Russell The STEREO Mission

1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-0-387-09649-0
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 646 Seiten

C. T. Russell Originally published in the journal Space Science Reviews, Volume 136, Nos 1-4. DOI: 10. 1007/s11214-008-9344-1 © Springer Science+Business Media B. V. 2008 The Sun-Earth Connection is now an accepted fact. It has a signi cant impact on our daily lives, and its underpinnings are being pursued vigorously with missions such as the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory, commonly known as STEREO. This was not always so. It was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that Edward Sabine connected the 11-year geomagnetic cycle with Heinrich Schwabe's deduction of a like periodicity in the sunspot record. The clincher for many was Richard Carrington's sighting of a great whi- light are on the Sun, on September 1, 1859, followed by a great geomagnetic storm 18 hours later. But was the Sun-Earth Connection signi cant to terrestrial denizens? Perhaps in 1859 it was not, but a century later it became so. Beginning in the 1930's, as electrical powergrids grew in size, powercompanies began to realize that they occasionally had power blackouts during periods of intense geomagnetic activity. This correlation did not appear to be suf ciently signi cant to bring to the attention of the public but during the International Geophysical Year (IGY), when geomagnetic activity was being scrutinized intensely, the occurrence of a large North American power blackout during a great magnetic storm was impossible to ignore.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Russell, C. T.

Russell, Christopher

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;8
2;Contents;4
3;The STEREO Mission: An Introduction;11
3.1;Abstract;11
3.2;Preface: ``Heliophysics: The New Science of the Sun-Solar System Connection'';12
3.3;Introduction;13
3.4;History;16
3.5;The Science Investigations;17
3.6;The STEREO Orbits and Mission Phases;19
3.7;STEREO Data and the STEREO Science Center;20
3.8;Summary;21
3.9;References;21
4;The STEREO Observatory;23
4.1;Abstract;23
4.2;Introduction;23
4.3;Orbital Characteristics;24
4.3.1;Phasing Orbit Characteristics;25
4.3.2;Instrument Accommodations;28
4.3.3;Instrument Data Volume;31
4.4;Spacecraft Bus Overview;32
4.4.1;Observatory Architecture;32
4.4.2;Instrument Operations;35
4.4.3;STEREO Fault Protection (Cancro and Driesman 2004);37
4.5;Observatory Subsystems;38
4.5.1;Power Subsystem;38
4.5.2;Guidance and Control Subsystem Description;39
4.5.2.1;Pointing Accuracy, Jitter, and Windowed Stability;41
4.5.3;Radio Frequency Telecommunications Subsystem;43
4.5.4;Thermal Control Subsystem;43
4.5.5;Propulsion Subsystem;46
4.6;Acknowledgements;49
4.7;References;49
5;STEREO Space Weather and the Space Weather Beacon;51
5.1;Abstract;51
5.2;Introduction;52
5.2.1;Background on Space Weather;52
5.2.2;CMEs and Space Weather;53
5.3;Use of the STEREO Instruments for Space Weather;56
5.4;The Space Weather Beacon;58
5.5;Space Weather Tools and Projects;62
5.6;Space Weather Tools for the SEC Forecast Center;65
5.6.1;Lessons from the SOHO and ACE Missions;65
5.6.2;Bringing STEREO into the Forecast Center;66
5.7;Summary;69
