Singh / Tripathi Environmental Bioremediation Technologies

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-3-540-34793-4
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 520 Seiten

Bioremediation is an eco-friendly, cost-effective and natural technology targeted to remove heavy metals, radionuclides, xenobiotic compounds, organic waste, pesticides etc. from contaminated sites or industrial discharges through biological means. Since this technology is used in in-situ conditions, it does not physically disturb the site unlike conventional methods i.e. chemical or mechanical methods.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Singh, S. N.

Tripathi, R. D.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Preface;6
3;Contents;8
4;Contributors;16
5;1 Bioremediation of Organic and Metal Co-contaminated Environments: Effects of Metal Toxicity, Speciation, and Bioavailability on Biodegradation;20
5.1;1. Introduction;20
5.2;2. Metal Toxicity to Microorganisms;21
5.3;3. Metal Speciation and Bioavailability;23
5.4;4. Metal Inhibition of Biodegradation;38
5.5;5. Strategies to Enhance Biodegradation in Co-contaminated Environments;44
5.6;6. Conclusions and Future Directions;47
5.7;References;48
6;2 New Bioremediation Technologies to Remove Heavy Metals and Radionuclides using Fe( III)-, Sulfate- and Sulfur- Reducing Bacteria;54
6.1;1. Introduction;54
6.2;2. Microbial Reduction of Metals by Fe(III)-reducing Bacteria;55
6.3;3. Microbial Interaction with Toxic Metals by Sulfate-reducing Bacteria;59
6.4;4. Development of Biosensors;64
6.5;5. Development of Bioreactors;65
6.6;6. Conclusion;67
6.7;References;67
7;3 Bioremediation of Soils Polluted with Hexavalent Chromium using Bacteria: A Challenge;75
7.1;1. Introduction;75
7.2;2. Chromium Toxicity;77
7.3;3. Chemical Transformations of Chromium in Soil: Mobility and Bio- availability;79
7.4;4. Interaction Between Chromium and Bacteria;80
7.5;5. Soil Bioremediation Strategies;85
7.6;6. Conclusion;88
7.7;References;89
8;4 Accumulation and Detoxification of Metals by Plants and Microbes;95
8.1;1. Introduction;95
8.2;2. Phytoremediation;96
8.3;3. Microbial Remediation of Metal-polluted Soils;106
8.4;4. Heavy Metal Bioremediation using “Symbiotic Engineering”;109
8.5;5. Conclusion;112
8.6;References;112
9;5 Role of Phytochelatins in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals;119
9.1;1. Introduction;119
9.2;2. Phytochelatin ;121
9.3;3. Biosynthesis of Phytochelatins;131
9.4;4. Mechanism of Action of Phytochelatins;139
9.5;5. Characterization and Regulation of Phytochelatin Synthase Gene;142
9.6;6. Evolutionary Aspects of Phytochelatin Synthase;144
9.7;7. Genetic Engineering for Enhancing Phytoremediation Potential;148
9.8;8. Phytochelatin as a Biosensor ;153
9.9;9. Conclusion;153
9.10;References;154
10;6 Metal Resistance in Plants with Particular Reference to Aluminium;165
10.1;1. Introduction;165
10.2;2. Phytotoxicity of Al and Agricultural Losses;170
10.3;3. Aluminum Tolerant Crop Plants;171
10.4;4. Conclusion;184
10.5;References;185
11;7 Bioremediation of Metals: Microbial Processes and Techniques;191
11.1;1. Introduction;191
11.2;2. Metals and Microbes;191
11.3;3. Microbial Processes Affecting Bioremediation of Metals;195
11.4;4. Bioremediation Options for Metal Contaminated Sites;197
11.5;5. Bioremediation of Chromium Contaminated Soils;199
11.6;6. Future Thrust – Do We Really Need to Do More?;202
11.7;7. Conclusion;203
11.8;References;203
12;8 Phytoremediation of Metals and Radionuclides;206
12.1;1. Introduction;206
12.2;2. Metals in Soils;207
12.3;3. Radionuclides;209
12.4;4. Phytoextraction;212
12.5;5. Rhizofiltration;214
12.6;6. Phytostabilization;215
12.7;7. Phytovolatilization;216
12.8;8. Design of Phytoremediation System;216
12.9;9. Challenges for Phytoremediation;218
12.10;10. Companies Developing Phytoremediation;220
12.11;11. Regulatory Acceptance and Public Acceptance;221
12.12;12. Conclusion;221
12.13;References;222
13;9 Nanotechnology for Bioremediation of Heavy Metals;227
13.1;1. Introduction;227
13.2;2. Nanotechnology - A New Scientific Frontier;227
13.3;3. Unique Properties of Nanoparticles;228
13.4;4. Synthesis of Nanophase Materials;228
13.5;5. Instrumentation for Nanotechnology;229
13.6;6. Application and Current Status of Nanotechnology;230
13.7;7. Metal Pollution and its Impact;230
13.8;8. Current Strategies for Metal Remediation;231
13.9;9. Bioremediation through Nanotechnology;231
13.10;10. Case Studies;233
13.11;11. Magnetotactic Bacteria;234
13.12;12. Comparison of Current Strategies with Nanotechnology;234
13.13;13. Future Prospects;235
