Sammes Fuel Cell Technology

Reaching Towards Commercialization
1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-1-84628-207-2
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 298 Seiten

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the energy of a fuel (such as hydrogen, natural gas or other hydrocarbon-based fuels) directly into electricity. All fuel cells consist of an electrolyte layer in contact with an anode and a cathode on either side. The oxidation reaction occurs on the anode side of the fuel cell, while reduction takes place on the cathode. Single fuel cells are usually connected either in series, or in parallel, to form a stack, which is capable of producing s- eral watts to many kW of power, depending on the requirements. The fuel cell stack requires a number of other components to complete the s- tem. These components are usually termed the balance-of-plant (BoP) and consist of the fuel cell processing section, the power section (the components surrounding the stack itself) and the power conditioning and control units. Fuel processing is required to produce a hydrogen-rich gas (and possibly to desulfurize the gas), while the power-conditioning unit is there to convert variable DC to controlled AC current, with a specific frequency, active and reactive power. It also acts as fe- back to control the fuel flow to the stack.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Sammes, Nigel

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Acknowledgments;7
3;Contents;9
4;List of Contributors;13
5;1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells;15
5.1;1.1 Introduction;15
5.2;1.2 Operation and Performance;16
5.3;1.3 SOFC Materials;17
5.3.1;1.3.1 Anode;18
5.3.2;1.3.2 Electrolyte;19
5.3.3;1.3.3 Cathode;21
5.3.4;1.3.4 Interconnect;21
5.4;1.4 Geometrical Designs;22
5.4.1;1.4.1 Flat Planar;22
5.4.2;1.4.2 Monolithic Design;22
5.4.3;1.4.3 Tubular Design;23
5.5;1.5 Design of an SOFC Stack. The Case of Micro-tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell;24
5.5.1;1.5.1 Stack Configuration;24
5.5.2;1.5.2 Single Cells Construction;26
5.5.3;1.5.3 Joining Current Collectors and Single Cells;27
5.5.4;1.5.4 Stack Design and Expected Performance;29
5.6;1.6 Applications;33
5.6.1;1.6.1 Residential Application;34
5.6.2;1.6.2 Power Plant and Grid Support;34
5.6.3;1.6.3 Auxiliary Power Unit;35
5.7;1.7 References;36
6;2 PEM Fuel Cells;41
6.1;2.1 Introduction;41
6.2;2.2 PEM Fuel Cell Components and Their Properties;45
6.2.1;2.2.1 Membrane;45
6.2.2;2.2.2 Electrode;46
6.2.3;2.2.3 Gas Diffusion Layer;48
6.2.4;2.2.4 Bipolar Plates;48
6.3;2.3 Stack Design Principles;49
6.4;2.4 System Design;52
6.5;2.5 Fuel Cell Applications;56
6.5.1;2.5.1 Automotive Applications;57
6.5.2;2.5.2 Stationary Power Applications;60
6.5.3;2.5.3 Portable Power Applications;61
6.6;2.6 Summary;62
6.7;2.7 References;63
7;3 Durability and Accelerated Characterization of Fuel Cells;67
7.1;3.1 Introduction;67
7.2;3.2 Strength-based Performance Metrics;69
7.2.1;3.2.1 Failure Functions for Damage Accumulation;70
7.3;3.3 Polymer-based Systems;72
7.4;3.4 Ceramic-based Systems;76
7.4.1;3.4.1 Electrochemical Performance Metrics;76
7.4.2;3.4.2 Applying the Electrochemical Model;79
7.5;3.5 Summary;80
7.6;3.6 References;81
8;4 Transport and Electrochemical Phenomena;83
8.1;4.1 Introduction;83
8.2;4.2 Modeling of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells;84
8.2.1;4.2.1 Performance Models;85
8.2.2;4.2.2 Mechanistic Modeling of PEM Fuel Cell;89
8.3;4.3 Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells;131
8.3.1;4.3.1 Component Materials and Electrochemistry;133
8.3.2;4.3.2 Performance Models for SOFC;135