5.8;References;70
6;Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI);72
6.1;Abstract;73
6.2;Introduction;73
6.3;Extreme UltraViolet Imager (EUVI);75
6.3.1;EUVI Telescope Overview;75
6.3.2;Optics;76
6.3.2.1;Optical Design;76
6.3.2.2;Mirrors;77
6.3.2.3;Filters;78
6.3.2.4;Aliveness Source;78
6.3.3;Mechanical Design;78
6.3.3.1;Metering Structure;78
6.3.3.2;Mirror Mounts;79
6.3.4;Instrument Response and Calibration;79
6.3.4.1;Calibration Results;79
6.3.4.2;Predicted Response to Solar Phenomena;80
6.4;Inner Coronagraph (COR1);81
6.4.1;COR1 Overview;81
6.4.2;Optical Layout;82
6.4.3;Stray Light Suppression;83
6.4.4;Mechanical and Thermal Design;84
6.4.4.1;Calibration and Performance Results;85
6.5;Outer Coronagraph (COR2);88
6.5.1;Optical Design;88
6.5.2;Mechanical and Thermal Design;90
6.5.3;Calibration and Performance Results;91
6.5.4;Operations;92
6.6;The Heliospheric Imagers (HI);93
6.6.1;Instrument Concept;93
6.6.2;Baffle Design;94
6.6.3;Optical Systems;96
6.6.4;Mechanical Structure;96
6.6.5;Operations;97
6.7;Guide Telescope;98
6.8;SCIP Bench;99
6.8.1;SCIP Flexure Mounts;100
6.8.2;Analysis and Testing;100
6.9;Mechanisms;101
6.9.1;SCIP Aperture Doors;101
6.9.2;Shutters;102
6.9.3;Quadrant Selector;102
6.9.4;EUVI Filter Wheel;102
6.9.5;Polarizer Wheel;103
6.9.6;Lifetime Requirements;103
6.10;SECCHI Electronics;103
6.10.1;The SECCHI Electronics Box (SEB);103
6.10.1.1;Motherboard;104
6.10.1.2;Electrical Power;104
6.10.1.3;RAD750 Processor;105
6.10.1.4;MIL-STD-1553 Interface Card (1553);105
6.10.1.5;SpaceWire Interface Card (SWIC);105
6.10.1.6;Housekeeping Card (HKP);106
6.10.1.7;Enclosure;106
6.10.2;Mechanism Electronics Box (MEB);106
6.11;Charge Couple Device (CCD) Cameras;107
6.11.1;CCD Detectors;107
6.11.2;Focal Plane Assembly (FPA);107
6.11.3;Camera Electronics Box (CEB);109
6.11.3.1;Clear;111
6.11.3.2;Integration;111
6.11.3.3;Readout;112
6.12;Flight Software;112
6.12.1;Flight Software Overview;112
6.12.2;Instrument Scheduling;112
6.12.3;Image Processing;113
6.13;SECCHI Concept of Operations;114
6.13.1;Overview;114
6.13.2;SECCHI Data Allocation and SSR utilization;115
6.13.3;Observation Planning;116
6.13.4;Beacon Mode;117
6.13.5;SECCHI Campaigns;117
6.13.6;Routine Processing and Data Products;117
6.13.7;SECCHI Data Policy;118
6.14;Acknowledgements;118
6.15;References;119
7;STEREO IMPACT Investigation Goals, Measurements, and Data Products Overview;121
7.1;Abstract;121
7.2;List of acronyms;122
7.3;Introduction to the IMPACT Investigation;122
7.4;IMPACT Science Objectives;125
7.4.1;Reconstructing 3D Pictures of CMEs and Their Interplanetary Consequences;125
7.4.1.1;Coronal Connections;125
7.4.1.2;Interplanetary Consequences;130
7.4.2;The Relationship of the 3D Corona to Solar Wind Structure;133
7.4.3;SEP Acceleration and Propagation;134
7.4.4;The Solar Origins of Geoeffectiveness;138
7.4.5;The Solar Magnetic Cycle;139
7.4.6;Complementary Science Objectives;141
7.4.6.1;Space Plasma Microphysics;141
7.4.6.2;CIRs and SIRs;141
7.4.6.3;ACRs;142
7.4.6.4;Reconnection Physics;142
7.4.6.5;Space Weather Applications;143
7.4.6.6;Relationships to Other Missions and Ground-Based Observations;143
7.5;IMPACT Instruments Overview;145
7.5.1;Overview and Spacecraft Accommodation;145
7.5.2;Boom Suite;146
