Svarovsky Solid-Liquid Separation

3. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-6280-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 730 Seiten, Web PDF

Solid-Liquid Separation, Third Edition reviews the equipment and principles involved in the separation of solids and liquids from a suspension. Some important aspects of solid-liquid separation such as washing, flotation, membrane separation, and magnetic separation are discussed. This book is comprised of 23 chapters and begins with an overview of solid-liquid separation processes and the principles involved, including flotation, gravity sedimentation, cake filtration, and deep bed filtration. The following chapters focus on the characterization of particles suspended in liquids; the efficiency of separation of particles from fluids; coagulation and flocculation; gravity thickening; and the operating characteristics, optimum design criteria, and applications of hydrocyclones. The reader is also introduced to various solid-liquid separation processes such as centrifugal sedimentation, screening, and filtration, along with the use of filter aids. Countercurrent washing of solids and problems associated with fine particle recycling are also considered. The final chapter is devoted to the thermodynamics of particle-fluid interaction. This monograph will be useful to chemical engineers and process engineers, particularly those in plant operation, plant design, or equipment testing and commissioning. It can also be used as a textbook for both undergraduate and postgraduate students.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Svarovsky, Ladislav

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Solid–Liquid Separation;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;Preface to the Third Edition;7
6;Preface to the First Edition;8
7;CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO SOLID–LIQUID SEPARATION;16
7.1;1.1. Solid–liquid separation processes;17
7.2;1.2. The spectrum of particle size;24
8;CHAPTER 2. CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTICLES SUSPENDED IN LIQUIDS;26
8.1;2.1. Introduction, the reasons for particle characterization;26
8.2;2.2. Definitions of particle size;27
8.3;2.3. Types of particle size distribution;29
8.4;2.4. Measures of central tendency;32
8.5;2.5. Presentation of data;36
8.6;2.6. Sampling;44
8.7;2.7. Laboratory measurement of particle size;45
8.8;2.8. On-line measurement techniques;50
8.9;2.9. Statistical measurement control;51
8.10;APPENDIX 2.1 THE CHOICE OF A MEAN PARTICLE SIZE;52
8.11;APPENDIX 2.2 CAN THE ARITHMETIC MEAN OF THE SURFACE DISTRIBUTION (SURFACE-VOLUME DIAMETER) BE DETERMINED FROM THE MASS DISTRIBUTION?;56
8.12;References;57
9;CHAPTER 3. EFFICIENCY OF SEPARATION OF PARTICLES FROM FLUIDS;58
9.1;3.1. Introduction;58
9.2;3.2. Basic definitions and mass balance equations;59
9.3;3.3. Basic relationships between ET, G{x) and the particle size distributions of the products;66
9.4;3.4. Modifications of efficiency definitions for applications with an appreciable underflow-to-throughput ratio;81
9.5;3.5. The use of separators in series and in multiple pass systems;84
9.6;References;87
10;CHAPTER 4. COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION PART I;89
10.1;4.1. Introduction;89
10.2;4.2. The colloidal model;92
10.3;4.3. Electrokinetic phenomena and the zeta potential;98
10.4;4.4. Practical applications of the zeta potential;100
10.5;4.5. Flocculation by polyelectrolytes;105
10.6;4.6. Other considerations;109
10.7;References;111
10.8;Bibliography;111
10.9;Coagulation and Flocculation Part II—Orthokinetic Flocculation;113
10.10;Nomenclature;113
10.11;4.7. Introduction;114
10.12;4.8. Theory;114
10.13;4.9. Laboratory testing;120