13.14;14. Conclusion;235
13.15;Reference;236
14;10 Biotechnological Approaches to Improve Phytoremediation Efficiency for Environment Contaminants;238
14.1;1. Introduction;238
14.2;2. Phytoremediation: The Processes, Potentials and Limitations;241
14.3;3. Commercial Viability of Phytoremediation Projects;248
14.4;4. Rhizosphere Manipulations for Enhanced Bioavailability of the Toxic Substances;249
14.5;5. Molecular Mechanisms of Uptake, Detoxification, Transport and Accumulation of Toxic Substances by Plants and Genetic Engineering for Enhanced Phytoremediation;253
14.6;6. Conclusion;264
14.7;References;264
15;11 Aquatic Plants for Phytotechnology;274
15.1;1. Introduction;274
15.2;2. Phytotechnologies;274
15.3;3. Conclusion;288
15.4;References;288
16;12 Phytomonitoring of Air Pollutants for Environmental Quality Management;290
16.1;1. Introduction;290
16.2;2. Plants as Bioindicators of Air Pollutants;294
16.3;3. Phytoremediation and Urban Air Quality Management;298
16.4;4. Phytoremediation and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ);300
16.5;5. Conclusion;302
16.6;References;303
17;13 Phytoremediation of Air Pollutants: A Review;308
17.1;1. Introduction;308
17.2;2. Phytotoxicity of Air Pollutants;310
17.3;3. Absorption and Assimilation of Pollutants;312
17.4;4. Phytofiltration of Particulate Matter;314
17.5;5. Plant Tolerance to Ambient Pollutants;316
17.6;6. Factors Controlling Plant Tolerance;317
17.7;7. A Case Study;319
17.8;8. Conclusion;324
17.9;References;324
18;14 Phytoremediation: Role of Plants in Contaminated Site Management;330
18.1;1. Introduction;330
18.2;2. Plant Species Involved in Phytoremediation;331
18.3;3. Phytoremediation: The Biophysical and Biochemical Mechanisms;332
18.4;4. The Vetiver Grass Technology (VGT);335
18.5;5. Role of VGT in Environmental Management;338
18.6;6. Stabilization and Rehabilitation of Mining Overburdens;339
18.7;7. Rehabilitation of Waste Landfills: Leachate Retention and Purification;341
18.8;8. Removal of Nutrients and Heavy Metals and Prevention of Eutrophication in Streams and Lakes by VGT;342
18.9;9. Wastewater / Storm water Treatment by VGT in Constructed Wetlands;343
18.10;10. Conclusion;344
18.11;References;344
19;15 The Role of Macrophytes in Nutrient Removal using Constructed Wetlands;346
19.1;1. Introduction;346
19.2;2. Role of Macrophytes in Nutrient Removal;354
19.3;3. Conclusion;363
19.4;References;364
20;16 Nitrate Pollution and its Remediation;367
20.1;1. Introduction;367
20.2;2. Methods for Estimation of Nitrate Pollution;368
20.3;3. Sources of Nitrate Pollution;370
20.4;4. Landscape Physiology Affecting Nitrate Flux;375
20.5;5. Role of Nitrifying and Denitrifying Microbes in Nitrate Pollution;376
20.6;6. Nitrate Assimilation by Plants;378
20.7;7. Biological Toxicity Due to Nitrate Pollution;382
20.8;8. Problem Areas for Nitrate Pollution;383
20.9;9. Management Options for Nitrate;386
20.10;10. Conclusion;392
20.11;References;393
21;17 Bioremediation of Petroleum Sludge using Bacterial Consortium with Biosurfactant;404
21.1;1. Introduction;404
21.2;2. Methods;405
21.3;3. Results and Discussion;408
21.4;4. Conclusion;420
21.5;References;420
22;18 Diversity, Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons;422
22.1;1. Introduction;422
22.2;2. Natural Sources of PAHs in the Environment;423
22.3;3. Anthropogenic Sources of PAHs in the Environment;424
22.4;4. Biodegradation of PAHs;424
22.5;5. Bioremediation Studies;434
22.6;6. Diversity of PAHs Degrading Bacteria;437
22.7;7. Diversity of PAHs Metabolic Genes;439
22.8;8. Conclusion;444
22.9;References;445
23;19 Environmental Applications of Fungal and Plant Systems: Decolourisation of Textile Wastewater and Related Dyestuffs;457
23.1;1. Introduction;457
23.2;2. Environmental Fate of Textile Dyeing and Treatment Difficulties;458
23.3;3. Overview of Biological Treatments;460
23.4;4. Extracellular Oxidoreductases Useful in Pollution Abatement;461
23.5;5. Textile Dyes Decolourisation by Fungi and their Enzymes;467
23.6;6. New Tendencies in Textile Wastewater Treatments;467
23.7;7. Conclusion;469
23.8;References;470
24;20 Fungal-Based Remediation: Treatment of PCP Contaminated Soil in New Zealand;476
24.1;1. Introduction;476
24.2;2. Fungal-based Remediation;476
24.3;3. Conclusion;486
24.4;References;488
25;21 Biofilms in Porous Media: Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation;491
25.1;1. Introduction;491
25.2;2. The Physical System;492
25.3;3. The Mathematical Model;494
25.4;4. Numerical Solution Techniques;498
25.5;5. Simulations;507
25.6;6. Conclusions;518
25.7;References;519
26;Index;522