Shami / Maier / Assi Broadband Access Networks

Technologies and Deployments
2009
ISBN: 978-0-387-92131-0
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 379 Seiten

Reihe: Optical Networks

Considering the key evolutions within the access network technologies as well as the unprecedented levels of bandwidth demands by end users, this book condenses the relentless research, design, and deployment experience of state-of-the-art access networks. Furthermore, it shares the critical steps and details of the developments and deployment of these emergent technologies; which is very crucial particularly as telecommunications vendors and carriers are looking for cost-effective ultra-broadband 'last-mile' access solutions to stay competitive in the 'post bubble' era. The book is written to provide a comprehensive overview of the major broadband access technologies and deployments involving internationally recognized authors and key players. Due to its scope and depth, the proposed book is able to fill an important gap of today's available literature.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Shami, Abdallah

Maier, Martin

Assi, Chadi

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;List of Contributors;16
4;Part I Introduction and Enabling Technologies;20
4.1;The Anatomy of an Access Network;21
4.1.1;Nicholas Gagnon;21
4.1.1.1;The Evolution Path of Typical Access Networks;21
4.1.1.2;The Future Is Bright for IP Video;22
4.1.1.3;Not All the Access Network Connection Are Created Equal;22
4.1.1.4;Broadband Copper Access Network Using ADSL2+/VDSL2 Technology;24
4.1.1.5;Fiber-to-the-Home/Building (FTTH/B) Access Network;25
4.1.1.5.1;Point-to-Point Ethernet FTTH (Home-Run FTTH);25
4.1.1.5.2;Passive Optical Network (PON) FTTH;26
4.1.1.5.3;Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)PON FTTH;27
4.1.1.6;Hybrid Fiber Coax Running DOCSIS Protocol;27
4.1.1.7;Wireless Access Network;29
4.1.1.8;Summary;29
4.1.1.9;References;30
4.2;Drivers for Broadband in Europe;31
4.2.1;Evi Zouganeli, Kristin Bugge, Santiago Andres Azcoitia, Juan P. Fernandez Palacios, and Antonio J. Elizondo Armengol Elizondo;31
4.2.1.1;Introduction;31
4.2.1.2;Telecom Trends in Europe;32
4.2.1.2.1;Decline in Fixed Voice and Growth in Broadband and Mobile Minutes;33
4.2.1.2.2;Customers Becoming More Demanding;34
4.2.1.2.3;High Rate of Technology Innovation and RollOut;34
4.2.1.2.4;Competition Moving from Pure Price-to-Price, Service- and Segment-Specific Offers;35
4.2.1.3;Drivers for Broadband Services;35
4.2.1.3.1;Increasing Bandwidth Demand;38
4.2.1.4;Broadband Market in Europe;39
4.2.1.4.1;Broadband Lines, Penetration, and Growth;39
4.2.1.4.2;Broadband by Technology;41
4.2.1.4.3;Broadband Offer;43
4.2.1.4.4;Competition;44
4.2.1.5;Broadband Infrastructure -- Evolution and Trends;45
4.2.1.5.1;Current Broadband Access Technologies and Architectures;45
4.2.1.5.2;Impact of FTTx Deployments on Local Loop Sharing;47
4.2.1.6;Overview on European Regulatory Framework;48
4.2.1.6.1;European Regulation;48
4.2.1.6.2;Regulatory Situation in Some European Countries;50
4.2.1.6.3;Discussion -- The Impact of Regulation;51
4.2.1.7;Summary;52
4.2.1.8;References;53
4.3;Enabling Techniques for Broadband Access Networks;54
4.3.1;Ton Koonen;54
4.3.1.1;Introduction;54
4.3.1.2;Fiber in the Access Network;55
4.3.1.2.1;Fiber-DSL;55
4.3.1.2.2;Hybrid Fiber-Coax;56
4.3.1.2.3;Fiber-Wireless;57
4.3.1.2.4;Fiber to the Home;57
4.3.1.3;Basic Optical Access Network Components;58
