Velho. / Gomes / Frery Image Processing for Computer Graphics and Vision

2. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-84800-193-0
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 476 Seiten

Reihe: Texts in Computer Science

Image processing is concerned with the analysis and manipulation of images by computer. Providing a thorough treatment of image processing with an emphasis on those aspects most used in computer graphics, the authors concentrate on describing and analyzing the underlying concepts rather than on presenting algorithms or pseudocode. As befits a modern introduction to this topic, a good balance is struck between discussing the underlying mathematics and the main topics: signal processing, data discretization, the theory of colour and different colour systems, operations in images, dithering and half-toning, warping and morphing and image processing. This second edition reflects recent trends in science andtechnology that exploit image processing in computer graphics and vision applications. Stochastic image models and statistical methods for image processing are covered as are: A modern approach and new developments in the area, Probability theory for image processing, Applications in image analysis and computer vision.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Velho, Luiz

Gomes, Jonas

Frery, Alejandro C.

Weitere Mitwirkende

Levy, Silvio

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Introduction;15
3.1;Computer Graphics;15
3.2;Abstraction Paradigms;17
3.3;About This Book;19
3.4;Comments and References;22
4;Signal Theory;26
4.1;Abstraction Paradigms;26
4.1.1;Levels of Abstraction;27
4.2;Mathematical Models for Signals;28
4.2.1;Approximation of Signals;29
4.2.2;Functional Models and Abstraction Levels;31
4.2.3;The Spatial Model;32
4.2.4;The Frequency Model;35
4.3;Linear Representation of Signals;40
4.3.1;Existence of Exact Representations;42
4.4;Operations on Signals;45
4.4.1;Filters;45
4.4.2;Transforms;46
4.4.3;Filtering and Frequencies;47
4.5;Sampling Theory;48
4.5.1;Uniform Point Sampling;49
4.5.2;Point Sampling and the Fourier Transform;51
4.5.3;The Sampling Theorem;54
4.5.4;Extensions of the Sampling Theorem;57
4.6;Operations in the Discrete Domain;59
4.6.1;Discrete Convolution;60
4.6.2;The Discrete Fourier Transform;60
4.7;The Inverse Discrete Transform;63
4.7.1;Properties of the DFT;63
4.8;The Discrete Transform on the Interval [0,A];64
4.9;Matrix Representation of the DFT;65
4.10;The Fast Fourier Transform;65
4.11;Finite Transform;66
4.12;Comments and References;66
5;Random Processes;69
5.1;Random Variables;69
5.2;Stochastic Processes;75
5.3;Point Processes;77
5.3.1;Homogeneous Processes with Independence;77
5.3.2;Inhomogeneity and/or Dependence;80
5.4;Comments and References;84
6;Fundamentals of Color;86
6.1;Paradigms in the Study of Color;86
6.2;The Physical Universe of Color;87
6.2.1;Color Formation;87
6.2.2;Photometry and Colorimetry;89
6.3;The Mathematical Universe of Color;90
6.4;The Representation Universe of Color;91
6.4.1;Color Sampling;91
6.4.2;Color Reconstruction;94
6.4.3;Computation of Primary Components;96
6.5;CIE-RGB Representation;99
6.5.1;Color Matching Experiments;101
6.6;Luminance and Chrominance;102
6.7;The Color Solid;106
6.7.1;Chromaticity Space;106
6.8;Grassmann's Laws;109
6.9;Comments and References;111
7;Color Systems;113
7.1;Preliminary Notions;113
7.2;Changing Between Color Systems;114
7.3;Color Systems and Computer Graphics;116
7.4;Standard Color Systems;116
7.4.1;The CIE-RGB Standard;117
7.4.2;The CIE-XYZ Standard;118
7.4.3;Changing Between the CIE-RGB and CIE-XYZSystems;120
7.4.4;Complementary Color Systems;125
7.4.5;Uniform Color Systems;126
7.5;Device Color Systems;127
7.5.1;The Monitor RGB System;127
7.5.2;Monitor-Complementary Systems;129
7.5.3;Component Video Systems;130
7.5.4;Composite Video Systems;134
7.6;Color Interface Systems;135
7.6.1;The HSV System;137
7.6.2;The HSL System;139
7.6.3;The Munsell System;139
7.6.4;The Pantone System;141
7.7;Computational Color Systems;142
7.8;Color Transformations;143
7.9;Comments and References;143
8;Digital Images;145
8.1;Abstraction Paradigms for Images;145
8.2;The Spatial Model;146
8.2.1;Continuous Images;146
8.2.2;Image Representation;148
8.2.3;Digital Images;149
8.2.4;Digital Topology;151
8.2.5;Pixel Shape;152
8.3;Comments and References;155
9;Operations on Images;157
9.1;Arithmetic Operations;157