10.14;4.10. Practical flocculators;128
10.15;4.11. Current developments;144
10.16;References;145
11;CHAPTER 5. GRAVITY THICKENING;147
11.1;Nomenclature;147
11.2;5.1. Introduction;148
11.3;5.2. The sedimentation concept (batch settling);148
11.4;5.3. Factors affecting sedimentation;151
11.5;5.4. Thickener design;155
11.6;5.5. Thickener types;187
11.7;5.6. High capacity thickening systems;199
11.8;5.7. Clarifier types;203
11.9;5.8. Flocculation feed systems for thickeners and cones;206
11.10;5.9. Control systems;209
11.11;5.10. Process modelling;214
11.12;References;214
12;CHAPTER 6. HYDROCYCLONES;217
12.1;Nomenclature;217
12.2;6.1. Introduction and description;218
12.3;6.2. Liquid flow patterns;219
12.4;6.3. Motion of suspended particles;222
12.5;6.4. Pressure distribution within the flow, static pressure drop;223
12.6;6.5. Hydrocyclone function, design and merits;225
12.7;6.6. Theories of separation;229
12.8;6.7. Hydrocyclone selection and scale-up;243
12.9;6.8. Design variations, other design features;253
12.10;6.9. Applications;259
12.11;6.10. Conclusions;263
12.12;References;264
13;CHAPTER 7. SEPARATION BY CENTRIFUGAL SEDIMENTATION;266
13.1;Nomenclature;266
13.2;7.1. Introduction;266
13.3;7.2. Theoretical performance predictions;268
13.4;7.3. Equipment;275
13.5;7.4. Factors affecting the choice of centrifugal equipment;288
13.6;7.5. Recent developments;291
13.7;References;293
14;CHAPTER 8. SCREENING;294
14.1;Nomenclature;294
14.2;8.1. Introduction;294
14.3;8.2. Screen design considerations;297
14.4;8.3. Screen types;303
14.5;8.4. Screen deck materials;317
14.6;8.5. Screen performance;319
14.7;8.6. Cost of screening equipment;323
14.8;References;325
15;CHAPTER 9. FILTRATION FUNDAMENTALS;326
15.1;Nomenclature;326
15.2;9.1. Introduction;327
15.3;9.2. Flow rate-pressure drop relationships;329
15.4;9.3. Filtration operations—basic equations, incompressible cakes;332
15.5;9.4. Filtration operations—basic equations, compressible cakes;343
15.6;9.5. Relationship between specific cake resistance, porosity and specific surface;346
15.7;9.6. Cake moisture correction—mass balance;347
15.8;9.7. Further development of filtration theory;348
15.9;9.8. The benefits of pre-thickening;349
15.10;References;352
16;CHAPTER 10. FILTER AIDS;353
16.1;10.1. Introduction;353
16.2;10.2. Areas of use;353
16.3;10.3. Filter aid characteristics;354
16.4;10.4. Types of filter aid;355
16.5;10.5. Filter aid filtration;358
16.6;10.6. The precoat-bodyfeed (pressure) filtration system;359
16.7;10.7. Rotary drum precoat filter;365
16.8;References;371
16.9;Bibliography;372
17;CHAPTER 11. DEEP BED FILTRATION;373
17.1;11.1. Introduction;373
17.2;11.2. Theory;374
17.3;11.3. Problems of design and operation;382
17.4;11.4. Current developments;389
17.5;References;393
18;CHAPTER 12 Pressure Filtration Part I — Batch Pressure Filtration;394
18.1;12.1. Introduction;394
18.2;12.2. Batch pressure filtration;395
18.3;Pressure Filtration Part II — Continuous Filtration;417
18.4;12.3. Continuous pressure filtration;417
18.5;References;429
19;CHAPTER 13 Vacuum Filtration —Part I;430
19.1;NOMENCLATURE;430
19.2;13.1. Introduction;430
19.3;13.2. Vacuum filtration equipment;431
19.4;13.3. Filter selection;462
19.5;13.4. Filtration theory for continuous filters;465
19.6;13.5. Vacuum filter performance and prediction;471
19.7;References;480
19.8;Vacuum Filtration Part II —Horizontal Vacuum Belt Filters;481
19.9;13.6. Introduction;481
19.10;13.7. Cake forming;482
19.11;13.8. Advantages of belt filter over rotary drum filter;483
19.12;13.9. Is the belt filter universal?;485
19.13;13.10. Floor areas;490
20;CHAPTER 14. CENTRIFUGAL FILTRATION ;491
20.1;14.1 Introduction;491
20.2;14.2. Flow through the cake of a filter centrifuge;491
