative Assessment;195
4.17.1;1 Introduction;195
4.17.2;2 Political and Fiscal Federalism in Canada and Italy;197
4.17.2.1;2.1 Canada;198
4.17.2.2;2.2 Italy;200
4.17.3;3 Co-ordinating E-government Across Jurisdictions;201
4.17.3.1;3.1 Canada;201
4.17.3.2;3.2 Italy;204
4.17.4;4 Comparative Assessment;207
4.17.5;5 Conclusion;209
4.18;References;210
4.19;10 Adoption of E-government by Disadvantaged Groupsin the United States and the United Kingdom;212
4.19.1;1 Introduction;212
4.19.2;2 Internet and E-government Usage by Disadvantaged Groups;214
4.19.2.1;2.1 UK;214
4.19.2.2;2.2 US;215
4.19.3;3 Barriers to Internet Use;216
4.19.4;4 Legal Requirements and Policy Guidance on Web Accessibility;217
4.19.4.1;4.1 UK;217
4.19.4.1.1;4.1.1 Legal Requirements in UK;217
4.19.4.2;4.2 The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines;218
4.19.4.3;4.3 US;218
4.19.4.3.1;4.3.1 Section 508 Legislation;218
4.19.4.3.2;4.3.2 The Americans with Disabilities Act [ADA], 1990;219
4.19.5;5 How Accessible Are Government Web Sites?;219
4.19.5.1;5.1 UK;220
4.19.5.1.1;5.1.1 Accessibility of Central Government Web Sites;220
4.19.5.1.2;5.1.2 Accessibility of Local Government Web Sites;220
4.19.5.2;5.2 US;220
4.19.5.2.1;5.2.1 Accessibility of Federal Government Web Sites;220
4.19.5.2.2;5.2.2 Accessibility of State Web Sites;221
4.19.6;6 Policies and Initiatives;221
4.19.6.1;6.1 UK;221
4.19.6.1.1;6.1.1 UK Online Centers;222
4.19.6.1.2;6.1.2 Myguide;222
4.19.6.1.3;6.1.3 UK Online Centers and E-government;222
4.19.6.1.4;6.1.4 Home Internet Access;223
4.19.6.1.5;6.1.5 Community Projects;223
4.19.6.1.6;6.1.6 Digital Literacy;224
4.19.6.1.7;6.1.7 Improving Web Usability;224
4.19.6.2;6.2 US;224
4.19.6.2.1;6.2.1 Public Libraries;225
4.19.6.2.2;6.2.2 City-Wide Broadband and Digital Inclusion Strategies;225
4.19.6.2.3;6.2.3 Improving Web Usability;226
4.19.7;7 Conclusions;227
4.20;References;228
4.21;11 Implementing E-Government LocallyAn Empirical Survey from the European Metropolitan Area Rhine-Neckar;232
4.21.1;1 Introduction;232
4.21.2;2 A Definition of (European) Metropolitan Areas;235
4.21.3;3 Setup and Research Methodology;238
4.21.4;4 Results;241
4.21.5;5 Discussion: Interpretations and Limitations of the Results;243
4.21.6;6 Summary and Conclusion;245
4.22;References;246
5;Part II Country Case Studies;249
5.1;12 E-government Adoption Landscape Zambia: Context, Issues, and Challenges;250
5.1.1;1 Introduction;250
5.1.2;2 Conceptual Framework of E-government;253
5.1.2.1;2.1 E-government Maturity Models;253
5.1.2.2;2.2 Issues and Challenges for E-government Implementation;253
5.1.3;3 E-government Adoption Models;256
5.1.4;4 E-government Adoption in Zambia;258
5.1.4.1;4.1 Issues Status of Citizen E-government Adoption in Zambia;258
5.1.4.2;4.2 Regulatory and Institutional Frameworks;260
5.1.4.3;4.3 Regulatory and Institutional Frameworks Suggested E-government Adoption Model for Zambia;261
5.1.5;5 Future Trends;263
5.1.6;6 Conclusions;264
5.2;References;265
5.3;13 Challenges of Effective E-governance: Problems of Transparency, Infrastructure, and Connectivity in Kenya;268
5.3.1;1 Introduction;268
5.3.2;2 Background;269
5.3.2.1;2.1 Kenya: A Brief History;271
5.3.2.2;2.2 Anglo-leasing Scandal and Kibaki's Reform;272
5.3.3;3 E-governance in Kenya: Equal to the Task?;273
5.3.3.1;3.1 Seeking Transparency;275
5.3.3.2;3.2 M-PESA---Mobile Money Transfer;276
5.3.3.3;3.3 Infrastructure, Penetration, and Connectivity;277
5.3.3.4;3.4 Discussions and Recommendations;279
5.3.4;4 Future Research Directions;279