7.5.2.1;SWEA (Solar Wind Electron Analyzer);146
7.5.2.2;STE (Suprathermal Electron Telescope);150
7.5.2.3;MAG (Magnetometer);153
7.5.3;SEP Suite;154
7.5.3.1;SEPT (Solar Electron and Proton Telescope);154
7.5.3.2;SIT (Suprathermal Ion Telescope);156
7.5.3.3;LET (Low Energy Telescope);157
7.5.3.4;HET (High Energy Telescope);159
7.5.4;IDPU;160
7.6;IMPACT Operations and Data Plans;162
7.6.1;IMPACT Payload Operations Center;162
7.6.1.1;Security;163
7.6.1.2;Design of POC System;164
7.6.1.3;Configuration Management;168
7.6.2;Phasing Orbit Operations;169
7.6.3;Normal Operations;169
7.7;Data Products, Access, and Analysis Plans;170
7.7.1;Data Product Descriptions and Content;170
7.7.1.1;Level Zero;170
7.7.1.2;Level 1;170
7.7.1.3;Level 2;172
7.7.1.4;Level 3;173
7.7.1.5;Beacon Data;173
7.7.1.6;Complementary L1 In Situ Data Sets;173
7.7.2;Data Access and Browsers;173
7.7.2.1;STEREO Science Center Beacon and Archive Access;173
7.7.2.2;UCB Data Portal;175
7.7.2.3;UCLA Data Portal;175
7.7.3;Data Analysis Plans;176
7.7.4;Expected Impact and Relevance to Heliophysics;184
7.7.4.1;Acknowledgements;184
7.8;References;184
8;The STEREO IMPACT Boom;189
8.1;Abstract;189
8.2;Introduction;189
8.3;Instruments on the IMPACT Boom;190
8.4;IMPACT Boom Mechanism;192
8.4.1;Tube Details;193
8.4.2;Lock Pin Details;195
8.4.3;Shape Memory Alloy Release (SMAR) Details;195
8.4.4;Flyweight Brake;196
8.4.5;Harness and Spool;197
8.4.6;The Stacer;197
8.5;Deployment Sequence;199
8.6;Verification;200
8.6.1;Counterweight Description;202
8.6.2;Magnetometer Alignment Verification;203
8.7;Summary;204
8.8;Acknowledgements;204
8.9;References;205
9;The STEREO/IMPACT Magnetic Field Experiment;206
9.1;Abstract;206
9.2;Introduction;207
9.3;Science Objectives;210
9.3.1;CME Identification and Structure;210
9.3.2;CME-Driven Interplanetary Shocks;211
9.3.3;Acceleration of Particles at Interplanetary Shocks;212
9.3.4;Global Structure of the IMF;214
9.3.5;Space Weather;214
9.4;IMPACT/MAGNETOMETER Performance Requirements;215
9.5;Hardware Description;217
9.5.1;Analog Electronics;217
9.5.2;Sigma-Delta A/D Conversion;219
9.5.3;Control Logic and Interface to the IDPU;219
9.6;IDPU Magnetometer Software;219
9.6.1;Range Control Strategy;220
9.6.2;Internal Calibration;220
9.7;Preflight Calibration and Testing;221
9.7.1;Scale Factors, Offsets and Alignment;221
9.7.2;Frequency Response and Timing;222
9.7.3;Environmental Testing;222
9.8;Spacecraft Magnetics Control Program;223
9.9;Flight Checkout and Performance;224
9.10;Magnetometer Ground Data Processing;225
9.11;Acknowledgements;228
9.12;References;228
10;The IMPACT Solar Wind Electron Analyzer (SWEA);230
10.1;Abstract;230
10.2;Introduction;230
10.3;Scientific Objectives;231
10.4;Instrument Overview;234
10.5;Electrostatic Analyzers and Deflectors;236
10.6;Calibrations;238
10.7;Digital Electronics;239
10.8;Experiment Modes of Operations;241
10.9;Summary;241
10.9.1;Acknowledgements;241
10.10;References;242
11;The STEREO IMPACT Suprathermal Electron (STE) Instrument;243
11.1;Abstract;243
11.2;Introduction;244
11.3;Scientific Objectives;244
11.4;Instrument Overview;246
11.5;Silicon Semiconductor Detectors (SSDs);249
11.6;Electronics;249
11.7;Mechanical;251
11.8;Calibration;253
11.9;Modes of Operation & Data Format;255
11.10;Acknowledgements;256
