Roggema Adaptation to Climate Change: A Spatial Challenge

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4020-9359-3
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 250 Seiten

As it becomes clear that climate change is not easily within the boundaries of the 1990's, society needs to be prepared and needs to anticipate future changes due to the uncertain changes in climate. So far, extensive research has been carried out on several issues including the coastal defence or shifting ecozones. However, the role spatial design and planning can play in adapting to climate change has not yet been focused on. This book illuminates the way adaptation to climate change is tackled in water management, ecology, coastal defence, the urban environment and energy. The question posed is how each sector can anticipate climate change by creating spatial designs and plans. The main message of this book is that spatial design and planning are a very useful tool in adapting to climate change. It offers an integral view on the issue, it is capable in dealing with uncertainties and it opens the way to creative and anticipative solutions. Dealing with adaptation to climate change requires a shift in mindset; from a technical rational way of thinking towards an integral proactive one. A new era in spatial design and planning looms on the horizon.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Roggema, Rob

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Preface;7
3;Acknowledgements;10
4;Contents;11
5;About the Author;17
6;Introduction;18
7;1 Create Space for Climate;19
7.1;1.1 Climate Change;20
7.2;1.2 The Dutch Approach;22
7.2.1;1.2.1 Dutch Climate Scenarios;22
7.2.2;1.2.2 The Dutch Adaptation Strategy;24
7.2.2.1;1.2.2.1 Economic Driver;25
7.2.2.2;1.2.2.2 Three Demands for a Climate Proof Lay Out;25
7.2.2.3;1.2.2.3 Risk Management and Natural Processes;26
7.2.2.4;1.2.2.4 Spatial Tasks;27
7.2.2.5;1.2.2.5 Important Issues;33
7.2.2.6;1.2.2.6 Ambition of the Dutch Strategy;34
7.2.3;1.2.3 The Dutch Adaptation Agenda;34
7.3;1.3 The British Approach;35
7.3.1;1.3.1 UK-Climate Scenarios;36
7.3.2;1.3.2 Risk Management;36
7.3.3;1.3.3 Social and Cultural Scenarios;41
7.3.4;1.3.4 Built Environment;41
7.3.5;1.3.5 Urban Water Management;43
7.3.6;1.3.6 Energy Supply;44
7.3.7;1.3.7 Other Research Themes;45
7.3.8;1.3.8 Conclusion;45
7.4;1.4 Spanish Approach;47
7.4.1;1.4.1 PNACC;47
7.4.2;1.4.2 Implementation Through Work Programmes;48
7.4.2.1;1.4.2.1 Coastal Areas;49
7.4.2.2;1.4.2.2 Water Resources;49
7.4.2.3;1.4.2.3 Biodiversity;50
7.4.3;1.4.3 Spatial Planning and Construction;52
7.4.4;1.4.4 Accents in the Spanish Adaptation Strategy;53
7.5;1.5 Climate Adaptation Strategy of Denmark;53
7.5.1;1.5.1 Objective of the Adaptation Strategy;54
7.5.2;1.5.2 Sectors that May be Affected by Climate Change;55
7.5.3;1.5.3 Cross-Cutting Initiatives;57
7.5.3.1;1.5.3.1 Targeted Information Efforts;57
7.5.3.2;1.5.3.2 Research Strategy;58
7.5.3.3;1.5.3.3 Future Organisation;58
7.5.4;1.5.4 Spatial Planning;59
7.5.5;1.5.5 Character of the Danish Approach;59
7.6;1.6 Wise Adaptation to Climate Change, Japan;59
7.6.1;1.6.1 Impacts of Climate Change in Japan;60
7.6.2;1.6.2 Wise Adaptation;65
