Varma / Abbott / Werner Plant Surface Microbiology

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-3-540-74051-3
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 628 Seiten

"Most plants rely on the co-existence with microorganisms: both groups benefit from these symbioses. It has been shown that a large number of specific genes in plants and microorganisms are only activated during these interactions. Of course, various microbes also act as pathogens. Interactions between plants and microorganisms are often located on plant surfaces, such as leaf cuticles, seeds and mainly on the roots. The communication between plants and microbes is the main topic treated in ""Plant Surface Microbiology"", such as the signaling within a symbiosis, the molecular differences between symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms, the role of microorganisms in the development of plants or in plant protection against deleterious agents. Further contributions are devoted to: the analysis of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere, microbial population genetics, aspects of mycorrhizal symbiosis, functional genomic approaches and the use of microorganisms as bio-indicator of soil disturbance."

Autoren/Hrsg.

Varma, Ajit

Abbott, Lynette

Werner, Dietrich

Hampp, Rüdiger

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;24
4;1 The State of the Art;31
5;2 Root Colonisation Following Seed Inoculation;42
5.1;1 Introduction;42
5.2;2 Bacterial Root Colonisation;42
5.3;3 Analysis of Tomato Root Tip Colonisation After Seed Inoculation Using a Gnotobiotic Assay;43
5.4;4 Genetic Tools for Studying Root Colonisation;47
5.5;5 Behaviour of Root-Colonising Pseudomonas Bacteria in a Gnotobiotic System;51
5.6;6 Influence of Abiotic and Biotic Factors;54
5.7;7 Conclusions;57
5.8;References and Selected Reading;57
6;3 Methanogenic Microbial Communities Associated with Aquatic Plants;63
6.1;1 Introduction;63
6.2;2 Role of Plants in Emission of CH4 to the Atmosphere;63
6.3;3 Role of Photosynthates and Plant Debris for CH4 Production;66
6.4;4 Methanogenic Microbial Communities on Plant Debris;68
6.5;5 Methanogenic Microbial Communities on Roots;70
6.6;6 Interaction of Methanogens and Methanotrophs;72
6.7;References and Selected Reading;73
7;4 Role of Functional Groups of Microorganisms on the Rhizosphere Microcosm Dynamics;79
7.1;1 Introduction;79
7.2;2 General Aspects of Functional Groups of Soil Microorganisms;80
7.3;3 Carbon Cycle Functional Groups;81
7.4;4 Functional Groups of Microrganisms of the Nitrogen Cycle;83
7.5;5 Functional Groups of Microrganisms of the Sulphur Cycle;85
7.6;6 Functional Groups of Microrganisms of the Phosphorus Cycle;87
7.7;7 Dynamics of the Rhizosphere Functional Groups of Microrganisms;88
7.8;8 Relationship Among r and k Strategist Functional Groups;89
7.9;9 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Dynamics in the Rhizosphere;89
7.10;10 Dynamics Among the Functional Microrganism Groups of the Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur Cycles;93
7.11;References and Selected Reading;96
8;5 Diversity and Functions of Soil Microflora in Development of Plants;98
8.1;1 Introduction;98
8.2;2 Functional Diversity of Soil Microflora;99
8.3;3 Role of Soil Microflora in Plant Development;103
8.4;4 Plant Growth Promoting Substances Produced by Soil Microbes;115
8.5;5 Conclusions;117
8.6;References and Selected Reading;118
9;6 Signalling in the Rhizobia–Legumes Symbiosis;126
9.1;1 Introduction;126
9.2;2 The Signals from the Host Plants;128
9.3;3 Signals from the Microsymbionts;134
9.4;4 Signal Perception and Molecular Biology of Nodule Initiation;138
9.5;References and Selected Reading;141
10;7 The Functional Groups of Micro-organisms Used as Bio- indicator on Soil Disturbance Caused by Biotech Products such as Bacillus thuringiensis and Bt Transgenic Plants;147
