Trümper / Hasinger The Universe in X-Rays

1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-3-540-34412-4
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 498 Seiten

Reihe: Astronomy and Astrophysics Library

With contributions from leading scientists in the field, and edited by two of the most prominent astronomers of our time, this is a totally authoritative volume on X-ray astronomy that will be essential reading for everyone interested - from students to astrophysicists and physicists. All the aspects of this exciting area of study are covered, from astronomical instrumentation to extragalactic X-ray astronomy.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hasinger, Günther

Trümper, Joachim E.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;1 Overview;21
4;2 Proportional Counters;23
4.1;2.1 Introduction;23
4.2;2.2 Gaseous Detectors;23
4.3;2.3 Operation Principle of a Proportional Counter;24
4.4;2.4 Large Area Proportional Counters for X-Ray Astronomy;28
4.5;2.5 Gas Scintillation Proportional Counters;29
4.6;References;31
5;3 Scintillation Counters;33
5.1;3.1 Introduction;33
5.2;3.2 Scintillation Counters for X-Ray Astronomy;34
5.3;References;37
6;4 Imaging Proportional Counters;38
6.1;4.1 Introduction;38
6.2;4.2 Geometry of Multiwire Proportional Counters;38
6.3;4.3 Position Resolution of Multiwire Proportional Counters;39
6.4;4.4 Position Readout Methods;40
6.5;4.5 The ROSAT PSPC;42
6.6;4.6 Imaging Gas Scintillation Proportional Counters;43
6.7;References;45
7;5 Aperture Modulation Telescopes;46
7.1;5.1 Principle of Aperture Modulation;46
7.2;5.2 Various Coded-Mask Telescope Missions;54
7.3;References;56
8;6 Wolter Optics;57
8.1;6.1 Principle;57
8.2;6.2 Wolter-Type Telescopes;59
8.3;6.3 General Imaging Properties;61
8.4;6.4 Nesting of Mirror Shells;63
8.5;6.5 Fabrication Techniques for Wolter Telescopes;64
8.6;6.6 Missions with Wolter Telescopes;65
8.7;References;66
9;7 CCD Detectors;67
9.1;7.1 Introduction;67
9.2;7.2 MOS CCDs;68
9.3;7.3 Fully Depleted Back-Illuminated pnCCDs;68
9.4;7.4 New Detector Developments: Active Pixel Sensors for X-Rays;84
9.5;7.5 Conclusion;86
9.6;References;87
10;8 High Resolution Spectroscopy;88
10.1;8.1 Introduction;88
10.2;8.2 Transmission Gratings;88
10.3;8.3 Chandra;92
10.4;8.4 Re.ection Gratings: XMM-Newton RGS;94
10.5;8.5 Bolometers;97
10.6;References;97
11;9 Solar System Objects;99
11.1;9.1 Introduction;99
11.2;9.2 Solar X-Rays;100
11.3;9.3 Solar Wind;101
11.4;9.4 What do We Learn from the X-Ray Observations?;108
11.5;References;109
12;10 Nuclear Burning Stars;111
12.1;10.1 The Sun, Stars, and Stellar X-Ray Astronomy;111
12.2;10.2 Cool Stars On and Off the Main-Sequence;120
12.3;10.3 Very Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs;128
12.4;10.4 Premain Sequence Stars;132
12.5;10.5 Stellar Wind Sources;140
12.6;10.6 Stars with Magnetic Winds;142
12.7;References;144
13;11 White Dwarfs;146
13.1;11.1 Introduction;146
13.2;11.2 Discovery of X-Rays from White Dwarfs;146
13.3;11.3 ROSAT;148
13.4;11.4 X-Ray Spectroscopy with EUVE, Chandra, and XMM-Newton;150
13.5;11.5 Hydrogen-Deficient White Dwarfs;152
13.6;References;155
14;12 X-Ray Emission of Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects;157
14.1;12.1 Historical Introduction;157
14.2;12.2 The Zoo of CVs;158
14.3;12.3 Accretion Geometries;159
14.4;12.4 X-Ray and EUV Emission from Nonmagnetic CVs;162
14.5;12.5 X-Rays from Intermediate Polars;163
14.6;12.6 X-Rays from Polars;166
14.7;12.7 Accretion Rates;169
14.8;12.8 Novae and Close-Binary Supersoft Sources (CBSS);172
14.9;References;178
15;13 Classical Novae;181
15.1;13.1 Introduction;181
15.2;13.2 Sources of X-Rays;182
15.3;13.3 EXOSAT: A Rather Noisy Beginning;183
15.4;13.4 ROSAT: Basic Properties;184
15.5;13.5 Chandra and XMM: High Resolution and New Surprises;188
15.6;13.6 Concluding Remarks;193
15.7;References;194
16;14 Pulsars and Isolated Neutron Stars;195
16.1;14.1 Introduction: Historical Overview;195