7.6.3;1.6.3 Future Challenges;69
7.6.4;1.6.4 The Japanese Approach;69
7.7;1.7 Finland;70
7.7.1;1.7.1 The Impact of and Adaptation Measures to Climate Change in Different Sectors;70
7.7.2;1.7.2 Cross-Sectoral Issues;70
7.7.2.1;1.7.2.1 Development of Administrative Capacities;70
7.7.2.2;1.7.2.2 Observation and Warning Systems;73
7.7.2.3;1.7.2.3 Research and Development;73
7.7.2.4;1.7.2.4 Education and Communication;73
7.7.3;1.7.3 The Finnish Strategy;73
7.8;1.8 Comparison of Strategies;73
7.9;1.9 Conclusions;74
7.10;References;75
7.10.1;Website:;76
8;2 Design Adaptation to Climate Change;77
8.1;2.1 Design of a Climate Proof Netherlands;78
8.2;2.2 The Role of Spatial Planning;79
8.3;2.3 An Innovative Approach;80
8.4;2.4 Climate Atlases;80
8.4.1;2.4.1 First Results;85
8.4.1.1;2.4.1.1 Temperature;85
8.5;2.5 Development of Design Principles;88
8.5.1;2.5.1 Meaning for Nature and Agriculture;90
8.5.2;2.5.2 Meaning for Spatial Patterns;91
8.5.3;2.5.3 Time;92
8.6;2.6 The Groningen Case;93
8.6.1;2.6.1 Starting Point Groningen: Two Scenarios;94
8.6.2;2.6.2 Knowledge of Climate;95
8.6.2.1;2.6.2.1 Precipitation;95
8.6.2.2;2.6.2.2 Sea Level Rise;97
8.7;2.7 Consequences for Different Functions;97
8.7.1;2.7.1 Nature and Agriculture;98
8.7.2;2.7.2 An Offensive Coastal Defence;102
8.7.3;2.7.3 Urban Developments;104
8.8;2.8 Idea-Map Climate Adapted Groningen;105
8.9;2.9 Chinese Demonstration Projects;107
8.9.1;2.9.1 The Longhu Project, Chongqing;109
8.9.1.1;2.9.1.1 Climate Change Effects;109
8.9.1.2;2.9.1.2 Analysis of the Site;109
8.9.1.3;2.9.1.3 Aim;109
8.9.1.4;2.9.1.4 Water-Bodies;110
8.9.1.5;2.9.1.5 Natural Ventilation;110
8.9.1.6;2.9.1.6 Biodiversity;111
8.9.1.7;2.9.1.7 The Elements: How and Where Positioned;112
8.9.1.8;2.9.1.8 Models;113
8.9.1.9;2.9.1.9 Integrated Water System;113
8.9.1.10;2.9.1.10 An Integral Model: Rough Zoning Plan;113
8.9.2;2.9.2 Yu'an and Anjing in Yunyan District, Guiyang;114
8.9.2.1;2.9.2.1 Climate Change Effects;115
8.9.2.2;2.9.2.2 Aim;115
8.9.2.3;2.9.2.3 Analysis;115
8.9.2.4;2.9.2.4 Rainwater Approach;115
8.9.2.5;2.9.2.5 Fit in the Site;118
8.9.2.6;2.9.2.6 The 'Cake': Concentrating Building Densities;119
8.9.3;2.9.3 Vanke's Stream Valley, Shenzhen;119
8.9.3.1;2.9.3.1 Climate Change Effects;120
8.9.3.2;2.9.3.2 Aims;120
8.9.3.3;2.9.3.3 A Short History of Stream Valley;121
8.9.3.4;2.9.3.4 Ecology;121
8.9.3.5;2.9.3.5 Water System;121
8.9.3.6;2.9.3.6 Conceptual Suggestions;123
8.9.4;2.9.4 Chinese Experience;125
8.10;2.10 Chances of a Design Approach;127
8.10.1;2.10.1 Implementation;127
8.11;References;128
8.11.1;Websites:;129
9;3 The Coast;130
9.1;3.1 Introduction;131
9.2;3.2 Dutch Coastal Defence;131
9.2.1;3.2.1 A forever Changing Coastline;131
9.2.2;3.2.2 Dutch Weak Links;133
9.2.3;3.2.3 Integrated Development Perspective for the South Holland Coast;134
9.2.4;3.2.4 ComCoast;135
9.2.5;3.2.5 Land in Sea!;142
9.2.6;3.2.6 Groningen Combinatory of Coastal Defences;148
9.2.7;3.2.7 Attention for Safety;151
9.2.8;3.2.8 The Dutch 'Delta Commission';153
9.2.8.1;3.2.8.1 Urgency;155
9.2.8.2;3.2.8.2 Emerging Problems;156
9.2.8.3;3.2.8.3 Future Vision;156
9.2.8.4;3.2.8.4 Short and Mid-Term Measures;159
9.2.8.5;3.2.8.5 Broad Dikes;161
9.2.9;3.2.9 Synthesis;162