5.3.5;5 Conclusion;280
5.4;References;280
5.5;14 The Politics of E-government in Spain: Between Recent Innovations and Old Inertias;283
5.5.1;1 Introduction;283
5.5.2;2 The First Steps of Computerization in Spanish Central Government;285
5.5.3;3 Basic Attributes of E-government in Spain;288
5.5.3.1;3.1 Strategy;289
5.5.3.2;3.2 Europeanization;291
5.5.3.3;3.3 Organizational Structure;292
5.5.3.4;3.4 People;293
5.5.3.5;3.5 ICTs Management Norms and Regulation;294
5.5.3.6;3.6 Electronic Certification and Identification Policy;296
5.5.4;4 The Social Demand for E-services and Public Opinion About E-government;296
5.5.5;5 Conclusion;302
5.6;References;303
5.7;15 Technological Adoption of a Privatised E-government: Implications for Democracy and Socially Marginalised Communities in Brazil;306
5.7.1;1 Introduction;306
5.7.2;2 The Services Improvement Agenda in Brazil;308
5.7.3;3 The Privatisation of Telecommunications in Brazil;312
5.7.4;4 The Relationships Improvement Agenda;314
5.7.5;5 Conclusion;316
5.8;References;316
5.9;16 The Challenges of E-governance in a Small, Developing Society: The Case of Trinidad and Tobago;319
5.9.1;1 Country Background;319
5.9.2;2 Reform of the Public Sector in Trinidad and Tobago and the Introduction of New Public Management;320
5.9.3;3 The First Phase in the Introduction of E-governance in Trinidad and TobagoIntroducing E-government;323
5.9.4;4 Some of the Challenges to E-government in Trinidad and Tobago;325
5.9.4.1;4.1 The Introduction of Policy;325
5.9.4.2;4.2 Funding;328
5.9.4.3;4.3 Fragmentation of ICT Units and the Lethargy of the Public Sector;330
5.9.4.4;4.4 Private-Sector Partnerships;331
5.9.4.5;4.5 Digital Access;333
5.9.5;5 Conclusion;334
5.10;References;334
5.11;17 Towards E-government Transformation in Turkey: Policy and Implementation;336
5.11.1;1 Introduction;336
5.11.2;2 The Concept of E-government;337
5.11.3;3 E-government in Turkey;339
5.11.3.1;3.1 E-government Studies and Projects in Turkey's Ministries;341
5.11.3.1.1;3.1.1 Ministry of Justice;341
5.11.3.1.2;3.1.2 Ministry of National Defence;341
5.11.3.1.3;3.1.3 Ministry of Internal Affairs;342
5.11.3.1.4;3.1.4 Ministry of Finance;344
5.11.3.1.5;3.1.5 Ministry of National Education;345
5.11.3.1.6;3.1.6 Ministry of Labor and Social Security;346
5.11.3.2;3.2 E-government Studies and Project in Turkey's Local Governments;347
5.11.3.2.1;3.2.1 Special Provincial Administrations;347
5.11.3.2.2;3.2.2 Municipalities;347
5.11.3.3;3.3 Turkish E-government Analyses with the Statistics;348
5.11.4;4 E-governments Problems in Turkey;353
5.11.5;5 Conclusion;355
5.12;References;356
5.13;18 Measuring E-government Adoption by Governments:The Greek Case;358
5.13.1;1 Introduction;358
5.13.2;2 Background;361
5.13.3;3 The Greek Case;363
5.13.4;4 Investigating E-government Adoption in Greece;365
5.13.5;5 Conclusions and Future Research;369
5.13.6;Appendix 2;373
5.14;References;373
5.15;19 Critical Factors for Adoption of E-government: Validityof Adoption Model in Indian Context;376
5.15.1;1 Introduction;377
5.15.2;2 E-government in India;378
5.15.3;3 Theoretical Framework;379
5.15.4;4 Research Methodology;382
5.15.4.1;4.1 Sample Selection and Data Collection;382
5.15.4.2;4.2 Statistical Analysis;384
5.15.4.3;4.3 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA);384
5.15.4.4;4.4 Reliability and Multicollinearity Assessment;388
5.15.4.5;4.5 Regression Analysis;389
5.15.5;5 Results and Discussion;390
5.15.6;6 Conclusions and Future Research Directions;392