20.3;14.3. The filtration period in a centrifugal field;499
20.4;14.4. Measurement of the intrinsic permeability of a filter cake in a centrifugal field;504
20.5;14.5. Centrifugal drainage;508
20.6;14.6. Filter centrifuges;524
20.7;14.7. Practical aspects of centrifugal filtration;545
20.8;References;547
21;CHAPTER 15. COUNTERCURRENT WASHING OF SOLIDS;548
21.1;15.1. Introduction;548
21.2;15.2. Mass balance calculations;549
21.3;15.3. Washing train design recommendations;552
21.4;15.4. Applications;554
21.5;15.5. Conclusions;554
21.6;References;555
22;CHAPTER 16. PROBLEMS WITH FINE PARTICLE RECYCLING;556
22.1;Nomenclature;556
22.2;16.1. Introduction;557
22.3;16.2. The separation characteristics of sedimentation processes;558
22.4;16.3. Unlimited fines build-up due to overflow recycling;564
22.5;16.4. Measures against fines build-up;567
22.6;References;573
23;CHAPTER 17. FILTER MEDIA, FILTER RATING;574
23.1;17.1. Introduction;574
23.2;17.2. Filter media—general;576
23.3;17.3. Cartridge filters;577
23.4;17.4. Rigid porous media;578
23.5;17.5. Non-woven media;580
23.6;17.6. Woven wire;581
23.7;17.7. Woven fabrics;584
23.8;17.8. Material selection;586
23.9;17.9. Filter rating;590
23.10;17.10. Summary;591
23.11;Bibliography;591
24;18. METHODS FOR LIMITING CAKE GROWTH;593
24.1;18.1. Introduction;593
24.2;18.2. Removal of cake by mass forces;593
24.3;18.3. Mechanical cake removal;595
24.4;18.4. Dislodging of cake by reverse flow;595
24.5;18.5. Prevention of cake deposition by vibration;596
24.6;18.6. Cross-flow filtration;596
24.7;References;605
25;CHAPTER 19. FLOTATION;606
25.1;Nomenclature;606
25.2;19.1. Introduction;606
25.3;19.2. Hydrophobicity and flotation;607
25.4;19.3. Bubble generation in flotation systems;609
25.5;19.4. Particle size and floatability;609
25.6;19.5. Bubble-particle aggregation;610
25.7;19.6. Macro-kinetic model of flotation;611
25.8;19.7. Factors in plant design;614
25.9;19.8. Recent developments;626
25.10;References;627
26;CHAPTER 20. THE SELECTION OF SOLID–LIQUID SEPARATION EQUIPMENT;629
26.1;20.1. Introduction;629
26.2;20.2. Sedimentation or filtration?;629
26.3;20.3. Sedimentation equipment;631
26.4;20.4. Filtration equipment;634
27;CHAPTER 21. MEMBRANE SEPARATION;643
27.1;Nomenclature;643
27.2;21.1. Membrane separation processes;644
27.3;21.2. Pressure-driven membrane separations;644
27.4;21.3. Reverse osmosis (hyperfiltration);645
27.5;21.4. Fluid management;650
27.6;21.5. Membrane morphology and production;651
27.7;21.6. Equipment;654
27.8;21.7. Ultra-filtration;663
27.9;21.8. Cross-flow microfiltration;668
27.10;21.9. Flux stability and decay;670
27.11;21.10. Conclusions;674
27.12;References;674
28;CHAPTER 22. HIGH GRADIENT MAGNETIC SEPARATION;676
28.1;22.1. Introduction;676
28.2;22.2. Theory of high gradient magnetic separation;678
28.3;22.3. The magnetic processing of a typical ceramic clay;682
28.4;22.4. Biomagnetic separation processes for heavy metal ions from solution;689
28.5;22.5. Superconducting magnetic separators;693
28.6;References;699
29;CHAPTER 23. PARTICLE-FLUID INTERACTION, THERMODYNAMICS OF SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATION PART I—PARTICLE-FLUID INTERACTION;700
29.1;Nomenclature;700
29.2;23.1. Introduction;701
29.3;23.2. Motion of particles in fluids;701
29.4;23.3. Flow through packed beds;708
29.5;References;711
29.6;Particle-Fluid Interaction, Thermodynamics of Solid-Liquid Separation Part II — Thermodynamics of Solid-Liquid Separation;712
29.7;Nomenclature;712
29.8;23.4. Introduction;713
29.9;23.5. Some notes on entropy;713
29.10;23.6. Entropy index;714
29.11;23.7. Criterion of separation;716
29.12;23.8. Estimates of sediment porosity;718
29.13;23.9. Conclusions;718
29.14;References;718
30;Index;720