Satake Tsunamis

Case Studies and Recent Developments
1. Auflage 2005
ISBN: 978-1-4020-3331-5
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 23, 347 Seiten

Reihe: Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research

A timely review of state-of-the-art tsunami research, covering case studies and recent developments from various approaches. Provides a practical guide to improving operational tsunami warning systems and mitigating coastal hazard from tsunamis.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Satake, Kenji

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;TABLE OF CONTENTS;6
2;PREFACE;8
3;1992-2002: PERSPECTIVE ON A DECADE OF POST-TSUNAMI SURVEYS;10
3.1;1. Introduction;10
3.2;2. Goals and Methods;12
3.3;3. Individual tsunami surveys;16
3.4;4. The use of regional run-up datasets as identifiers of tsunami sources;26
3.5;5. Extension to historical events: The case of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami;27
3.6;6. Conclusion;33
3.7;Acknowledgments;33
3.8;References;34
4;THE FIORDLAND EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI, NEW ZEALAND, 21 AUGUST 2003;39
4.1;1 Introduction;39
4.2;2 Tectonic setting;41
4.3;3 Earthquake mechanism and deformation;41
4.4;4 Tsunami;44
4.5;5 Summary and Conclusions;49
4.6;Acknowledgements;50
4.7;References;50
5;TIMING AND SCALE OF TSUNAMIS CAUSED BY THE 1994 RABAUL ERUPTION, EAST NEW BRITAIN, PAPUA NEW GUINEA;51
5.1;1 Introduction;51
5.2;2 The 1994 Rabaul eruption and tsunamis;53
5.3;3 Tsunami deposits identified from Simpson Harbor;54
5.4;4 Lithofacies of tsunami deposits;55
5.5;5 Chronology of volcanic eruptions and tsunamis;58
5.6;6 Scale of the tsunamis;60
5.7;7 Discussion;62
5.8;8 Conclusion;63
5.9;Acknowledgements;63
5.10;References;63
6;ANALYSIS OF TIDE-GAUGE RECORDS OF THE 1883 KRAKATAU TSUNAMI;65
6.1;1 Introduction;65
6.2;2 Processing and Computing;68
6.3;3 Analysis of the tide-gauge records;72
6.4;4 Conclusion;84
6.5;Acknowledgement;84
6.6;References;85
7;MODEL OF TSUNAMI GENERATION BY COLLAPSE OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION: THE 1741 OSHIMA- OSHIMA TSUNAMI;86
7.1;1 Introduction;86
7.2;2 Laboratory Experiments;88
7.3;3 Improvement of two-layer Model;90
7.4;4 Reproducibility of the 1741 OSHIMA-OSHIMA tsunami;94
7.5;5 Conclusions;101
7.6;References;102
8;DELAYED PEAKS OF TSUNAMI WAVEFORMS AT MIYAKO FROM EARTHQUAKES EAST OFF HOKKAIDO;121
8.1;1 Introduction;121
8.2;2 The delayed peak generated in the sea area east off Hokkaido;122
8.3;3 Numerical calculations for The 1973 Nemuro-Hanto-oki earthquake tsunami;124
8.4;4 The delayed peak of the 1973 Earthquake in the numerically calculated results;129
8.5;5 Cause of the delayed peaks;130
8.6;6 The propagating routes of the delayed peaks;134
8.7;7 Generality of the delayed phase;136
8.8;8 Conclusions;137
8.9;Acknowledgement;138
8.10;Appendix: the transformation of the initial incident wave into the edge wave;138
8.11;References;140
9;FIELD SURVEY OF THE 2003 TOKACHI-OKI EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI AND SIMULATION AT THE OOTSU HARBOR LOCATED AT THE PACIFIC COAST OF HOKKAIDO, JAPAN;141
9.1;1 Introduction;142
9.2;2. Tsunami run-up distribution;145
9.3;3 Numerical simulation of tsunami at the Ootsu harbor;152
9.4;4. Conclusions;154
9.5;Acknowledgements;162
9.6;References;162
10;VARIABILITY AMONG TSUNAMI SOURCES IN THE 17TH-21ST CENTURIES ALONG THE SOUTEHRN KURIL TRENCH;163
10.1;1 Introduction;164
10.2;2 2003 Tokachi-oki tsunami;165
10.3;3 Reanalysis of the 1952 tsunami;166
10.4;4 19th century earthquakes and their tsunamis;169
10.5;5 17th-century tsunami;170
10.6;6 Summary;174
10.7;References;175
11;HOLOCENE TSUNAMI TRACES ON KUNASHIR ISLAND, KURILE SUBDUCTION ZONE;177