11.11;References;257
12;The Low-Energy Telescope (LET) and SEP Central Electronics for the STEREO Mission;286
12.1;Abstract;286
12.2;Introduction;289
12.3;Science Objectives;291
12.3.1;SEP Acceleration by CME-Driven Shocks;292
12.3.1.1;Comparison of SEP and CME Kinetic Energies;299
12.3.2;Impulsive Solar Energetic Particle Events;301
12.3.3;Space Weather;304
12.3.3.1;An Interplanetary SEP Network;304
12.3.3.2;Characterizing the 1-AU Radiation Environment;306
12.3.4;Acceleration by CIRs and ESP Events;306
12.3.4.1;Corotating Interaction Regions;306
12.3.4.2;Energetic Storm Particles;307
12.3.5;Anomalous Cosmic Rays;307
12.4;Instrumentation;309
12.4.1;Design Requirements;309
12.4.2;Approach;309
12.4.3;The LET Sensor System;310
12.4.4;Silicon Detectors;315
12.4.5;Electronics;318
12.4.5.1;The PHASIC;318
12.4.5.2;The Minimal Instruction Set Computer (MISC);320
12.4.6;Onboard Processing;321
12.4.6.1;Coincidence Logic;321
12.4.6.2;Nominal Detector Thresholds;321
12.4.6.3;Dynamic Thresholds;324
12.4.6.4;Onboard Particle Identification System;326
12.4.6.5;The Priority System;329
12.4.6.6;Livetime Measurement;330
12.4.7;LET Data;331
12.4.7.1;LET Beacon Data;331
12.4.8;The Command System;332
12.4.9;Mechanical and Thermal Design;333
12.4.9.1;Mechanical Design;333
12.4.9.2;Thermal Design;336
12.4.10;Resources;337
12.4.11;Electrical GSE;338
12.5;Calibrations and Performance;338
12.5.1;Electronic Calibrations;338
12.5.2;Accelerator End-to-End Test and Calibration;339
12.5.3;Radioactive Source Tests;341
12.5.4;In-Flight Particle Calibrations;341
12.5.5;Monte Carlo Simulations;342
12.5.6;Energy Range and Collecting Power;343
12.5.7;Anisotropy Measurements;344
12.5.8;Solar Energetic Particle Yields;347
12.5.9;In-Flight Performance;348
12.6;SEP Central;348
12.6.1;SEP Central Overview;348
12.6.2;Power-On and Boot Procedures;349
12.6.3;SEP Telemetry Data;349
12.7;Acknowledgements;350
12.8;Appendix 1: L1 Detector Thicknesses;351
12.9;Appendix 2: Event Classes and Coincidence Conditions;352
12.10;Appendix 3: Rates, Particle IDs, and Event Data;354
12.11;Appendix 4: LET Variables;359
12.12;References;361
13;The Solar Electron and Proton Telescope for the STEREO Mission;364
13.1;Abstract;364
13.2;Introduction;364
13.3;Science Objectives;365
13.3.1;SEP Acceleration;365
13.3.2;Comparing Gradual and Impulsive SEP Events;367
13.3.3;ICME Topology;368
13.3.4;Space Weather;368
13.4;Instrument Description;369
13.4.1;Approach;369
13.4.1.1;Design Requirements;369
13.4.1.2;The Detector System;369
13.4.1.3;The Solid State Detectors;371
13.4.1.4;The Magnet System;371
13.4.1.5;The Absorption Foil;372
13.4.2;The Onboard Electronics;373
13.4.2.1;PDFE;373
13.4.2.2;FPGA;373
13.4.2.3;Coincidence Logic;377
13.4.3;SEPT Telemetry Products;377
13.4.4;SEPT Beacon Mode Data;378
13.4.5;SEPT Commands;378
13.4.6;Mission Operations;378
13.4.7;Mechanical and Thermal Design;380
13.4.8;Electrical GSE;381
13.5;Calibrations and Performance;381
13.5.1;Electronic Calibration;381
13.5.2;Source Tests;381
13.5.3;Accelerator Calibration;384
13.5.4;Response to Alpha Particles;387
13.5.5;In-Flight Test and Calibration;387
13.5.6;Monte Carlo Simulation;388
13.5.6.1;Acknowledgements;389
13.6;References;389
14;The High Energy Telescope for STEREO;391
14.1;Abstract;391