4.3.1.3.1;Optical Fiber;58
4.3.1.3.2;Optical Power Splitter;61
4.3.1.3.3;Wavelength Routing Devices;62
4.3.1.4;FTTH Network Topologies;64
4.3.1.4.1;Point-to-Point;64
4.3.1.4.2;Point-to-Multipoint;65
4.3.1.4.3;Cost Aspects;65
4.3.1.5;Multiple Access Techniques for a PON;67
4.3.1.5.1;Time Division Multiple Access;67
4.3.1.5.2;Subcarrier Multiple Access;69
4.3.1.5.3;Optical Code Division Multiple Access;71
4.3.1.5.4;Wavelength Division Multiple Access;72
4.3.1.6;Radio Over Fiber;74
4.3.1.7;Free-Space Optical Communication;77
4.3.1.8;Summary;78
4.3.1.9;References;79
5;Part II Copper and Wireless Access Networks;80
5.1;Vectored DSLs and the Copper PON (CuPON);81
5.1.1;John M. Cioffi, Sumanth Jagannathan, Mehdi Mohseni, and George Ginis;81
5.1.1.1;Introduction;82
5.1.1.2;Vectored-DSM;83
5.1.1.2.1;A Vectoring Tutorial;83
5.1.1.2.2;Differential Vectoring;85
5.1.1.2.3;Full-Vectored Binder Capacity;87
5.1.1.3;A CuPON for savings on access-network purchases;91
5.1.1.4;Summary;94
5.1.1.5;References;94
5.2;Enabling Broadband Wireless Technologies;96
5.2.1;Quazi M. Rahman;96
5.2.1.1;Introduction;96
5.2.1.2;Modulation: Let's Deal with the Available Spectrum and Make Use of the Limited Power;98
5.2.1.2.1;Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Modulation;99
5.2.1.2.2;Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM);100
5.2.1.2.3;Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM);102
5.2.1.3;Coding Techniques: Let's Deal with the Channel;105
5.2.1.3.1;Block Codes ;106
5.2.1.3.2;Convolutional Codes;108
5.2.1.3.3;Turbo Coding (TC);111
5.2.1.3.4;Space--Time Coding;112
5.2.1.3.5;Coded Modulation Techniques;114
5.2.1.4;Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC);114
5.2.1.5;Multiple Access Techniques: Let's All Sharethe Same Channel;115
5.2.1.5.1;Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA);116
5.2.1.5.2;Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA);117
5.2.1.5.3;Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA);118
5.2.1.5.4;Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA);119
5.2.1.5.5;Combination of OFDM and CDMA Systems;120
5.2.1.5.6;Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Protocol ;122
5.2.1.6;Diversity Techniques: Let's Make a Better Use of the Channel;122
5.2.1.6.1;Classifications of the Diversity Techniques;123
5.2.1.6.2;Classifications of Diversity Combiners;124
5.2.1.7;Challenges and Research Evidences;125
5.2.1.8;Summary;128
5.2.1.9;References;128
5.3;WiMAX Networks;132
5.3.1;Abdou R. Ahmed, Xiaofeng Bai, and Abdallah Shami;132
5.3.1.1;Introduction;133
5.3.1.1.1;Scope of the Standard;134
5.3.1.1.2;Frequency Bands of Operation;135
5.3.1.1.3;Reference Model of the Standard;135
5.3.1.1.4;WirelessMAN PHY Specifications;136
5.3.1.1.5;MAC Sublayers;138
5.3.1.2;Point-to-MultiPoint (PMP) WiMAX Networks;140
5.3.1.2.1;MAC Frame Structure;140
5.3.1.2.2;Service Flow and Connection;144
5.3.1.2.3;Service Classification;144
5.3.1.2.4;Bandwidth Request and Resource Allocation;145
5.3.1.3;WiMAX Mesh Mode;146
5.3.1.3.1;General Properties of WiMAX Mesh;146
5.3.1.3.2;Mesh Network Operations;147
5.3.1.3.3;Routing in Mesh Network;152
5.3.1.3.4;QoS in Mesh Network;152
5.3.1.4;Mobility in WiMAX Networks;153
5.3.1.4.1;Handovers;153
5.3.1.4.2;WiMAX Standards and Mobility;154
5.3.1.4.3;WiMAX and Homogeneous Mobility;157
5.3.1.4.4;WiMAX and Mobility in Heterogeneous Networks;159
5.3.1.5;Summary;161
5.3.1.6;References;162
6;Part III Optical Access Networks;164
