Schwartz New Materials, Processes, and Methods Technology

Erscheinungsjahr 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4200-3934-4
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 712 Seiten

Materials selection is a crucial factor in determining the cost, quality, and corrosion protection for every engineering project. The variety of increasingly durable materials and their combinations, coupled with the rise of new and more critical service requirements and the demand for lower costs, have expanded upon trial-and-error criteria into methodical, multi-dimensional approaches to materials selection.

An invaluable resource that analyzes materials from a microscopic perspective as well as a macroscopic standpoint, New Materials, Processes, and Methods Technology is a practical guide to matching and applying the material or materials with the right combination of properties in order to meet your design and service conditions. The book presents an update of existing materials and processes as well as newly developed materials that have been invented or changed by innovative techniques within the past decade. It details recent research, various analytical methods, key material and design considerations, fabrication methods, and developmental processes. Each section covers a material or material-family and the techniques required for practical applications.

Anticipating future trends and prospects, the book also examines the foundations to several innovative technologies, including the potential of tailor-made materials, various types of fuel cells, and the properties of FGMs in current and future metallic and non-metallic systems and models. In its final chapter, the book highlights processes that are poised for production as well as prospects still in experimentation and testing phases. New Materials, Processes, and Methods Technology provides today's scientists, technicians, and engineering departments devoted to resolving application requirements with performance properties using a well-executed material selection process.

Zielgruppe

Materials scientists, graduate students, technicians, researchers, and engineers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Schwartz, Mel

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Maschinenbau | Werkstoffkunde Technische Mechanik | Werkstoffkunde

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Introduction

References

Nanotechnology

Nanoscience/Nanotechnology

Nanofabrication/Nanoassembly
Atomic Bit Processing
Nanomaterials

Synthesis: Metals/Intermetallics
Sol-Gel Methods

Compaction
Silicon-Based Nanostructures
Hybrid Semiconductors - Molecular Nanoelectronics

Hybrid Circuits

Nanophase Materials

Producing Nanophase Particles

Grain Boundaries/Size

Nanostructured Oxides
Nanostructured Nitrides and Carbonitrides
Nanocomposites
Background
Some Typical Material Types and Processing Methods
Modeling

Polymer Nanocomposites
Properties of PNCs
Some Applications of Nanotechnology
Films/Coatings

Nanoelectronics
New Bone Materials
Shoes

Biosensors/Computational Optoelectronics

Molecular Electronics
Inorganic Nanowires
Lubricants

Polyesters

Cellulose Materials

Automotive
Protection of Food Supply

Optics
Building Blocks (Carbon Tubules)

Motors
Switches
Rules and Measuring Devices

Piezoceramics

Clothing
Clusters
Cosmetics

Nanowire Arrays

Nanobatteries

Future and Potential
Challenges
Self-Assembly
Next Decade

Carbon-Carbon Composites

Introduction

Graphite and Carbon-Carbon Composites
Carbon Fiber and Matrix Materials

Carbon Fibers

Matrix Materials
Thermosetting Resins
Tar Pitch Resins
Carbon Fiber Structure

Rayon-Based Carbon Fibers
Pan-Based Carbon Fibers

Pitch-Derived Carbon Fibers
Fiber Structure and Architecture
Weaving
Multidirectional Preforms

Braiding
Matrix Precursors
C/C Significant Properties

Mechanical Properties
High-Temperature Mechanical Properties
Fatigue Properties
Fracture Toughness

Thermal Properties

Processing Effects on Mechanical Properties
Oxidation Protection

Low-Temperature Protection (up to 1000ºC)

Protection up to 1800ºC

Protection Beyond 1800ºC

NDE of Coatings
Fabrication Processes/Techniques

Mechanical Fastening
Brazing
High-Energy Electron Beam (HEEB)
Applications
Brakes and Clutches
Pistons
Rocket Motors

Heat Shields (Thermal Protection Systems)
Aero-Engine Components
Biomedical Devices

Industrial and Miscellaneous Applications
Reflective Panels

Ion-Accelerator Grids
Glass Making
High-Temperature Mechanical Fasteners

Molds for Forming Superplastic Metals
Hot Press Dies
Hot Gas Ducts
Furnace Heating Elements and Charging Stages
Summary

Shape Memory Alloys/Effect

Introduction

One-Way Shape Memory Effect

Two-Way Shape Memory Effect

How It Works

SMA Systems

Fe-based Alloys
Cu-based Alloys
Ni-Ti Alloys

Ternary Ni-Ti Alloy Systems

Composite Materials

Other Types of SMAs
Hybrid Composites

Material Forms

Design Constraints and Considerations

General Guidelines
Material Processing Techniques

Cu-Al-Ni-based SMA
Fabrication Techniques

Joining
Fusion Welding of SMAs

Solid-State Welding of SMAs

Alternative Processes for Joining
Superplastic Forming
Forming

Machining

Design for Assembly
Laser Machining

SMA Applications
Aeronautics/Aerospace
Consumer Products
Commercial/Industrial Safety
Medical

Automotive
Industrial/Civil Engineering

Reinforcing or Decommissioning Structures

Power Generation System
Miscellaneous

Electronics

Future Trends and Prospects

Final Remarks on Future Prospects
SMPs

Nanostructured Materials (NSM)
Structure and Properties of NSM
Nanocrystals and Nanocrystalline Materials
Nanocrystals