14.2;Introduction;393
14.2.1;STEREO/IMPACT/SEP/HET;393
14.2.2;Scientific Goals;395
14.2.3;Design Requirements;401
14.3;Instrument Description;401
14.3.1;HET Detectors;401
14.3.1.1;H1, H2 Detectors;402
14.3.1.2;HET Stack Detectors;404
14.3.1.3;Detector Testing;404
14.3.2;HET Telescope;406
14.3.3;HET Electronics;407
14.3.3.1;Introduction;407
14.3.3.2;PHASICs;409
14.3.3.3;Cross-Talk;411
14.3.3.4;MISC and Front-End Logic;413
14.3.4;Geometry Factors;414
14.3.4.1;Stopping Particles;414
14.3.4.2;Penetrating Particles;414
14.4;Onboard Software;414
14.4.1;Introduction;414
14.4.2;Flight Software Architecture;416
14.4.3;Flight Software Development Environment;416
14.4.4;Onboard Particle Processing;417
14.4.5;Command Processing;422
14.4.6;High-Rate Strategy;423
14.4.6.1;High-Rate Mode;423
14.4.6.2;Livetimes;424
14.4.7;Telemetry Formatting;424
14.4.7.1;Packet Strategy;424
14.4.7.2;Beacon Packet;426
14.4.7.3;Housekeeping Packet;426
14.5;HET Resources;426
14.6;System Level Tests;427
14.6.1;Bench Tests;427
14.6.2;Accelerator Runs;427
14.6.3;Post-Launch Data;427
14.7;Acknowledgements;429
14.8;Appendix: Nominal HET software counters;432
14.9;References;435
15;The Plasma and Suprathermal Ion Composition (PLASTIC) Investigation on the STEREO Observatories;436
15.1;Abstract;436
15.2;Introduction;437
15.3;STEREO PLASTIC Scientific Objectives;438
15.3.1; Solar Processes and Solar Wind Studies;438
15.3.2; Interplanetary Manifestations of Coronal Mass Ejections (ICME);439
15.3.2.1; CME Structure on the Sun and Related In Situ Signatures;440
15.3.2.2; ICME Boundaries;440
15.3.2.3; The Evolution of ICMEs in the Inner Heliosphere;441
15.3.3; Injection and Acceleration of Ions at CME-Driven Shocks;441
15.3.4; Heliospheric Studies;443
15.3.4.1; Stream Interaction Regions and Heliospheric Current Sheet;443
15.3.4.2; Particle Acceleration at Corotating Interaction Regions;443
15.3.4.3; Pickup Ions;444
15.3.5; Space Weather;444
15.4; Instrument Description;445
15.4.1; Overview;445
15.4.2; Principles of Operation;446
15.4.3; Entrance System / Energy Analyzer (E/Q, Elevation Angle, and GF);448
15.4.3.1; Entrance System / Energy Analyzer Overview;448
15.4.3.2; Characterization of the Entrance System / Energy Analyzer;451
15.4.4; Time-of-Flight Measurement System;453
15.4.4.1; TOF/E Chamber Overview;453
15.4.4.2; Design of the TOF/E Chamber;456
15.4.4.3; TOF Detection Efficiency;459
15.4.5; Energy Measurement System;461
15.4.6; Azimuth Position Measurement System;464
15.4.6.1; Position by Discrete Anodes;464
15.4.6.2; Position by the Resistive Anode;464
15.4.6.3; Resistive Anode Measurements;466
15.4.7; Analog and Digital Electronics;467
15.4.7.1; Functional Overview;467
15.4.7.2; Power Supplies (PS);468
15.4.7.3; Onboard Classification and Data Handling (Sensor);468
15.4.7.3.1;PHA Word;470
15.4.7.3.2;Event Species Classification;470
15.4.7.3.3;Matrixs Rates Data;470
15.4.8; Spacecraft Accommodation;471
15.5; Instrument Data Products;473
15.6; First Light;475
15.6.1;Solar Wind Proton Distributions;475
15.6.2;Solar Wind Minor Species;476
15.6.3;Suprathermal Ion Populations;477
15.7;Acknowledgements;479
15.8;References;481
16;S/WAVES: The Radio and Plasma Wave Investigation on the STEREO Mission;486
16.1;Abstract;487
16.2;Introduction;487
