Schmidt Cooperative Work and Coordinative Practices

Contributions to the Conceptual Foundations of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-1-84800-068-1
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 472 Seiten

Reihe: Computer Supported Cooperative Work

Information technology has been used in organisational settings and for organisational purposes such as accounting, for a half century, but IT is now increasingly being used for the purposes of mediating and regulating complex activities in which multiple professional users are involved, such as in factories, hospitals, architectural offices, and so on. The economic importance of such coordination systems is enormous but their design often inadequate. The problem is that our understanding of the coordinative practices for which these systems are developed is deficient, leaving systems developers and software engineers to base their designs on commonsensical requirements analyses. The research reflected in this book addresses these very problems. It is a collection of articles which establish a conceptual foundation for the research area of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Schmidt, Kjeld

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Acknowledgments;9
3;Contents;11
4;Part I Progress Report;12
4.1;1 Cooperative Work and Coordinative Practices;13
4.1.1;1 The Road to CSCW;14
4.1.2;2 The Concept of Cooperative Work: The Mundane Case of Moving;17
4.1.3;3 Strategic Distinctions;20
4.1.4;4 Coordinative Practices: From 'Coordination Mechanisms' to 'Ordering Systems';24
4.1.4.1;4.1 Coordination Mechanisms in Practice;25
4.1.4.2;4.2 Understanding Computational Coordination Mechanisms;26
4.1.4.3;4.3 Coordination Mechanisms Reconsidered;27
4.1.4.4;4.4 Ordering Systems;31
4.1.5;5 CSCW's Radical Program;33
4.1.6;6 For Lack of a Conclusion;36
5;Part II Surveying the Connections;38
5.1;2 Riding a Tiger, or Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (1991);39
5.1.1;1 The Emergent Nature of Cooperative Work;39
5.1.2;2 The Dialectics of Cooperative Work;42
5.1.3;3 The Precarious Use of Models in CSCW;46
5.2;3 Taking CSCW Seriously: Supporting Articulation Work (1992);53
5.2.1;1 Some Background;54
5.2.2;2 A Conceptualization of CSCW;55
5.2.2.1;2.1 The Approach of CSCW: Computer Support;56
5.2.2.2;2.2 The Scope of CSCW: Cooperative Work;58
5.2.2.2.1;2.2.1 The Nature of Cooperative Work;58
5.2.2.2.2;2.2.2 The Rich Diversity of Cooperative Work;60
5.2.2.2.3;2.2.3 Articulation Work;63
5.2.2.3;2.3 Why CSCW Now?;65
5.2.3;3 Supporting Articulation Work;67
5.2.3.1;3.1 Supporting the Management of Workflows;67
5.2.3.2;3.2 Supporting the Management of a Common Information Space;71
5.2.3.2.1;3.2.1 The Role of Interpretation Work;71
5.2.3.2.2;3.2.2 The Distributed Nature of Cooperative Work;75
5.2.4;4 Conclusion;79
5.3;4 The Organization of Cooperative Work (1994);80
5.3.1;Beyond the ‘Leviathan’ Conception of the Organizationof CooperativeWork;80
5.3.2;1 The Problem;80
5.3.3;2 The 'Leviathan' Approach to Organizational Theory;83
5.3.3.1;2.1 Commons;83
5.3.3.2;2.2 Coase;84
5.3.3.3;2.3 Williamson;86
5.3.4;3 Critique of the 'Leviathan' Approach;87
5.3.5;4 Beyond the 'Leviathan' Approach;90
5.3.5.1;4.1 Perspectives of a 'Cooperative Work' Approach to Organizational Theory;90
5.3.5.1.1;4.1.1 Cooperative Work Arrangement;91
5.3.5.1.2;4.1.2 Work Organization;94
5.3.5.1.3;4.1.3 Formal Organization;95
5.3.5.1.4;4.1.4 Firm, Network…;96
5.3.6;5 Conclusions;97
5.4;5 Coordination Mechanisms (1996);99
5.4.1;Towards a Conceptual Foundation of CSCW SystemsDesign;99
5.4.2;1 The Issue of Articulation Work;100
5.4.3;2 The Complexity of Articulation Work;102
5.4.4;3 Coordination Mechanisms: Evidence and Concept;106
5.4.4.1;3.1 Coordination Mechanisms: The Protocol;109
5.4.4.2;3.2 Coordination Mechanisms: The Artifact;119
5.4.4.3;3.3 Coordination Mechanisms: Alignment;123
5.4.5;4 Computational Coordination Mechanisms;125
5.4.5.1;4.1 Malleability;127
5.4.5.2;4.2 Linkability;129
5.4.6;5 In lieu of a Conclusion: The Ariadne Notation;131
5.5;6 Of Maps and Scripts (1997);138
5.5.1;The Status of Formal Constructs in Cooperative Work;138
5.5.2;1 Determining the Meaning of Formal Constructs;140
5.5.3;2 The Problem of Generalization;142