10.1;1 Introduction;147
10.2;2 General Aspects of Bacillus thuringiensis;148
10.3;3 Survival in the Soil;149
10.4;4 History of Bacillus thuringiensis-Transgenic Plants;150
10.5;5 Persistence of the Protein Crystal in the Soil;151
10.6;6 Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis and Its Bio-insecticide Protein on Functional Soil Microorganism Assemblage;152
10.7;References and Selected Reading;156
11;8 The Use of ACC Deaminase-Containing Plant Growth- Promoting Bacteria to Protect Plants Against the Deleterious Effects of Ethylene;159
11.1;1 Introduction;159
11.2;2 Ethylene;160
11.3;3 ACC Deaminase;161
11.4;4 Conclusions;166
11.5;References and Selected Reading;167
12;9 Interactions Between Epiphyllic Microorganisms and Leaf Cuticles;171
12.1;1 Introduction;171
12.2;2 Physical and Chemical Parameters of the Phyllosphere;173
12.3;3 Leaf Surface Colonisation and Species Composition;175
12.4;4 Alteration of Leaf Surface Wetting;176
12.5;5 Interaction of Bacteria with Isolated Plant Cuticles;178
12.6;6 Conclusions;179
12.7;References and Selected Reading;180
13;10 Developmental Interactions Between Clavicipitaleans and Their Host Plants;183
13.1;1 Introduction;183
13.2;2 Endophyte/Epibiont Niche;183
13.3;3 Coevolution of Clavicipitalean Fungi with Grass Hosts;184
13.4;4 The Jump from Insects to Plants;184
13.5;5 Developmental Differentiation of Endophytic and Epiphyllous Mycelium;186
13.6;6 Modifications of Plant Tissues for Nutrient Acquisition;191
13.7;7 Evolution of Asexual Derivatives of Epichloë;197
13.8;8 Conclusions;201
13.9;References and Selected Reading;201
14;11 Interactions of Microbes with Genetically Modified Plants;205
14.1;1 Introduction;205
14.2;2 Changes in Microbial Communities Induced by Genetically Modified Plants;207
14.3;3 Impact of Genetically Modified Plants on Symbiotic Interactions;210
14.4;4 Horizontal Gene Transfer;212
14.5;5 Conclusions;217
14.6;References and Selected Reading;218
15;12 Interaction Between Soil Bacteria and Ectomycorrhiza- Forming Fungi;223
15.1;1 Introduction;223
15.2;2 Bacteria;224
15.3;3 Bacterial Community Structure;224
15.4;4 Association of Bacteria with Fungal/Ectomycorrhizal Structures;225
15.5;5 Bacteria Associated with Sporocarps and Ectomycorrhiza;226
15.6;6 Benefits from Bacteria/Ectomycorrhiza Interactions;227
15.7;7 Possible Mechanisms of Interaction;228
15.8;8 Biochemical Evidence for Interaction;229
15.9;9 Impacts of Environmental Pollution;232
15.10;10 Conclusions;232
15.11;References and Selected Reading;233
16;13 The Surface of Ectomycorrhizal Roots and the Interaction with Ectomycorrhizal Fungi;237
16.1;1 Introduction;237
16.2;2 Long and Short Roots of Ectomycorrhiza-Forming Plants;238
16.3;3 A Cuticle-Like Layer on the Surface of Short Roots;240
16.4;4 Involvement of the Cuticle-Like Layer in Mycorrhiza Formation;244
16.5;5 Involvement of the Cuticle-Like Layer in Hyphal Attachment;244
16.6;6 Digestion of the Suberin Layer and the Cell Wall of the Root Cap;246
16.7;7 Hartig Net Formation;247
16.8;8 Pectins in the Cortical Cell Walls of Nonmycorrhizal Long and Mycorrhizal Short Roots;248
16.9;9 Conclusions;249
16.10;References and Selected Reading;250
17;14 Cellular Ustilaginomycete – Plant Interactions;253
17.1;1 Introduction;253
17.2;2 The Term Smut Fungus;253
17.3;3 Life Cycle;254
17.4;4 Hosts;254
17.5;5 Cellular Interactions;255
17.6;6 Conclusions;261
17.7;References and Selected Reading;262
18;15 Interaction of Piriformospora indica with Diverse Microorganisms and Plants;263
18.1;1 Introduction;263
18.2;2 Interaction with Microorganisms;264
18.3;3 Interaction with Bryophyte;268
18.4;4 Interaction with Higher Plants;268
18.5;5 Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes;286
18.6;6 Conclusions;289
18.7;References and Selected Reading;290
19;16 Cellular Basidiomycete–Fungus Interactions;292
19.1;1 Introduction;292