16.3;Scientific Objectives;488
16.3.1;Summary of S/WAVES Science Objectivs;488
16.3.2;Remote Sensing of Type II (CME-Associated) and Type III (Flare-Associated) Solar Radio Emissions;489
16.3.3;Observation of In-Situ Type II and III Source Regions;492
16.3.4;Contribution of STEREO to the Theory of Radio Emission in the Interplanetary Medium;493
16.3.4.1;Low Frequency Receiver (LFR), High Frequency Receiver (HFR) and FFR Receiver Science;494
16.3.4.2;Time Domain Sampler (TDS) ;494
16.3.4.3;Low Rate Science (LRS);495
16.3.5;Solar Wind Physics: Electric Field and Density Fluctuations;496
16.4;Required Measurements;497
16.4.1;Frequency Domain Measurements;498
16.4.2;Time Series Measurements;498
16.4.3;Direction Finding capabilities of S/WAVES;498
16.4.4;Triangulation and Stereoscopic Measurements;499
16.4.4.1;Radio Triangulation;499
16.4.4.2;Stereoscopic Measurements of Radio Emission Properties;499
16.4.5;Thermal Noise Spectroscopy in Solar Filamentary Material;500
16.5;Instrument Description;502
16.5.1;Introduction;502
16.5.2;Antennas/Sensors;502
16.5.3;Preamplifiers;502
16.5.4;The Low Frequency Receivers (LFR);504
16.5.5;The High Frequency Receivers (HFR);506
16.5.5.1;Digital Signal Processing Unit;506
16.5.6;The Fixed Frequency Receiver (FFR);507
16.5.7;The Time Domain Sampler (TDS);508
16.5.8;Langmuir Waves Statistics (LWS);512
16.5.9;Low Rate Science (LRS);513
16.5.9.1;Low Rate Science Housekeeping;514
16.5.9.2;Low Rate Science Bursts;514
16.5.10;Data Processing Unit (DPU);514
16.5.11;Power Supply;515
16.5.12;Resources, Mass, Power and Bits;516
16.6;Implementation/Integration;516
16.6.1;Accommodation on Spacecraft;516
16.6.2;Electromagnetic Compatibility;517
16.6.2.1;Electrostatic Shielding;517
16.6.2.2;Electrical Bonding;517
16.6.2.3;Grounding;517
16.6.2.4;Harnessing;517
16.6.2.5;Frequency Control;518
16.6.2.6;Solar Arrays;518
16.6.2.7;Frequency Controlled Power Supplies: The Picket Fence Approach;518
16.6.3;Inter-Instrument Communication;518
16.6.4;Calibrations;520
16.6.4.1;Calibrations of the LFR, HFR and FFR;520
16.6.4.1.1;Ground Calibrations;520
16.6.4.1.2;In Flight Calibrations;521
16.6.4.2;Inter Calibration between STEREO and Wind;521
16.6.4.3;Calibration of the TDS;521
16.6.4.4;Antenna Calibrations;522
16.7;Scientific Operations;522
16.7.1;Space Weather forecasting with S/WAVES;522
16.7.2;Archiving;522
16.7.2.1;Data Archiving at the STEREO Science Center;522
16.7.2.2;The Archiving at the CDPP Centre;523
16.7.3;Ancillary Radio Data;523
16.8;Education and Public Outreach;523
16.9;Summary and Conclusions;524
16.10;Acknowledgements;525
16.11;References;525
17;The Electric Antennas for the STEREO/WAVES Experiment;528
17.1;Abstract;528
17.2;Introduction;528
17.3;Antenna Science Requirements;530
17.4;Sensor Electrical Design;530
17.5;Antenna Mechanical Design;533
17.5.1;Stacer Antenna Elements;533
17.5.2;Deployment Assist Device (DAD);535
17.5.3;Shape Memory Alloy Release (SMAR);536
17.5.4;Flyweight Brake;537
17.5.5;Mechanism Operation and Safety;538
17.5.6;Verification;539
17.6;Base Capacitance Measurements;539
17.7;Modeling of the S/WAVES Antennas;540
17.7.1;Simulations and Rheometry Measurements;541
17.7.2;Anechoic Chamber Measurements at High Frequencies;543
17.8;In-Flight Antenna Calibration;545