9.3;3.3 Hamburg Hafencity;162
9.3.1;3.3.1 Masterplan;163
9.3.2;3.3.2 Dealing with Potential Flooding;164
9.4;3.4 Thames Gateway London;168
9.4.1;3.4.1 Thames Estuary 2100;168
9.4.2;3.4.2 Delivery Plan for the Gateway;169
9.4.3;3.4.3 Element in the Gateway: Thames Barrier;171
9.4.4;3.4.4 A Floating City;173
9.4.5;3.4.5 Three of a Kind;177
9.5;3.5 New Orleans;179
9.5.1;3.5.1 Coast 2050;179
9.5.2;3.5.2 US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE);182
9.5.3;3.5.3 State of Louisiana Master Plan;187
9.5.4;3.5.4 The MIR Project;193
9.6;3.6 Conclusion;196
9.7;References;197
9.7.1;Websites:;199
10;4 Water Management;200
10.1;4.1 Water Policies in The Netherlands;201
10.1.1;4.1.1 Risk;201
10.1.2;4.1.2 Water Policy in the 21st Century;202
10.1.3;4.1.3 Dutch National Water Vision;204
10.1.4;4.1.4 Water Safety;204
10.2;4.2 SAFER and ELLA Projects;204
10.2.1;4.2.1 ELLA;205
10.2.2;4.2.2 SAFER;207
10.3;4.3 Flood Risk;209
10.4;4.4 Building a House;210
10.4.1;4.4.1 Type of Water;215
10.4.1.1;4.4.1.1 Peak Storage;215
10.4.1.2;4.4.1.2 Seasonal Storage;215
10.4.1.3;4.4.1.3 Calamity Storage;216
10.4.1.4;4.4.1.4 High Tides;216
10.4.1.5;4.4.1.5 Groundwater Annoyance;216
10.4.2;4.4.2 A Japanese Experience;217
10.4.3;4.4.3 Types of Houses;219
10.4.3.1;4.4.3.1 Wet Proof House;220
10.4.3.2;4.4.3.2 Dry Proof House;220
10.4.3.3;4.4.3.3 Shore House;222
10.4.3.4;4.4.3.4 Column House;222
10.4.3.5;4.4.3.5 Floating House;223
10.4.3.6;4.4.3.6 Amphibic House;223
10.4.3.7;4.4.3.7 The Slight Drainage House;224
10.4.4;4.4.4 Combination of House and Water Typologies;224
10.5;4.5 Conclusion;225
10.6;References;226
10.6.1; Websites:;227
11;5 Ecology;228
11.1;5.1 Introduction;229
11.2;5.2 Directives;229
11.2.1;5.2.1 Bird's Directive;230
11.2.2;5.2.2 Habitat Directive;230
11.3;5.3 Natura 2000;233
11.4;5.4 Dutch Spatial-Ecological Concepts;237
11.4.1;5.4.1 Ecological Main Structure;237
11.4.2;5.4.2 National Landscapes;241
11.5;5.5 Effects of Climate Change on Nature;242
11.6;5.6 Sensitivity;243
11.7;5.7 Dilemma: Strict Rules or Flexibility;247
11.8;5.8 Adaptation Strategies;247
11.9;5.9 The BRANCH Project;253
11.10;5.10 Use of BRANCH Principles in Groningen Province;256
11.11;5.11 Climate Buffers;259
11.11.1;5.11.1 River Landscape;261
11.11.2;5.11.2 High Parts of the Netherlands (Higher Sand and Hilly Landscapes);263
11.11.3;5.11.3 Lower Parts of the Netherlands (Lower Peat Landscapes);263
11.11.4;5.11.4 The Coast, the Wadden and Estuaries (Estuaries and Dunes);264
11.12;5.12 Conclusion;265
11.13;References;267
11.13.1;Websites:;268
12;6 Energy Potentials;269
12.1;6.1 Introduction;270
12.1.1;6.1.1 Towards a Sustainable Provision of Energy;270
12.2;6.2 Energy in the Future City;270
12.2.1;6.1.2 The Oil Price;271
12.2.2;6.1.3 Predicting the Price of Oil;274
12.2.3;6.1.4 Consequences;274
12.2.4;6.1.5 Capitalisation of Land and Real Estate;276
12.2.5;6.1.6 Implications to Commuters;277
12.2.6;6.1.7 Spatial Solutions;278
12.2.7;6.1.8 Different Energy Resources;279
12.2.8;6.1.9 Sustainable Development;279
12.3;6.2 Energy Potential Mapping;279
12.3.1;6.2.1 Background;280
12.3.2;6.2.2 The Methodology of Mapping Energy Potentials;281
12.4;6.3 The Local Energy Toolbox;282
12.4.1;6.3.1 Climate and Energy;282