19.2;2 Occurrence of Mycoparasites Within the Basidiomycota;292
19.3;3 Hosts;293
19.4;4 Cellular Interactions;293
19.5;5 Basidiomycetous Mycoparasitism, a Result of Convergent Evolution?;302
19.6;6 Conclusions;303
19.7;References and Selected Reading;303
20;17 Fungal Endophytes;305
20.1;1 Introduction;305
20.2;2 Definition of a Fungal Endophyte;305
20.3;3 Role of Endophytes;306
20.4;4 Modes of Endophytic Infection and Colonization;307
20.5;5 Isolation of Endophytes;308
20.6;6 Molecular Characterization of Endophytes;309
20.7;7 Are Endophytes Responsible for Host Exclusivity/ Recurrence in Saprobic Fungi?;310
20.8;8 Conclusions;311
20.9;References and Selected Reading;312
21;18 Mycorrhizal Development and Cytoskeleton;317
21.1;1 Introduction;317
21.2;2 Cytoskeletal Components;317
21.3;3 Organization of Cytoskeleton in Endomycorrhiza;322
21.4;4 Organization of Cytoskeleton in Ectomycorrhiza;324
21.5;5 Regulation of Actin Cytoskeleton Organization in Fungal Hyphae and Plant Cells;329
21.6;6 Actin Binding Proteins;331
21.7;7 Microtubule-Associated Proteins;332
21.8;8 Cell Cycle and Cytoskeleton in Mycorrhiza;337
21.9;9 Cytoskeletal Research Methods;339
21.10;References and Selected Reading;342
22;19 Functional Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Root Surfaces;354
22.1;1 Introduction;354
22.2;2 Mycorrhiza Formation and Ecological Specificity;355
22.3;3 Functioning of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas in Nutrient Exchange;357
22.4;4 Functional Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Root and Hyphal Interactions;361
22.5;5 Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Roots in Soil Aggregation;363
22.6;6 Environmental Influence on Functional Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi;364
22.7;7 Role of Plant Mutants in Studying the Interactions Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Roots;364
22.8;8 Conclusion and Future Research Needs;366
22.9;References and Selected Reading;366
23;20 Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria;373
23.1;1 Introduction;373
23.2;2 Main Types of Rhizosphere Microorganisms;374
23.3;3 Mycorrhizal Fungi;375
23.4;4 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria;376
23.5;5 Reasons for Studying Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Interactions and Main Scenarios;378
23.6;6 Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Mycorrhiza Formation;379
23.7;7 Effect of Mycorrhizas on the Establishment of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in the Rhizosphere;379
23.8;8 Interactions Involved in Nutrient Cycling and Plant Growth Promotion;381
23.9;9 Interactions for the Biological Control of Root Pathogens;383
23.10;References and Selected Reading;384
24;21 Carbohydrates and Nitrogen: Nutrients and Signals in Ectomycorrhizas;394
24.1;1 Introduction;394
24.2;2 Trehalose Utilization by Ectomycorrhizal Fungi;395
24.3;3 Carbohydrate Uptake;395
24.4;4 Carbohydrate Metabolism;397
24.5;5 Carbohydrate Storage;397
24.6;6 Carbohydrates as Signal, Regulating Fungal Gene Expression in Ectomycorrhizas;398
24.7;7 Nitrogen;401
24.8;8 Utilization of Inorganic Nitrogen;402
24.9;9 Utilization of Organic Nitrogen;403
24.10;10 Proteolytic Activities of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi;403
24.11;11 Uptake of Amino Acids;404
24.12;12 Regulation of Fungal Nitrogen Export in Mycorrhizas by the Nitrogen- Status of Hyphae;404
24.13;13 Carbohydrate and Nitrogen-Dependent Regulation of Fungal Gene Expression;406
24.14;14 Conclusions;406
24.15;References and Selected Reading;407
25;22 Nitrogen Transport and Metabolism in Mycorrhizal Fungi and Mycorrhizas;413
25.1;1 Introduction;413
25.2;2 Nitrate and Nitrite Transport;415
25.3;3 Ammonium Transport;418
25.4;4 Amino Acid Transport;423
25.5;5 Reduction of Nitrate to Nitrite and Ammonium;425
25.6;6 Assimilation ofAmmonium;429
25.7;7 Amino Acid Metabolism;437