8.3.3;4.3.3 Mechanistic Models for SOFC;137
8.3.4;4.3.4 Results and Discussion;141
8.4;4.4 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells;145
8.4.1;4.4.1 Performance Models;147
8.4.2;4.4.2 Mechanistic Models;149
8.4.3;4.4.3 Results and Discussion;150
8.5;4.5 Application Considerations;153
8.5.1;4.5.1 Optimization Based on Parametric Studies;154
8.5.2;4.5.2 Optimization Based on a Numerical Optimizer;157
8.5.3;4.5.3 Stochastic Modeling of Fuel Cell Performance under Uncertainty;161
8.6;4.6 Concluding Remarks;163
8.7;4.7 Acknowledgement;165
8.8;4.8 References;165
9;5 Fuels and Fuel Processing;179
9.1;5.1 Introduction;179
9.2;5.2 Feedstocks for H2 Production;180
9.2.1;5.2.1 Natural Gas;180
9.2.2;5.2.2 Liquid Petroleum Gas;181
9.2.3;5.2.3 Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels: Gasoline and Diesel;181
9.2.4;5.2.4 Alcohols: Methanol and Ethanol;181
9.2.5;5.2.5 Ammonia;182
9.2.6;5.2.6 Biomass;184
9.3;5.3 Fuel Processing for Fuel Cell Application;184
9.3.1;5.3.1 Desulfurization;185
9.3.2;5.3.2 Fuel Reforming;195
9.3.3;5.3.3 Water-Gas Shift Reaction;204
9.3.4;5.3.4 Carbon Monoxide Removal;205
9.3.5;5.3.5 HD-5 Propane Processing for Direct Carbonate Fuel Cell ( DFCTM) Applications;209
9.4;5.4 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research;215
9.5;5.5 References;216
10;6 System-level Modeling of PEM Fuel Cells;227
10.1;6.1 Introduction;227
10.2;6.2 PEMFC System-level Dynamic Modeling;229
10.2.1;6.2.1 Cathode and Anode Channel Control Volumes;230
10.2.2;6.2.2 Fuel Cell Body;237
10.2.3;6.2.3 Cooling Water;240
10.2.4;6.2.4 Electrochemical Reaction;240
10.3;6.3 Model Validation and Analyses;241
10.3.1;6.3.1 Validation with Respect to Experimental Data and Comparison;241
10.3.2;6.3.2 System-level Dynamic Analyses;244
10.4;6.4 References;249
11;7 New Generation of Catalyst Layers for PEMFCs Based on Carbon Aerogel Supported Pt Catalyst ( CASPC);251
11.1;7.1 Introduction;251
11.2;7.2 Experimental;252
11.2.1;7.2.1 Characterization of the Aerogel Supported Pt Catalysts;252
11.2.2;7.2.2 Preparation of Catalyst Pastes and Membrane Electrode Assemblies;253
11.2.3;7.2.3 Cyclic Voltammetry Measurements;254
11.2.4;7.2.4 PEM Fuel Cell Testing Procedure;255
11.3;7.3 Results and discussion;255
11.3.1;7.3.1 CASPC Morphology and BET Measurements;255
11.3.2;7.3.2 Electrochemical Surface Area of Aerogel Supported Catalysts;256
11.3.3;7.3.3 Evaluation of PEMFC Performance at Elevated and Room Temperatures;257
11.3.4;7.3.4 Catalytic Activity of CASPC: Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) and Tafel Slope;257
11.4;7.4 Conclusion;263
11.5;7.5 References;264
12;8 Power Conditioning and Control of Fuel Cell Systems;267
12.1;8.1 Introduction;267
12.2;8.2 Fuel Cell Basics;268
12.2.1;8.2.1 Physics;268
12.2.2;8.2.2 Power Generation;269
12.2.3;8.2.3 Loss Mechanism;270
12.2.4;8.2.4 Equivalent Circuit;270
12.3;8.3 Power Conditioning;271
12.3.1;8.3.1 Fuel Cell Systems;271
12.3.2;8.3.2 Storage System;273
12.3.3;8.3.3 Voltage Regulation;273
12.3.4;8.3.4 DC/DC and DC/AC Converters;274
12.3.5;8.3.5 Power Transistors;274
12.3.6;8.3.6 DC/DC;275
13;9 Microbial Fuel Cells;291
13.1;9.1 Microbial Fuel Cells;291
13.1.1;9.1.1 Introduction;291
13.1.2;9.1.2 Historical Perspective;292
13.1.3;9.1.3 MFC Performance;292
13.1.4;9.1.4 MFC Applications;293
13.2;9.2 Microbiology Overview;294
13.2.1;9.2.1 Bacterial Structure;294
13.2.2;9.2.2 Nutrient Transport;295
13.2.3;9.2.3 Cellular Energy and Electron Carriers;295
13.2.4;9.2.4 Coupling Cellular Electrochemistry to the Anode;296
13.3;9.3 A Theoretical Treatment of MFC Anode Reactions;297
13.3.1;9.3.1 What Limits MFC Electrical Output?;297
13.4;9.4 Metabolic Engineering;299
13.5;9.5 References;307
14;Index;311