17.9;Summary and Early Results;545
17.10;Acknowledgements;545
17.11;References;546
18;STEREO/Waves Goniopolarimetry;547
18.1;Abstract;547
18.2;Introduction;547
18.3;Space-Borne Radio Receivers Goniopolarimetry;548
18.3.1;Antenna Calibration;549
18.3.2;Goniopolarimetric Measurement Expressions;549
18.3.3;Spin Demodulation Goniopolarimetry;550
18.3.4;Instantaneous Goniopolarimetry;551
18.3.5;Error Sources and Order of Magnitudes;551
18.4;STEREO/Waves Goniopolarimetric Instrumentation;553
18.4.1;Goniopolarimetric Data Samples;554
18.4.2;Adapted Goniopolarimetric Equations;555
18.5;Application of Goniopolarimetry to the Study of Solar Type III Radio Bursts;555
18.6;Summary and Concluding Remarks;559
18.7;Acknowledgements;560
18.8;References;561
19;STEREO Ground Segment, Science Operations, and Data Archive;602
19.1;Abstract;602
19.2;Introduction;602
19.2.1;Mission Requirements and the Ground System Design;604
19.2.2;Spacecraft and Mission Operations;604
19.2.2.1;STEREO Spacecraft;604
19.2.2.2;STEREO Mission Operations;606
19.2.3;Telemetry and Data Processing;607
19.3;STEREO Mission Operations Center;609
19.3.1;Local Area Network Architecture;609
19.3.1.1;STEREO Telemetry Flow;609
19.3.1.2;STEREO Command Flow;611
19.3.2;MOC Personnel;612
19.3.3;Other Ground Segment Elements;612
19.3.3.1;Deep Space Mission System;612
19.3.3.2;Flight Dynamics Facility;613
19.3.3.3;NOAA;614
19.4;STEREO Science Center;614
19.4.1;Local Area Network Architecture;614
19.4.2;SSC Personnel;615
19.5;Science Operations Concept;615
19.5.1;Science Planning Cycle;615
19.5.1.1;Science Working Group Meetings;616
19.5.1.2;Monthly Teleconferences;616
19.5.1.3;Weekly Optimization;616
19.5.2;Routine Weekly Schedule;616
19.5.3;Infrastructure for Campaign Coordination;618
19.5.3.1;Network Exchange of Information and Data;618
19.5.3.2;Telephone and Fax;618
19.5.3.3;STEREO Data Archive;618
19.5.4;Planning for Collaborative Observations;618
19.6;STEREO Data Products, Archiving, and Access;619
19.6.1;Telemetry;619
19.6.2;Science Processed Data;619
19.6.3;Space Weather Beacon Data;621
19.6.4;Ancillary Data;621
19.6.4.1;SPICE Ephemeris Products;622
19.6.5;STEREO Data Archive;622
19.6.5.1;Interaction with Virtual Observatories;622
19.6.5.2;Uniform Data Format;623
19.6.5.3;Data Analysis Software;623
19.7;Acknowledgements;623
19.8;References;623
20;The Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) Education and Outreach (E/PO) Program;624
20.1;Abstract;624
20.2;Introduction;625
20.2.1;Education and Public Outreach at NASA's Science Mission Directorate;625
20.2.2;STEREO Education and Public Outreach Program;627
20.3;Formal Education Activities;628
20.3.1;Pre-service Teacher Professional Development Workshops;628
20.3.2;In-Service Teacher Professional Development Workshops;630
20.3.3;Development of Classroom Materials;631
20.3.4;Student-Focused Events;632
20.4;Informal Education Activities;633
20.4.1;STEREO in Science Centers and Planetariums;634
20.4.2;Musicians, Artists, and Solar Data;635
20.5;Public Outreach;636
20.5.1;Reaching the Public via the Internet;636
20.5.1.1;Data Availability to the Public;636
20.5.2;STEREO Products for the Public and General Educational Use;639
20.6;Conclusions;641
20.7;Acknowledgements;643
20.8;References;643