6.1;Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation for Ethernet Passive Optical Networks;165
6.1.1;Hassan Naser and Hussein T. Mouftah;165
6.1.1.1;Introduction;165
6.1.1.2;Data Link Layer Protocols for PON;167
6.1.1.3;Multi-Point Control Protocol (MPCP);168
6.1.1.3.1;REPORT Frame Format;171
6.1.1.3.2;GATE Frame Format;173
6.1.1.3.3;Ranging Process;174
6.1.1.3.4;Automatic Device Discovery;175
6.1.1.4;Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Algorithms;176
6.1.1.4.1;Class-of-Service Oriented Packet Scheduling (COPS) Algorithm;178
6.1.1.5;Summary;180
6.1.1.6;References;180
6.2;Quality of Service in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPONs);182
6.2.1;Ahmad Dhaini and Chadi Assi;182
6.2.1.1;Introduction;183
6.2.1.1.1;IEEE 802.1D Support for Classes of Service;184
6.2.1.1.2;CoS Support in EPON;186
6.2.1.2;Intra-ONU Scheduling;187
6.2.1.2.1;Incoming Traffic Handling Operation;187
6.2.1.2.2;Existing Solutions and Schemes;187
6.2.1.2.3;Intra-ONU Queue Management;189
6.2.1.3;QoS-Enabled Dynamic Bandwidth AllocationAlgorithms (DBAs);190
6.2.1.3.1;Existing Solutions and Schemes;191
6.2.1.4;Quality-of-Service Protection and Admission Control in EPON;193
6.2.1.4.1;Preliminaries;193
6.2.1.4.2;Traffic Characteristics and QoS Requirements;196
6.2.1.4.3;Local Admission Control (LAC);198
6.2.1.4.4;Global Admission Control (GAC);198
6.2.1.4.5;Issues and Solutions;199
6.2.1.4.6;Admission Control-Enabled Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Scheme (AC-DBA);200
6.2.1.4.7;Performance Evaluation;202
6.2.1.5;Summary;206
6.2.1.6;References;207
6.3;MultiChannel EPONs;210
6.3.1;Michael P. McGarry and Martin Reisslein;210
6.3.1.1;Introduction;210
6.3.1.2;Bandwidth Management for Multichannel EPONs;211
6.3.1.2.1;Grant Sizing;212
6.3.1.2.2;Grant Scheduling;213
6.3.1.3;Separate Time and Wavelength Assignment;213
6.3.1.3.1;Grant Wavelength Assignment;214
6.3.1.3.2;Grant Ordering;214
6.3.1.4;Combined Time and Wavelength Assignment;215
6.3.1.4.1;A Scheduling Theoretic Approach;215
6.3.1.4.2;Scheduling Frameworks;217
6.3.1.4.3;Scheduling Policies;222
6.3.1.5;Summary;226
6.3.1.6;References;228
6.4;Long-Reach Optical Access;231
6.4.1;Huan Song, Byoung-Whi Kim, and Biswanath Mukherjee;231
6.4.1.1;Introduction;231
6.4.1.2;Research Challenges;233
6.4.1.2.1;Signal Power Compensation;234
6.4.1.2.2;Optical Source;235
6.4.1.2.3;Burst-Mode Receiver;235
6.4.1.2.4;Upstream Resource Allocation;236
6.4.1.3;Demonstrations of LR-PON;236
6.4.1.3.1;PLANET SuperPON;236
6.4.1.3.2;British Telecom (BT);237
6.4.1.3.3;University College Cork, Ireland;239
6.4.1.3.4;Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI), Korea;241
6.4.1.3.5;Other Demonstrations;241
6.4.1.4;Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment (DBA);242
6.4.1.5;Summary;245
6.4.1.6;References;246
6.5;Optical Access--Metro Networks;248
6.5.1;Martin Maier;248
6.5.1.1;Introduction;248
6.5.1.2;Optical Regional Access Network;250
6.5.1.3;Stanford University Access Network;251
6.5.1.4;Metro Access Ring Integrated Network;253
6.5.1.5;OBS Access--Metro Networks;255
6.5.1.6;STARGATE;258
6.5.1.6.1;Architecture;259
6.5.1.6.2;Discovery and Registration;262
6.5.1.6.3;Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation;262
6.5.1.6.4;Applications;264
6.5.1.7;Summary;268
6.5.1.8;References;269
6.6;Signal Processing Techniques for Data Confidentiality in OCDMA Access Networks;271
6.6.1;Yue-Kai Huang, Paul Toliver, and Paul R. Prucnal;271