5.16;References;392
5.17;20 Conceptualizing and Implementation of E-government in India;395
5.17.1;1 Introduction;395
5.17.2;2 Method;397
5.17.3;3 Conceptualization of E-government in India;397
5.17.3.1;3.1 Political Factors;398
5.17.3.2;3.2 Infrastructural Factors;398
5.17.3.3;3.3 Familiarity Factors;399
5.17.4;4 The E-government Plan;400
5.17.4.1;4.1 Key Components;400
5.17.4.2;4.2 Mission Mode Projects;402
5.17.5;5 Implementing the E-government Plan;403
5.17.5.1;5.1 Funding the Plan;403
5.17.5.2;5.2 Institutional Setup for Implementation;403
5.17.5.3;5.3 Role of the Private Sector;404
5.17.6;6 Analysis and Status;405
5.17.7;7 Barriers to E-government in India;406
5.17.8;8 Impact Assessment;407
5.17.9;9 Conclusion;408
5.18;References;409
5.19;21 E-government in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus;412
5.19.1;1 Introduction;412
5.19.1.1;1.1 Importance of the E-government Concept;413
5.19.1.2;1.2 Country Background Information;414
5.19.1.3;1.3 Reasons for Considering the Case of Northern Cyprus;415
5.19.2;2 E-government in Cyprus;416
5.19.3;3 Reasons for E-government Adoption;418
5.19.4;4 Organization of E-government in Northern Cyprus;419
5.19.4.1;4.1 Organizational Structure;420
5.19.4.2;4.2 Legal Infrastructure for E-government;420
5.19.4.3;4.3 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Government Websites;421
5.19.4.3.1;4.3.1 Central Government Websites;422
5.19.4.3.2;4.3.2 Local Government Websites;422
5.19.5;5 Evaluation and Conclusion;423
5.19.5.1;5.1 Challenges and Future Issues;423
5.19.5.2;5.2 Recommendations and Conclusions;424
5.20;References;425
5.21;22 SCRANs Development of a Trans-national Comparator for the Standardisation of E-government Services;427
5.21.1;1 Introduction;427
5.21.2;2 The Academic Networking of Smartcities;428
5.21.2.1;2.1 SCRAN as a Three-Way Partnership;428
5.21.2.2;2.2 Brief Overview of the Triple Helix;428
5.21.2.3;2.3 SCRAN's Take on the Triple Helix;430
5.21.2.4;2.4 Configuring the SmartCities Triple Helix;431
5.21.2.5;2.5 The Step-Wise Logic;431
5.21.2.6;2.6 Inverting the Normal Representation and ''Turning Things Upside Down'';433
5.21.3;3 Reaching Above the Baseline;435
5.21.3.1;3.1 The Question of Measurement;435
5.21.3.2;3.2 The Trans-national Comparator;436
5.21.3.3;3.3 The Standardisation of eGov Services;437
5.21.3.4;3.4 Transformative Business-to-Citizen Applications Across the North Sea;439
5.21.4;4 The Network;440
5.21.4.1;4.1 The Shared Enterprise and Joint Venture;441
5.21.4.2;4.2 The Workspaces;442
5.21.4.3;4.3 Web-Services;442
5.21.4.4;4.4 Main Areas of the Site;444
5.21.5;5 Conclusions;446
5.22;References;447
6;Part III Innovations and Emerging Technologies;449
6.1;23 Public Participation Geographic Information Systems:A Literature Survey;450
6.1.1;1 PPGISAn Overview;451
6.1.2;2 Evolution of PPGIS Technology;453
6.1.2.1;2.1 Traditional Desktop-Based GIS;453
6.1.2.2;2.2 Web GIS;453
6.1.2.3;2.3 Geospatial Web 2.0 platforms;454
6.1.3;3 PPGIS Themes;455
6.1.3.1;3.1 Significance of Context;456
6.1.3.2;3.2 Technical GIS Concerns;457
6.1.3.3;3.3 Institutional Structure of Participatory Decision-Making Processes;459
6.1.3.4;3.4 Empowerment;461
6.1.4;4 Conclusion;462
6.2;References;463
6.3;24 Learning with GIS-Based Monitors in the Netherlands;468
6.3.1;1 Introduction;468
6.3.2;2 GIS-Based Monitoring;469
6.3.3;3 Theoretical Framework;471
6.3.3.1;3.1 Rational Approach;471
6.3.3.2;3.2 Political Approach;472
6.3.3.3;3.3 Cultural Approach;472
6.3.3.4;3.4 Research Strategy;473