Nanocrystalline Materials

Nanocrystalline Processing

Sintering

CVS

Nanocomposites
Ceramics
Sintering

Other Processes

Powder-Making

Nanomanufacturing

Nanocomposite Applications and Directions

Automotive
Coatings
Gas Phase Condensation (GPC)
MEMS
Medical

Textile/Clothing
Micro Springs

Computers

Miscellaneous

Nanoparticles
Nanopowders

Approaches to Powder Fabrication
Densification and Treatment
Applications
Nanowires

Nanobelts

Nanofilms
Nanocircuits
Nanowhiskers
Nanocapsules
Nanospheres

Nanofibers
Nanoceramics/Shells

Nanoantennas
Nanoelectronics
Hybrid Circuits

Neuromorphic Networks

Self-Evolution

Powder Metallurgy (P/M)

Introduction

Definition

Materials
Titanium Alloys
Intermetallics

Composites

Copper-Iron-Cobalt Alloys
Rhenium
Cermets
Cemented Carbides

Tungsten-Based Heavy Alloys
Processes for Powder Production

Status of MA
Solid Solubility Processing
Plasma Processing (PP)
Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)
Novel Plasma Process

Plasma Melting

Plasma Discharge Spheroidization (PDS)
Spray Compaction

Other Innovative Advanced P/M Processes
Warm Compaction
Cold Forming

Dynamic Magnetic Compaction

Laser Manufacturing/Processing

Processes for Part Fabrication
Specialty Production Processes: Powder-Injection Molding

What Is PIM?
Design and Material Considerations
Materials and Trends

Another Specialty Production Process: Metal Injection
Molding (MIM)

Typical Applications

Nanotubes
Introduction

Definition and Structure
Growth and Fabrication
Properties

Mechanical Properties
Composite-Reinforced Properties

Electrical Properties
Thermal Properties

Other Properties
Dialing-Up Properties

Other Nanotube Materials

Welding Nanotubes

Applications
DNA
Military and Space

Composites

Medical

Commercial Products and Fiber Optics
Electronics

Future Potential

Functionally Gradient Materials

Introduction

Definition and Design of FGMs

Definition

Design
Material Combinations

Fabrication/Processing Methods

Joining FGMs
Properties

Applications
Dental Implant

Building Materials

Ballistic Protection

Temperature Sensors

Microelectromechanical Systems

Introduction

What Are MEMS?
MEMS Design
Types of MEMS
Fabrication
UV Lasers
Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition

Wafer-Level Membrane Transfer Process

Micromachines

Manufacturing MEMS
Applications
Future Potential
Packaging Advancements

Future Work

Fuel Cells
Introduction

What is a Fuel Cell?

Major Types and Operations

Proton Exchange Membrane
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)

Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)

Other Fuel Cells

Applications in Transportation
Automotive
Motorcycles, Scooters, and Water Taxis
Locomotives, Submarines, Ferries, and Yachts
Trucks and Buses

Auxiliary Power Units
Applications in Commercial Sector

Cell Phones/Computers
DC Rotary Motors

Office Buildings/Residential Homes/Hotels

Communications Equipment
Forklifts

Power Plant

Medical Implants

Power Supply Equipment
Life-Cycle Cost Savings
Musical Band
Sailboats/Powerboats

Future

Liquid Crystal Polymers/Interpenetrating Network for Polymers/Interpenetrating Phase Ceramics

Liquid Crystal Polymers (LCP)

Introduction

Types (Classes) and Properties
Properties Especially Affecting Design
Properties and How They Affect Molding
Other Properties
Processing

Applications
Interpenetrating Network (IPN)

Introduction

Types
Processes
Applications
Interpenetrating Phase Ceramics (IPCs)

Processes and Fabrication

Introduction

Composite Processes

Dry Process for PI/C and B: Fiber Tape
Metal Matrix Composites (MMC)
RTM/CoRTM/VARTM/RARTM
Infusion Processes: Resin Film Infusion (RFI)/DIAB Method

Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)

Metal Matrix Composites

Advanced Fibers/Whiskers/Particulates

Siboramic Fibers
TiB Whiskers
Biocomposites
Crystaloy™ or CxA
Laser Processes
Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS)

Peening

Welding

Surface Treatment

Glazing and Cladding
Coatings
Trends

Processes for Applying Coatings

Thermal Spray Processes
Metal Spray Processes
Friction Stir Processes (FSP)
Friction Stir Processing for Superplasticity
Friction Stir Welding (FSW)
Magnetic Pulse Welding (MPW)
Ceramic Welding
Ceramic Joining
Adhesives
Wire Bonding
Nitrocarburizing
Process

Vacuum Carburizing

Electrospinning
Process

Applications
Spinning Spider Silk
Press Forming Thermoplastics

Ion Implantation

Gelcasting
Applications
Robocasting
Rapid Prototyping

Plasma-Assisted Boriding
Net-Shape P/M
Rheocasting Processes
SemiSolid Casting
Investment Casting
Single Crystals
Single Crystal Ceramics
Microwave Processing

Drilling

Casting and Sintering

Flowforming

X-Ray Inspection
Microfocus X-Ray Inspection Systems
Nanofocus X-Ray Inspection

Future of X-Ray Inspection

Index