Salam / Rahman Power Systems Grounding

1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-981-10-0446-9
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 315 Seiten

Reihe: Power Systems

This book provides electrical and electronic engineering undergraduate and graduate students and trainees with practical information on grounding-system parameters, and on different methods for measuring soil resistivity and ground resistance. It also presents some real-world studies, which enhance the learning experience. It discusses electromagnetic field theories to explain ground resistance modeling using different sizes of electrodes. Furthermore it includes CYME GRD software for simulation of soil resistivity and grounding grid design, and considers some fundamental concepts of power systems to clarify other topics related to the grounding system.

Md. Abdus Salam obtained his PhD in Electrical Engineering, in 2000 from the University Teknologi Malaysia. Currently, he is working as a Faculty member in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at the Institut Teknologi Brunei (Our National Engineering and Technology University), Negara Brunei Darussalam. His research interests include power system modelling for on-line control, insulator pollution studies, grounding systems and renewable energy. He has published a large number of referred journal and conference papers. He is a senior member of IEEE, member of IET and working as a reviewer of IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Journal of Electrostatics, Elsevier Science etc.
Quazi M. Rahman obtained his PhD degree from the University of Calgary, Canada in 2002. Currently, he is serving as a faculty member in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, at the University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. He is a licensed professional engineer in the province of Ontario, Canada and a senior member of the IEEE. He is a contributing author of a number of refereed journals and proceeding papers, and book chapters in the areas of wireless communications. His research interest includes Spread Spectrum and MIMO systems, OFDM systems; channel estimation and detection in the physical layer of wireless mobile, satellite communications and grounding systems. Also, he is involved in the study of software applications.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Salam, Md. Abdus