6.3.4;4 Empirical Findings;473
6.3.4.1;4.1 The Case-Studies;473
6.3.4.2;4.2 Current Functions of GIS-Based Monitors;474
6.3.4.2.1;4.2.1 Rational Function: Location-Based Signals;474
6.3.4.2.2;4.2.2 Political Function: Making Policy Implementation Transparent;475
6.3.4.2.3;4.2.3 Cultural Function: Sharing the Same Images;475
6.3.4.3;4.3 Learning Conditions;475
6.3.4.3.1;4.3.1 Rational Learning Conditions;475
6.3.4.3.2;4.3.2 Political Learning Conditions;476
6.3.4.3.3;4.3.3 Cultural Learning Conditions;476
6.3.4.4;4.4 Learning Barriers;476
6.3.4.4.1;4.4.1 Rational Learning Barriers;476
6.3.4.4.2;4.4.2 Political Learning Barriers;477
6.3.4.4.3;4.4.3 Cultural Learning Barriers;478
6.3.4.5;4.5 Learning Levels;478
6.3.4.5.1;4.5.1 Rational Learning Levels;478
6.3.4.5.2;4.5.2 Political Learning Levels;479
6.3.4.5.3;4.5.3 Cultural Learning Levels;479
6.3.5;5 Conclusions and Recommendations;479
6.3.5.1;5.1 Functions of GIS-Based Monitors;479
6.3.5.2;5.2 Learning Conditions;480
6.3.5.3;5.3 Learning Barriers;480
6.3.5.4;5.4 Levels of Learning;480
6.3.5.5;5.5 Recommendations;480
6.4;References;482
6.5;25 Bridging the Other Divide: An Assessment of the Usability of Trinidad and Tobago Government Ministry Websites;484
6.5.1;1 Introduction;484
6.5.1.1;1.1 The Other Divide and Website Usability;485
6.5.2;2 Methodology;486
6.5.2.1;2.1 Website Usability: Dimensions and Variables;487
6.5.3;3 Findings;491
6.5.3.1;3.1 Overview;491
6.5.3.1.1;3.1.1 Best Practice Sites;492
6.5.3.1.2;3.1.2 Usability Feature Assessments;493
6.5.3.2;3.2 Navigation;495
6.5.3.3;3.3 Legitimacy;496
6.5.3.4;3.4 Information Architecture;497
6.5.3.5;3.5 Accessibility Accommodations;497
6.5.4;4 Usability Distributions of the Pilot Portal Site Relative to the Two Best Practice Ministry Sites;498
6.5.5;5 Conclusion and Future Implications;500
6.5.5.1;5.1 Future Implications;502
6.5.6;Appendix;503
6.6;References;503
6.7;26 E-government in New Zealand: Local Governments, Digital Divides and the National Digital Strategy;506
6.7.1;1 Introduction;506
6.7.2;2 New Zealands National Digital Strategy;507
6.7.3;3 Marginalised New Zealanders;511
6.7.3.1;3.1 Digital Divide;512
6.7.3.2;3.2 E-government and User Issues for Marginalised New Zealanders;512
6.7.4;4 Theoretical Framework;513
6.7.4.1;4.1 Social Informatics;513
6.7.4.2;4.2 Boundary Conditions and Marginalisation;513
6.7.4.3;4.3 Uncertainty;514
6.7.4.4;4.4 An E-readiness Maturity Model for Local Governments in New Zealand;514
6.7.5;5 Research Method Part 1;515
6.7.5.1;5.1 Data Analysis: Part 1;515
6.7.6;6 DiscussionLocal Government Websites;516
6.7.7;7 Research Method Part 2;517
6.7.8;8 DiscussionHypothetical Cases;517
6.7.8.1;8.1 Case 1: Multiple Disabilities;517
6.7.8.2;8.2 Case 2: Intellectually Impaired;518
6.7.8.3;8.3 Case 3: Homeless;519
6.7.8.4;8.4 Case 4: Elderly;519
6.7.8.5;8.5 Digital Divides, Local Governments and Marginalised People;520
6.7.9;9 Recommendations;521
6.7.10;10 Conclusions;521
6.8;References;522
6.9;27 A Study of E-government and Political Indicators in Developing Nations with and Without Access-to-Information Laws;526
6.9.1;1 Introduction;526
6.9.2;2 Literature Review;528
6.9.3;3 Data and Findings;530
6.9.4;4 Discussion;538
6.9.5;5 Conclusion;540
6.10;References;541
6.11;28 Socializing E-governance: A Parallel Study of Participatory E-governance and Emerging Social Media;544
6.11.1;1 The Landscape of E-participation;544
6.11.1.1;1.1 Defining Citizen Participation and E-participation;544
6.11.1.2;1.2 Citizen Participation and E-participation Taxonomies;545