5.5.4;3 Maps and Scripts;146
5.5.5;4 The Crucial Role of Artifacts;151
5.5.6;5 Conclusions;153
5.6;7 The Critical Role of Workplace Studies in CSCW (2000);154
5.7;8 The Problem with 'Awareness' (2002);162
5.8;9 Remarks on the Complexity of Cooperative Work (2002);172
5.8.1;1 The Puzzle of 'Cooperative Work';172
5.8.2;2 Taking Serious Work Seriously;174
5.8.3;3 The Problematic Concept of Complexity;178
5.8.4;4 A Systemic Conception of Cooperative Work;186
5.8.5;5 The Complexities of the Common Field of Work;190
5.8.6;6 The Complexities of the Cooperative Work Arrangement;192
5.8.7;7 The Complexities of Articulation Work;197
5.9;10 Ordering Systems (2004);205
5.9.1;Coordinative Practices and Artifacts in ArchitecturalDesign and Planning;205
5.9.2;1 Introduction;205
5.9.3;2 The Complexity of Architectural Work;209
5.9.4;3 A Plethora of Representational Artifacts;211
5.9.4.1;3.1 Conceptual Visualizations;213
5.9.4.2;3.2 The System of CAD Plans and Drawings;216
5.9.4.3;3.3 And so on…;218
5.9.4.4;3.4 Representational Artifacts as Objectifications;218
5.9.4.5;3.5 Notations: Standard and ad hoc;220
5.9.5;4 Coordinative Practices and Artifacts;222
5.9.5.1;4.1 Plan Identification;223
5.9.5.2;4.2 The Plan Identification Code and Circulation List;225
5.9.5.3;4.3 The CAD Layer Organization;228
5.9.5.4;4.4 The Component Catalogue;231
5.9.5.5;4.5 The Detail Drawings: The Identification Code and List;232
5.9.5.6;4.6 The Binder System;235
5.9.6;5 The Clustering of Coordinative Practices;236
5.9.7;6 Interlude: The Specificity of Coordinative Practices;240
5.9.7.1;6.1 The Intellectualist Legend;240
5.9.7.2;6.2 Practices of Categorization and Classification;244
5.9.7.3;6.3 Technologies of The Intellect;247
5.9.7.4;6.4 'Crude Written Techniques' As Members' Practices;249
5.9.8;7 The Economy of Ordering Systems;251
5.9.9;8 The Challenge of Ordering Systems For CSCW;254
6;Part III CSCW Reconsidered;256
6.1;11 Formation and Fragmentation;257
6.1.1;1 Cornerstones: The Concepts of 'Practice' and 'Technology';260
6.1.2;2 Computing Technologies and Cooperative Work;276
6.1.2.1;2.1 Division of Labor: Progressive Forms of Work Organization;277
6.1.2.2;2.2 Machinery: The Issue of the Control Function;288
6.1.2.3;2.3 The Universal Control System: The Stored-Program Computer;298
6.1.2.4;2.4 Origins of Computing Technologies in Cooperative Work;302
6.1.2.4.1;2.4.1 Division of 'Mental Labor';302
6.1.2.4.2;2.4.2 Mechanization of 'Mental Labor';309
6.1.2.5;2.5 Facilitation of Cooperative Work: Real-Time Computing;314
6.1.2.5.1;2.5.1 Project Whirlwind;314
6.1.2.5.2;2.5.2 The Whirlwind Legacy;320
6.1.2.5.3;2.5.3 Interactive Computing;323
6.1.2.5.4;2.5.4 The Arrested Growth of Interactive Computing;325
6.1.2.5.5;2.5.5 Interactive Computing and the Cybernetic Notion of 'Human-Computer System';331
6.1.2.6;2.6 Facilitation of Articulation Work: Computer-Mediated Communications;332
6.1.3;3 The Formation of CSCW;336
6.1.3.1;3.1 Proto-CSCW: 'Computer-Mediated Communications';337
6.1.3.2;3.2 The Crisis of the Message-Handling Paradigm;341
6.1.3.3;3.3 Automation of Articulation Work: 'Office Automation';343
6.1.3.4;3.4 The CSCW Research Program;345
6.1.3.5;3.5 Technology and Ethnography: An 'Odd Mix'?;348
6.1.4;4 Accomplishments and Shortcomings;350
6.1.4.1;4.1 Ethnography and Technology: A 'Big Discrepancy'?;351
6.1.4.2;4.2 The Case of 'Awareness Engines';353
6.1.4.3;4.3 Logics of Fragmentation;358
6.2;12 Frail Foundations;360
6.2.1;1 Suchman vs. Cognitivism;361
6.2.1.1;1.1 Suchman's Strategy;364
6.2.1.2;1.2 Counter-Cognitivism;367
6.2.1.3;1.3 Transcendental Judgments;369
6.2.1.4;1.4 Regularity and Normativity;372
6.2.2;2 Work and Interpretation Work;377
6.2.2.1;2.1 Garfinkel (Mis)interpreted;378
6.2.2.2;2.2 Sources of the Interpretation Myth in Sociology;382
6.2.3;3 The Consequences of Counter-Cognitivism;384
6.2.4;4 The Problem of Computational Artifacts;388
6.3;13 Dispelling the Mythology of Computational Artifacts;391
6.3.1;1 Computational Artifacts, or Wittgenstein vs. Turing;393
6.3.1.1;1.1 Foundations Lost;393
6.3.1.2;1.2 Turing's Ambiguous Machine;400
6.3.1.3;1.3 Conceptions of the 'Mechanical';402
6.3.2;2 Room for CSCW;409
6.3.3;3 The Practical Inexorability of CSCW;411
7;References;414
8;Index;457