Rahman, Quazi M.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Contents;9
3;1 Power Analysis;13
3.1;1.1 Introduction;13
3.2;1.2 Instantaneous Power;13
3.3;1.3 Average and Apparent Power;15
3.4;1.4 Power Factor;18
3.5;1.5 Complex Power and Reactive Power;19
3.6;1.6 Complex Power Balance;23
3.7;1.7 Power Factor Correction;25
3.8;1.8 Three-Phase System;29
3.9;1.9 Naming Phases and Phase Sequence;30
3.10;1.10 Star Connection;31
3.11;1.11 Voltage and Current Relations for Y-Connection;32
3.12;1.12 Delta or Mesh Connection;36
3.13;1.13 Voltage and Current Relations for Delta-Connection;36
3.14;1.14 Three-Phase Power Calculation;39
3.15;1.15 Measurement of Three-Phase Power;44
3.16;1.16 Power Factor Measurement;45
3.17;1.17 Series Resonance;48
3.18;1.18 Parallel Resonance;50
3.19;Exercise Problems;53
3.20;References;59
4;2 Transformer: Principles and Practices;60
4.1;2.1 Introduction;60
4.2;2.2 Working Principle of Transformer;60
4.3;2.3 Flux in a Transformer;61
4.4;2.4 Ideal Transformer;62
4.5;2.5 E.M.F. Equation of Transformer;63
4.6;2.6 Turns Ratio of Transformer;64
4.7;2.7 Rules for Referring Impedance;67
4.8;2.8 Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer;69
4.8.1;2.8.1 Exact Equivalent Circuit;69
4.8.2;2.8.2 Approximate Equivalent Circuit;71
4.9;2.9 Polarity of a Transformer;73
4.10;2.10 Three-Phase Transformer;75
4.11;2.11 Transformer Vector Group;76
4.12;2.12 Voltage Regulation of a Transformer;84
4.13;2.13 Efficiency of a Transformer;87
4.14;2.14 Iron and Copper Losses;87
4.15;2.15 Condition for Maximum Efficiency;89
4.16;2.16 Transformer Tests;91
4.16.1;2.16.1 Open Circuit Test;92
4.16.2;2.16.2 Short Circuit Test;93
4.17;2.17 Autotransformer;96
4.18;2.18 Parallel Operation of a Single-Phase Transformer;98
4.19;2.19 Three-Phase Transformer Connections;99
4.19.1;2.19.1 Wye-Wye Connection;99
4.19.2;2.19.2 Wye-Delta Connection;100
4.19.3;2.19.3 Delta-Wye Connection;101
4.19.4;2.19.4 Delta-Delta Connection;102
4.20;2.20 Instrument Transformers;105
4.21;Exercise Problems;106
4.22;References;110
5;3 Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Faults;111
5.1;3.1 Introduction;111
5.2;3.2 Symmetrical Faults;111
5.3;3.3 Unsymmetrical Faults;112
5.4;3.4 Symmetrical Components;112
5.5;3.5 Representation of Symmetrical Components;114
5.6;3.6 Complex Power in Symmetrical Components;119
5.7;3.7 Sequence Impedances of Power System Equipment;121
5.8;3.8 Zero Sequence Models;125
5.9;3.9 Classification of Unsymmetrical Faults;130
5.10;3.10 Sequence Network of an Unloaded Synchronous Generator;131
5.11;3.11 Single Line-to-Ground Fault;134
5.12;3.12 Line-to-Line Fault;139
5.13;3.13 Double Line-to-Ground Fault;144
5.14;Exercise Problems;157
5.15;References;161
6;4 Grounding System Parameters and Expression of Ground Resistance;162
6.1;4.1 Introduction;162
6.2;4.2 Objectives of Grounding System;162
6.3;4.3 Grounding Symbols and Classification;163
6.4;4.4 Ungrounded Systems;164
6.5;4.5 Grounded Systems;171
6.5.1;4.5.1 Solidly Grounded System;171
6.5.2;4.5.2 Resistance Grounding;176
6.5.3;4.5.3 Reactance Grounding;178
6.5.4;4.5.4 Voltage Transformer Grounding;179
6.6;4.6 Resonant Grounding;180
6.7;4.7 Ground Resistance;184
6.8;4.8 Electric Potential;185
6.9;4.9 Ground Resistance with Hemisphere;186
6.10;4.10 Ground Resistance with Sphere Electrode;189
6.11;4.11 Ground Resistance with Cylindrical Rod;191
6.12;4.12 Ground Resistance with Circular Plate;200
6.13;4.13 Ground Resistance with Conductor Type Electrode;205
6.14;Exercise Problems;209
6.15;References;210
7;5 Soil Resistivity;211
7.1;5.1 Introduction;211
7.2;5.2 Soil Resistance and Resistivity;211
7.3;5.3 Types of Soil;213
7.4;5.4 Permeability and Permittivity of Soil;215
7.5;5.5 Influence of Different Factors on Soil Resistivity;216
7.6;5.6 Current Density of Soil;218
7.7;5.7 Continuity of Earth Current;220
7.8;5.8 Current Density at Soil Interface;223
7.9;5.9 Derivation of Poisson’s and Laplace’s Equations;227
7.10;5.10 Uniqueness Theorem;230
7.11;5.11 Solutions of Laplace’s Equation;232
7.11.1;5.11.1 One Dimension Solution;232
7.11.2;5.11.2 Two-Dimension Solution;234
7.12;5.12 Solution of Laplace’s Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates;241
7.13;5.13 Spherical Coordinate System;243
7.14;5.14 Solution of Poisson’s Equation;250
7.15;5.15 Numerical Solution of Laplace’s Equation;251
7.16;Exercise Problems;257
7.17;References;257
8;6 Soil Resistivity Measurement;259
8.1;6.1 Introduction;259
8.2;6.2 Two-Pole Method;259
8.3;6.3 Four-Pole Equal Method;260
8.4;6.4 Derivation of Resistivity;262
8.5;6.5 Lee’s Partitioning Method;269
8.6;6.6 Sided Probe System;271
8.7;6.7 Schlumberger Method;273
8.8;6.8 Different Terms in Grounding System;276
8.9;6.9 Touch and Step Potentials;277
8.10;Exercise Problems;282
8.11;References;283
9;7 Ground Resistance Measurement;284
9.1;7.1 Introduction;284
9.2;7.2 Types of Electrodes;284
9.3;7.3 Two-Pole Method;286
9.4;7.4 Three-Pole Method;287
9.5;7.5 Fall of Potential Method;288
9.6;7.6 The 62 % Method;289
9.7;7.7 Derivation of 62 % Method;290
9.8;7.8 Position of Probes;293
9.9;7.9 Clamp-on Method;295
9.10;7.10 Slope Method;297
9.11;7.11 Ammeter-Voltmeter Method;299
9.12;7.12 Ammeter-Wattmeter Method;300
9.13;7.13 Wheatstone Bridge Method;300
9.14;7.14 Bridge Method;302
9.15;7.15 Potentiometer Method;303
9.16;7.16 Measurement of Touch and Step Potentials;305
9.17;7.17 Application Example 1: Measurement of Ground Resistance at Telephone Exchange;306
9.18;7.18 Application Example 2: Measurement of Ground Resistance at Residential Area;308
9.19;7.19 Ground Resistance Measuring Equipment;309
9.20;References;312
10;Index;313