11.1;1 Introduction;177
11.2;2 Material and methods;178
11.3;3 Results;182
11.4;4 Discussion;194
11.5;5 Conclusion;195
11.6;Acknowledgements;196
11.7;References;196
12;DISTRIBUTION OF CUMULATIVE TSUNAMI ENERGY FROM ALASKA-ALEUTIANS TO WESTERN CANADA;199
12.1;1 Introduction;199
12.2;2 Tsunami source areas;200
12.3;3 Distributions of square value of tsunami height;201
12.4;4 Historical tsunamis (1788-1899);203
12.5;5 Distributions of cumulative tsunami energy;204
12.6;6 Conclusion;205
12.7;References;206
13;MAPPING THE POSSIBLE TSUNAMI HAZARD AS THE FIRST STEP TOWARDS A TSUNAMI RESISTANT COMMUNITY IN ESMERALDAS, ECUADOR;208
13.1;1 Introduction;208
13.2;2 Numerical modeling of the tsunami;210
13.3;3 Tsunami inundation map for Esmeraldas;216
13.4;4 Discussion and conclusions;219
13.5;Acknowledgements;219
13.6;References;220
14;PROGRESSES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF TSUNAMI GENESIS AND IMPACTS AROUND THE PORTUGUESE COASTS;221
14.1;1 Introduction;222
14.2;2 Earthquake and tsunami source;222
14.3;3 Tsunami modeling;230
14.4;4 Tsunami hazards;231
14.5;5 Conclusions;233
14.6;References;233
15;QUICK TSUNAMI FORECASTING BASED ON DATABASE;235
15.1;1 Introduction;235
15.2;2 Data base driven quick tsunami forecasting;236
15.3;3. Numerical Model;239
15.4;4. Quick tsunami forecasting of the 1983 tsunami event;242
15.5;5. Concluding remarks;243
15.6;Acknowledgements;244
15.7;References;244
16;ADJOINT INVERSION OF THE SOURCE PARAMETERS OF NEAR-SHORE TSUNAMIGENIC EARTHQUAKES;245
16.1;1 Introduction;245
16.2;2 Inversion method;246
16.3;3 Experimental setup;247
16.4;4 Slope effects;250
16.5;5 Source delimitation and spatially delimited inversion;251
16.6;6 Inversion in the Okada space;254
16.7;7 Conclusions;261
16.8;Acknowledgements;261
16.9;References;262
17;EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FOR SOLID BLOCK AND GRANULAR SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES: A UNIFIED APPROACH;263
17.1;1 Introduction;264
17.2;2 Methods;268
17.3;3 Results ;275
17.4;4 Concluding remarks;279
17.5;5 Acknowledgements;280
17.6;References;280
18;EFFECTS OF COASTAL FOREST ON TSUNAMI HAZARD MITIGATION – A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION;282
18.1;1 Introduction;282
18.2;2. Several reduction effects to tsunami disasters by coastal forest;283
18.3;3 Evaluation of the effect on tsunami reduction by using of numerical simulation;285
18.4;4 Conclusion;294
18.5;Acknowledgements;294
18.6;References;294
19;FLUID FORCE ON VEGETATION DUE TO TSUNAMI FLOW ON A SAND SPIT;296
19.1;1 Introduction;296
19.2;2 Experiments;297
19.3;3 Fluid force on vegetation;299
19.4;4 Discussions;302
19.5;5 Conclusions;306
19.6;References;307
20;HYDRO- ACOUSTIC MONITORING ON THE KAMCHATKA SHELF: A POSSIBILITY OF EARLY LOCATION OF OCEANIC EARTHQUAKE AND LOCAL TSUNAMI WARNING;308
20.1;1 Introduction;308
20.2;2 Hydro-acoustic data;310
20.3;3 Analysis of hydro-acoustic signals and Kamchatka Regional Earthquake Catalog;311
20.4;Date H Min. Sec. Lat. Long Dep. km Mb Source;317
20.5;4 Discussion;318
20.6;5 Conclusions;319
20.7;Acknowledgements.;320
20.8;References;320
21;ELECTROMAGNETIC TSUNAMI MONITORING: THEORY AND RECOMMENDATIONS;321
21.1;1 Introduction;321
21.2;2 Characteristics of the model medium and its seismic excitation;322
21.3;3 Equations of seismo-hydro-electromagnetic interaction;324
21.4;4 Early measurable signals of a seismic excitation of geological structures beneath a sea floor;327
21.5;5 Seismo-EM signals at the sea surface and in atmosphere;330
21.6;6 Discussion;334
21.7;7 Recommendations and conclusion;339
21.8;Acknowledgements;341
21.9;References;341
22;SUBJECT INDEX;343