6.6.1.1;Introduction;272
6.6.1.2;Optical Encryption;273
6.6.1.3;Optical Steganography;277
6.6.1.4;Phase Scrambling OCDM;280
6.6.1.5;Multi-code Processing Techniques;285
6.6.1.6;Summary;288
6.6.1.7;References;289
7;Part IV Optical-Wireless Access Networks;291
7.1;Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) Networks;292
7.1.1;John E. Mitchell;292
7.1.1.1;Introduction;292
7.1.1.2;Basic Technologies;294
7.1.1.3;Radio-Over-Fiber Application Areas;300
7.1.1.4;Networking Concepts and Techniques;303
7.1.1.4.1;Media Access Schemes;303
7.1.1.4.2;Dynamic Capacity Allocation;304
7.1.1.4.3;Sharing a Remote Antenna Unit -- WidebandRAU Design;305
7.1.1.5;Summary;305
7.1.1.6;References;305
7.2;Integration of EPON and WiMAX;310
7.2.1;Gangxiang Shen and Rodney S. Tucker;310
7.2.1.1;Introduction;310
7.2.1.2;Literature Survey;311
7.2.1.3;Integrated Architectures for EPON and WiMAX;312
7.2.1.3.1;Independent Architectures;312
7.2.1.3.2;Hybrid Architectures;313
7.2.1.3.3;Microwave-over-Fiber Architectures;315
7.2.1.3.4;Multistage EPON and WiMAX Integration;316
7.2.1.4;Design and Operation Issues;317
7.2.1.4.1;Optimal Passive Optical Network Deployment;318
7.2.1.4.2;Packet Forwarding;318
7.2.1.4.3;Bandwidth Allocation;320
7.2.1.4.4;QoS Support and Mapping;322
7.2.1.4.5;Handover Operation;322
7.2.1.4.6;Survivability;324
7.2.1.4.7;Cooperative Transmission for Broadcast Services;325
7.2.1.5;Summary;327
7.2.1.6;References;327
7.3;Hybrid Wireless--Optical Broadband Access Network (WOBAN);330
7.3.1;Suman Sarkar, Pulak Chowdhury, Sudhir Dixit, and Biswanath Mukherjee;330
7.3.1.1;Introduction;330
7.3.1.2;WOBAN: A Network for Future;331
7.3.1.2.1;Why Is WOBAN a Compelling Solution?;332
7.3.1.2.2;Flavors of Converged Architecture;333
7.3.1.3;Connectivity and Routing;337
7.3.1.3.1;Delay-Aware Routing Algorithm (DARA);339
7.3.1.3.2;Capacity and Delay-Aware Routing (CaDAR);340
7.3.1.3.3;GROW-Net Integrated Routing (GIR);340
7.3.1.4;Fault Tolerance and Self-Healing;342
7.3.1.4.1;Risk-and-Delay Aware Routing Algorithm (RADAR);342
7.3.1.4.2;GROW-Net's Reconfigurable Backhaul;343
7.3.1.5;Summary;344
7.3.1.6;References;344
8;Part V Deployments;346
8.1;Point-to-Point FTTx;347
8.1.1;Wolfgang Fischer;347
8.1.1.1;Introduction;347
8.1.1.2;Fiber Topology vs. Transmission Scheme;348
8.1.1.3;Architectural Considerations;349
8.1.1.4;Deployment Considerations;350
8.1.1.5;Operational Considerations;352
8.1.1.5.1;Traffic Management;352
8.1.1.5.2;Security;352
8.1.1.5.3;CPE Deployments;353
8.1.1.5.4;Trouble-Shooting;353
8.1.1.5.5;Power Budget Planning;354
8.1.1.6;Cost Considerations;354
8.1.1.6.1;Capital Cost;354
8.1.1.6.2;Operation Cost;355
8.1.1.7;Open Fiber Access;356
8.1.1.8;Transmission Technologies;357
8.1.1.9;Outlook;358
8.1.1.10;Summary;358
8.1.1.11;References;359
8.2;Broadband Access Networks;360
8.2.1;Klaus Grobe, Jörg-Peter Elbers, and Stephan Neidlinger;360
8.2.1.1;Broadband Drivers and Network Requirements;361
8.2.1.1.1;Broadband Drivers;361
8.2.1.1.2;Network Architecture and Requirements;362
8.2.1.2;Scalable Broadband Access Networks;363
8.2.1.2.1;xWDM in Access Networks;364
8.2.1.2.2;TDM Add/Drop Multiplexing;365
8.2.1.2.3;Layer-2 Packet Aggregation;366
8.2.1.2.4;Deployment Case: Telecom Italia;366
8.2.1.3;Next-Generation Access and Backhaul;368
8.2.1.3.1;Migration toward WDM-PON;370
8.2.1.3.2;WDM-PON Concepts;371
8.2.1.3.3;WDM-PON Analysis;374
8.2.1.3.4;WDM-PON Applications;376
8.2.1.4;Summary;378
8.2.1.5;References;379
9;Index;380