25.8;8 Conclusion and Future Prospects;439
25.9;References and Selected Reading;441
26;23 Visualisation of Rhizosphere Interactions of Pseudomonas and Bacillus Biocontrol Strains;450
26.1;1 Introduction;450
26.2;2 Tomato Foot and Root Rot and the Need for Biological Control;450
26.3;3 Selection of Antagonistic Strains;451
26.4;4 In Vivo Biocontrol Assays;453
26.5;5 Microscope Analysis of Infection and Biocontrol;456
26.6;6 Conclusions;462
26.7;References and Selected Reading;462
27;24 Microbial Community Analysis in the Rhizosphere by in Situ and ex Situ Application of Molecular Probing, Biomarker and Cultivation Techniques;468
27.1;1 Introduction;468
27.2;2 In Situ Studies of Microbial Communities Using Specific Fluorescence Labeling and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy;470
27.3;3 Ex Situ Studies of Microbial Communities After Separation of Rhizosphere Compartments;476
27.4;4 Conclusions;482
27.5;References and Selected Reading;483
28;25 Methods for Analysing the Interactions Between Epiphyllic Microorganisms and Leaf Cuticles;489
28.1;1 Introduction;489
28.2;2 Physical Characterisation of Cuticle Surfaces by Contact Angle Measurements;489
28.3;3 Chemical Characterisation of Cuticle Surfaces;491
28.4;4 A New in Vitro System for the Study of Interactions Between Microbes and Cuticles;493
28.5;5 Conclusions;504
28.6;References and Selected Reading;504
29;26 Quantifying the Impact of ACC Deaminase- Containing Bacteria on Plants;506
29.1;1 Introduction;506
29.2;2 Selection of Bacterial Strains that Contain ACC Deaminase;506
29.3;3 Culture Conditions for the Induction of Bacterial ACC Deaminase Activity;508
29.4;4 Gnotobiotic Root Elongation Assay;509
29.5;5 Measurement of ACC Deaminase Activity;510
29.6;6 Measurement of ACC in Plant Roots, Seed Tissues and Seed Exudates;512
29.7;References and Selected Reading;518
30;27 Applications of Quantitative Microscopy in Studies of Plant Surface Microbiology;520
30.1;1 Introduction;520
30.2;2 Quantitation of Symbiotic Interactions Between Rhizobium and Legumes by Visual Counting Techniques;521
30.3;3 Quantitation of Symbiotic Interactions Between Rhizobium and Legumes by Image Analysis;543
30.4;4 A Working Model for Very Early Stages of Root Hair Infection by Rhizobia;546
30.5;5 Improvements in Specimen Preparation and Imaging Optics for Plant Rhizoplane Microbiology;546
30.6;6 CMEIAS: A New Generation of Image Analysis Software for in Situ Studies of Microbial Ecology;548
30.7;7 Conclusions;561
30.8;References and Selected Reading;561
31;28 Analysis of Microbial Population Genetics;568
31.1;1 Introduction;568
31.2;2 Materials for RAPD, AFLP and ITS;569
31.3;3 RAPD;570
31.4;3 AFLP;573
31.5;6 ITS-RFLP analysis;576
31.6;7 Statistical analysis;578
31.7;8 Concluding Remarks;580
31.8;References and Selected Reading;581
32;29 Functional Genomic Approaches for Studies of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis;583
32.1;1 Introduction;583
32.2;2 Material and Methods;584
32.3;3 RNA Quantification;586
32.4;4 Conversion Protocol;593
32.5;5 Troubleshooting;594
32.6;6 Sequencing Strategies;594
32.7;7 Macroarrays;598
32.8;8 Generation of Radiolabeled Probes;601
32.9;9 Hybridization of Macroarrays to Radiolabeled Probes;602
32.10;10 Data Analysis;602
32.11;11 Example of Laccaria bicolor Macroarrays;604
32.12;12 Conclusions;606
32.13;References and Selected Reading;607
33;30 Axenic Culture of Symbiotic Fungus Piriformospora indica;609
33.1;1 Introduction;609
33.2;2 Morphology;609
33.3;3 Taxonomy of the Fungus;611
33.4;4 Chlamydospore Formation and Germination;613
33.5;5 Cultivation;613
33.6;6 Carbon and Energy Sources;616
33.7;7 Biomass on Individual Amino Acids;620
33.8;8 Growth on Complex Media;620
33.9;9 Phosphatic Nutrients;621
33.10;10 Composition of Media;622
33.11;11 Conclusions;628
33.12;References and Selected Reading;628
34;Subject Index;630