Leseproben

HOLOCENE TSUNAMI TRACES ON KUNASHIR ISLAND, KURILE SUBDUCTION ZONE (p. 171-172)

A.YA. ILIEV1, V.M. KAISTRENKO1, E.V. GRETSKAYA1, E.A. TIKHONCHUK1, N.G. RAZJIGAEVA2, T.A. GREBENNIKOVA2, L.A. GANZEY2 AND A.A. KHARLAMOV3

1 Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics FEB RAS, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia
2 Pacific Institute of Geography FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia y
3 P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Moscow, Russia

The paper presents the detailed study of sediments deposited by middle-late Holocene tsunami in the Pacific Ocean at the Okhotsk Sea area and Izmena Bay coast of Kunashir Island. Seventeen thin sand-layers were found to be intercalated within peat of lacustrine deposits. Field data, grain-size composition, and biostratigraphical data allow interpretation of them as paleotsunami traces. Age of the sand-sheet was based a on radiocarbon dating and tephrostratigraphy. Diatoms helped identify the tsunami deposits’ origins and confirm that the sands had a marine source, and establish the landward extent of tsunami inundation. Tsunami deposits contain more contents of neritic and oceanic diatoms than marine units deposited during Holocene transgressions. The sand layers were deposited by tsunami with a maximal run-up more than 7 m, and penetration inland more the 2.5 km. The time period relating to the found tsunami deposits is 6,000–7,000 years. Correlation of tsunami events of Kunashir, Iturup Island, and Eastern Hokkaido have been done.

Key words:
tsunami deposits, diatoms, inundation limit, Holocene, Southern Kuriles.

1 Introduction

Located in one of the most active seismic regions of North-Western Pacific, Kunashir Island is known to have several great earthquakes during historical times, some of which were accompanied by tsunami. Tsunami waves produced by the 4 October 1994 earthquake, the epicenter of which was located near Shikotan Island, had the heights up to 8.7 m above mean sea level on the eastern coast of the Kunashir Island (Korolyov et al., 1997). Catastrophic tsunami are rare events, and historical data does not include reliable estimates of their frequency, impact on natural environments, and their effect on coastal development and tsunami hazard prognoses. The modern approach to such problems supposes a search and analysis of geological traces of paleotsumani that allows a reconstruction of the chronology of catastrophic tsunami at the Holocene, estimate their frequency and intensity, and spatial distribution on the basis of the correlation of tsunami deposits of contiguous areas. Evidence of strong tsunamis and pre-historic earthquakes in this region has been found in Iturup Island (Bulgakov et al., 1995) and Eastern Hokkaido (Nanayama et al., 2000, 2003, Sawai, 2002, Hirakawa et al., 2003).

Existing tsunami catalogues contain the tsunami data for the Kunashir Island coast only since 1958. Such a short tsunami history of this region doesn’t allow the creation of a good model for the description of the tsunami activity. However the needed tsunami data can be found in Holocene coastal sequences. Holocene peatlands, widespread along the Pacific coast of Kunashir and within low isthmuses are informative objects for paleotsunami study. Other useful objects for examination are numerous modern, and ancient, coastal lakes in the region. The paleotsunami study includes searches of their traces in Holocene sequences and, afterwards, the identification of their origins by diatom analysis and sedimentological methods.

Diatoms are particularly useful in studies of paleotsunami deposits because different species are found in freshwater than in brackish-marine environments, and, therefore, can be used to identify past marine incursion, including those associated with tsunami (Minoura and Nakata, 1994, Hemphill-Haley, 1996, Nanayama et al., 2000, 2003, Nishimura et al., 2000, Sawai, 2002). Frequent volcanic activity on Kunashir Island are main factors for favorable diatoms development in different freshwater and marine environments (Grebennikova, 2000). The presence of marine and brackish diatoms among freshwater assemblages in thin sand layers indicates short-time marine influence, which can be connected to storm-surge or tsunami. Marine diatoms from these deposits are rare and most valves are fragmented (Sawai, 2001, 2002). Diatom assemblages from marine deposits that formed during transgressions are characterized by high abundance and high diversity of marine species and well-preserved valves. Ecological parameters of such diatom assemblages are typical for climatic warming. Thickness of transgressive sequences is, as a rule, significant. This paper presents the result of reconnaissance work, some stratigraphical data, and other evidence, for a several tsunami that occurred about 6,000-7,000 years BP on the South Kurile region.