16.2;14.2 Physics and Astrophysics of Isolated Neutron Stars;197
16.3;14.3 High-Energy Emission Properties of Neutron Stars;204
16.4;References;225
17;15 Accreting Neutron Stars;229
17.1;15.1 Introduction;229
17.2;15.2 Overview;230
17.3;15.3 High Mass X-ray Binaries: HMXB;234
17.4;15.4 Low Mass X-ray Binaries: LMXB;234
17.5;15.5 Strongly Magnetized Neutron Stars;235
17.6;15.6 Weakly Magnetized Neutron Stars;240
17.7;15.7 Summary;247
17.8;References;247
18;16 Black-Hole Binaries;249
18.1;16.1 Introduction;249
18.2;16.2 X-Ray Binaries;250
18.3;16.3 Black Holes Identi.ed from Mass Functions;251
18.4;16.4 X-Ray Properties;252
18.5;16.5 Quasiperiodic Oscillations;268
18.6;16.6 Ultraluminous X-Ray Sources;269
18.7;References;270
19;17 X-Ray Studies of Supernovae and Supernova Remnants;272
19.1;17.1 Introduction;272
19.2;17.2 Young SNRs;276
19.3;17.3 Evolved SNRs;300
19.4;17.4 Extragalactic SNRs;306
19.5;17.5 X-Ray Supernovae;308
19.6;17.6 Conclusion;317
19.7;References;317
20;18 The Interstellar Medium;322
20.1;18.1 Introduction;322
20.2;18.2 Observations of the Hot Interstellar Medium;325
20.3;18.3 Models of the Interstellar Medium;329
20.4;18.4 Dust Scattering Halos;335
20.5;References;340
21;19 The Galactic Center;343
21.1;19.1 Introduction;343
21.2;19.2 Sgr A East and its Environment;348
21.3;19.3 Sgr A*;349
21.4;19.4 X-Ray Luminous Molecular Clouds;351
21.5;References;353
22;20 X-Rays from Nearby Galaxies;356
22.1;20.1 Introduction;356
22.2;20.2 History of X-Ray Observations of Galaxies;356
22.3;20.3 Point-Like Emission Components;358
22.4;20.4 Hot Plasma Components;367
22.5;20.5 Future Prospects;372
22.6;References;373
23;21 X-Ray Flares in the Cores of Galaxies;375
23.1;21.1 Introduction: Tidal Disruption of Stars by Supermassive Black Holes;375
23.2;21.2 X-Ray Flares from Inactive Galaxies;376
23.3;21.3 Chandra and XMM-Newton Follow-Up Observations;376
23.4;21.4 Future Observations and Applications;379
23.5;References;379
24;22 Active Galactic Nuclei;380
24.1;22.1 General Introduction to Active Galaxies;380
24.2;22.2 Introduction to Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies;386
24.3;22.3 The X-ray Slope - Optical Line Widths Relation;387
24.4;22.4 XMM-Newton Discoveries in the High-Energy Spectra of NLS1s;393
24.5;22.5 The Nature of the Soft X-ray Excess;395
24.6;22.6 Matter Under Strong Gravity;396
24.7;References;399
25;23 X-Ray Studies of Clusters of Galaxies;401
25.1;23.1 Introduction;401
25.2;23.2 Cluster Masses and Composition;404
25.3;23.3 Exploration of Cluster Structure;409
25.4;23.4 The Virgo Cluster and the Variety of Cluster X-ray Morphology;416
25.5;23.5 Cooling and Heating of the ICM;419
25.6;23.6 Heavy Element Enrichment of the Cluster ICM;422
25.7;23.7 X-Ray Cluster Surveys;427
25.8;23.8 Assessing the Cosmic Large-Scale Structure;429
25.9;23.9 Cluster Evolution;431
25.10;23.10 Testing Cosmological Models;433
25.11;23.11 Conclusion and Outlook;435
25.12;References;436
26;24 Gamma-Ray Bursts;441
26.1;24.1 The First 30 Years;441
26.2;24.2 Major Observational Findings;445
26.3;24.3 The Basic Scenarios for Gamma-Ray Burst Emission;452
26.4;24.4 Use of GRBs for Cosmology;456
26.5;24.5 Outlook: First Results of the Swift Mission;457
26.6;References;459
27;25 Cosmic X-Ray Background;462
27.1;25.1 The Early History of the X-Ray Background (XRB);462
27.2;25.2 The ROSAT Deep Surveys;463
27.3;25.3 AGN Spectra and Fits to the XRB Spectrum;468
27.4;25.4 Deep Surveys with Chandra and XMM-Newton;469
27.5;25.5 A Multi-cone Survey AGN-1 Sample;471
27.6;25.6 The Soft X-Ray Luminosity Function and Space Density Evolution;473
27.7;25.7 X-ray Constraints on the Growth of SMBH;476
27.8;25.8 Conclusions;477
27.9;References;478
28;26 The Future;481
28.1;26.1 Introduction;481
28.2;26.2 Space Agency Strategic Planning;482
28.3;26.3 Spektrum–Roentgen–Gamma;483
28.4;26.4 The Next Generation Large X-ray Observatory;484
28.5;26.5 Conclusions;487
28.6;References;487
29;Appendix: More Information About X-Ray Missions;488