6.11.1.3;1.3 E-participation State of Play;546
6.11.1.4;1.4 Critical Factors for E-participation;547
6.11.1.5;1.5 Barriers to E-participation;548
6.11.1.6;1.6 A Synthesis of Key Recommendations for E-participation Projects;550
6.11.2;2 Social Media for E-governance and E-participation: An Overview;552
6.11.2.1;2.1 The Advent and Potential of Social Media;552
6.11.2.2;2.2 Participatory Budgeting;555
6.11.2.3;2.3 Problem Reporting and Follow-Up;555
6.11.2.4;2.4 Gathering Citizens' Views and Concerns;556
6.11.2.5;2.5 Uncovering Public Sector Information;557
6.11.3;3 Concluding Remarks;558
6.12;References;559
6.13;29 E-government, Accountability, and Performance:Best-in-Class Governments in European Union Countries;561
6.13.1;1 Introduction;561
6.13.2;2 Accountability, Performance, and E-government;562
6.13.2.1;2.1 Definition of Accountability;563
6.13.2.2;2.2 Definition of Performance in the Public Sector;564
6.13.2.3;2.3 How E-government May Affect Accountability and Performance;565
6.13.3;3 E-government Development in the Public Sector;567
6.13.3.1;3.1 The Evolution of E-government in European Union;567
6.13.3.2;3.2 EU's Strategies and Actors for E-government;568
6.13.3.3;3.3 E-government European Outputs;569
6.13.4;4 The Influence of E-government on Accountability and Performance;570
6.13.5;5 Conclusion;576
6.13.6;Appendix;576
6.13.6.1; Austria [1];576
6.13.6.2; Portugal [4];577
6.13.6.3; The United Kingdom [5];578
6.13.6.4; France [6];579
6.13.6.5; Sweden [7];579
6.13.6.6; Norway [9];580
6.13.6.7; Germany [10];581
6.13.6.8; Spain [11];582
6.13.6.9; The Netherlands [12];583
6.13.6.10; Italy [16];584
6.14;References;585
6.15;30 The OECD Budgetary Transparency: An Examinationof Online Budgetary Information Across EuropeanUnion Countries;587
6.15.1;1 Introduction;588
6.15.2;2 Differences in Public Administration Styles in Europe;589
6.15.3;3 International Experiences for Fiscal and Budget Transparency: OECD Recommendations on Best Practices for Budget Transparency;592
6.15.4;4 Empirical Research;594
6.15.4.1;4.1 Description of the Research Methodology;594
6.15.4.2;4.2 Study Sample;596
6.15.4.3;4.3 Results Analysis;597
6.15.5;5 Conclusions;601
6.16;References;613
6.17;31 Does Size or Geography Matter? Empirical Analysisof Finnish Local Government Services on the Internet;615
6.17.1;1 Introduction;615
6.17.2;2 Broad and Narrow Issues in E-service Provision;616
6.17.3;3 Content Framework and Questions;620
6.17.4;4 Empirical Evidence;624
6.17.4.1;4.1 Context, Data and Methods;624
6.17.4.2;4.2 Results;626
6.17.5;5 Conclusions;630
6.17.6;Appendix;632
6.18;References;635
6.19;32 E-government Interoperability Framework: A Case Study in a Developing Country;638
6.19.1;1 Introduction;639
6.19.2;2 Interoperability Frameworks;640
6.19.3;3 Interoperability in Developing Countries: Risks and Opportunities;643
6.19.4;4 An Analysis of ICT Initiatives in Mozambique;645
6.19.5;5 The e-GIF4M: The Approach;645
6.19.6;6 Technical Implementation;646
6.19.6.1;6.1 The e-GIF4M Service Delivery Architecture;646
6.19.6.2;6.2 Technical Standards;648
6.19.7;7 Organizational Implementation;650
6.19.7.1;7.1 Supporting the Development of the Interoperability Framework;650
6.19.7.2;7.2 E-GIF4M Interoperability Maturity Model;651
6.19.7.3;7.3 Keeping the E-GIF4M Healthy;654
6.19.8;8 The Plan;655
6.19.8.1;8.1 Integration in the E-GIF4M Platform;656
6.19.8.2;8.2 Systemic Actions;657
6.19.9;9 Next Steps;658
6.19.10;10 Conclusions;658
6.20;References;659
6.21;Index;662