12.4.2;6.3.2 The Sun;283
12.4.3;6.3.3 Electricity;283
12.4.4;6.3.4 Heat;285
12.4.5;6.3.5 Wind;285
12.4.6;6.3.6 Water;287
12.4.7;6.3.7 Biomass and Waste;289
12.4.7.1;6.3.7.1 Fuel;289
12.4.7.2;6.3.7.2 Electricity;289
12.4.7.3;6.3.7.3 Heat;291
12.4.8;6.3.8 The Underground;291
12.4.8.1;6.3.8.1 The Deep Underground;291
12.4.8.2;6.3.8.2 The Intermediate Underground;292
12.4.8.3;6.3.8.3 The Shallow Underground;293
12.4.9;6.3.9 Exchanging and Cascading Heat and Cold;293
12.4.9.1;6.3.9.1 Exergy;293
12.4.9.2;6.3.9.2 The Low-Ex Approach;294
12.4.9.3;6.3.9.3 Tuning Heat and Cold Supply and Demand;296
12.5;6.4 Example: Energy Potentials of the Province of Groningen;296
12.5.1;6.4.1 Electricity;297
12.5.2;6.4.2 Heat and Cold;298
12.5.3;6.4.3 CO 2 Capture;298
12.5.4;6.4.4 An Overlay of Potentials;299
12.5.5;6.4.5 Towards a Sustainable Provincial Plan;301
12.5.6;6.4.6 Outcomes of the Groningen POP Study;301
12.6;6.5 Conclusions;301
12.6.1;6.5.1 Considerations;302
12.7;References;302
13;7 The Urban Environment;305
13.1;7.1 Introduction;306
13.2;7.2 Occupation Strategy;306
13.3;7.3 Precipitation;308
13.3.1;7.3.1 Thames Gateway;310
13.3.2;7.3.2 Urban Flood Management in Dordrecht;311
13.3.3;7.3.3 Zuidplaspolder;316
13.3.4;7.3.4 Building with Water in Haarlemmermeer;320
13.4;7.4 Heat in the City;321
13.4.1;7.4.1 Non-physical Heat Effects;325
13.5;7.5 Good Practices Guide (UK);325
13.5.1;7.5.1 The Centre of Bedford;326
13.5.2;7.5.2 Isle of Dogs in the City of London;327
13.5.3;7.5.3 Urban Expansion: Isle of Sheppey;329
13.6;7.6 Concluding Remarks;330
13.7;References;333
13.7.1;Websites:;334
14;8 Landscape 2.0;335
14.1;8.1 In Patagonia;336
14.2;8.2 Web 2.0;337
14.2.1;8.2.1 A New Energy Order?;338
14.2.2;8.2.2 Landscape 2.0;339
14.3;8.3 Challenges of Complexity in Planning;340
14.3.1;8.3.1 A Society in Turbulent Circumstances;340
14.3.2;8.3.2 Internet-Economy: The Turbulence Driver;341
14.3.3;8.3.3 The State of Today's Spatial Planning Practice;343
14.3.4;8.3.4 New Environment for Planning: Small Adjustments Made;344
14.3.5;8.3.5 Increase Resilience;346
14.3.6;8.3.6 Complex Adaptive Systems;347
14.3.7;8.3.7 Typology of Complex Systems;347
14.3.8;8.3.8 Tipping Points;349
14.3.9;8.3.9 A New Design Paradigm, Swarm Planning;351
14.3.9.1;8.3.9.1 Swarm 'Avant-La-Lettre': The Groninger Museum;352
14.4;8.4 The Groningen Case;353
14.4.1;8.4.1 Understanding the System: Mapping Climate and Energy Potentials;356
14.4.2;8.4.2 Improving Resilience: Use of Swarm Planning Paradigm;356
14.4.3;8.4.3 Strategic Interventions: The Groningen Impulses;356
14.4.3.1;8.4.3.1 Fresh Water Storage in Lauwers Lake;358
14.4.3.2;8.4.3.2 Kwelderworks Eemsdike;358
14.4.3.3;8.4.3.3 Blauwe Stad;359
14.4.3.4;8.4.3.4 Dynamic Coast Fivelboezem;361
14.4.4;8.4.4 Steer the Swarm;362
14.4.5;8.4.5 The Groningen Case Discussed;362
14.4.5.1;8.4.5.1 Mapping;362
14.4.5.2;8.4.5.2 Idea Map;363
14.4.5.3;8.4.5.3 Interventions;363
14.4.5.4;8.4.5.4 In the Real World;364
14.5;8.5 Conclusions;364
15;References;366
16;Conclusion;369
16.1;The Role of Spatial Planning and Design;369
16.2;The Chapters Summarised;369
16.3;Standards Are the Standard;370
16.4;Adaptation to Climate Change: A Spatial Challenge;371
17;Index;372