9.2;Filters;159
9.2.1;Classification;160
9.2.2;Morphological Filters;162
9.2.3;Spatially Invariant Filters;164
9.3;Spatially Invariant Linear Filters;165
9.3.1;Discrete Filters;167
9.3.2;Extending the Domain of the Image;172
9.4;Examples of Linear Filters;176
9.5;Edge Enhancement Operations;189
9.5.1;Laplacian Addition;189
9.5.2;Unsharp Masking;192
9.5.3;Difference of Gaussians;193
9.6;Comments and References;194
10;Sampling and Reconstruction;197
10.1;Sampling;197
10.1.1;Time-Domain Viewpoint;197
10.1.2;Frequency-Domain Viewpoint;198
10.2;Reconstruction;198
10.2.1;Frequency Domain Viewpoint;198
10.2.2;Time-Domain Viewpoint;199
10.3;Aliasing;201
10.3.1;Aliasing in Computer-Generated Images;204
10.4;Reconstruction Problems;206
10.4.1;Reconstruction Using a Box Filter;207
10.4.2;Analysis of Reconstruction Problems;208
10.5;Some Classical Reconstruction Filters;210
10.6;A Study of Reconstruction Problems;213
10.7;Reconstructing After Aliasing;221
10.8;A Case Study;223
10.9;Comments and References;225
11;Multiscale Analysis and Wavelets;227
11.1;The Wavelet Transform;227
11.1.1;Inverse of the Wavelet Transform;228
11.1.2;Image of the Wavelet Transform;229
11.1.3;Filtering and the Wavelet Transform;230
11.2;The Discrete Wavelet Transform;234
11.2.1;Function Representation;236
11.3;Multiresolution Representation;238
11.3.1;Scale Spaces;239
11.3.2;Multiresolution Representation;242
11.3.3;A Pause to Think;243
11.4;Multiresolution Representation and Wavelets;245
11.4.1;A Pause... to See the Wavescape;248
11.4.2;Two Scale Relation;249
11.5;The Fast Wavelet Transform;250
11.5.1;Multiresolution Representation and Recursion;251
11.5.2;Two-Scale Relations and Inner Products;253
11.6;Wavelet Decomposition and Reconstruction;254
11.6.1;Decomposition;254
11.6.2;Reconstruction;255
11.7;The Fast Wavelet Transform Algorithm;256
11.7.1;Forward Transform;256
11.7.2;Inverse Transform;257
11.7.3;Complexity Analysis of the Algorithm;258
11.7.4;Boundary Conditions;259
11.8;Images and 2D-Wavelets;260
11.8.1;Tensor Product Extension;260
11.8.2;The 2D Algorithm;261
11.9;Comments and References;263
12;Probabilistic Image Models;265
12.1;Image Formation;265
12.2;Observed Data;266
12.3;Histograms and Estimation;271
12.4;Correlated Observations;286
12.5;Filtering;289
12.6;Classes;295
12.7;Comments and References;298
13;Color Quantization;303
13.1;Quantization Cells;305
13.2;Quantization and Perception;306
13.2.1;Overview of the Quantization Process;308
13.3;Quantization Error;309
13.3.1;Color Frequency Histograms;309
13.4;Uniform and Adaptive Quantization;310
13.4.1;Color Map Quantization;311
13.4.2;Test Images;311
13.5;Adaptive Quantization Methods;312
13.5.1;Quantization by Direct Selection;313
13.5.2;Quantization by Recursive Subdivision;313
13.6;Optimization Methods for Quantization;317
13.7;Optimal One-Dimensional Quantization;318
13.8;Optimal Quantization by Relaxation;319
13.8.1;Optimal Quantization by Simulated Annealing;320
13.9;Comments and References;320
14;Digital Halftoning;322
14.1;Dithering;322
14.1.1;Dithering by Random Modulation;326
14.1.2;A Classification of Dithering Algorithms;327
14.2;Periodic Dithering;329
14.2.1;Clustered Ordered Dithering;331
14.2.2;Dot Dispersion Ordered Dithering;336
14.3;Pattern Dithering;338
14.4;Nonperiodic Dithering;339
14.4.1;The Floyd--Steinberg Algorithm;339
14.4.2;Dithering with Space-Filling Curves;340
14.5;Comments and References;349
15;Image Compression;354
15.1;Image Encoding;354
15.2;Image Compression;358
15.2.1;Compression by Image Model;359
15.2.2;Compression by Image Representation;360
15.3;Compression and Multiscale Analysis;361
15.3.1;Two-Channel Encoding;362
15.3.2;Multiscale Representation of an Image;365
15.4;Comments and References;366
16;Combining Images;369
16.1;Preliminaries;369
16.2;Combining Images Algebraically;370
16.2.1;Mixing Images;371
16.3;Combining Images by Decomposing the Domain;372
16.3.1;Partitions of Unity and Decompositions;373
16.3.2;Image Compositing;374
16.4;Combining Images in the Discrete Domain;376
16.4.1;The Opacity Function;376
16.4.2;Discretization and Opacity Function;378
16.5;Computation of the Opacity Function;380
16.6;Compositing in the Discrete Domain;382
16.6.1;Compositing Using the Alpha Channel;382
16.6.2;Compositing Using Bitmasks;384
16.7;Compositing Operations;385
16.7.1;The Overlay Operator;386
16.7.2;The Inside Operator;388
16.7.3;The Outside Operator;388
16.7.4;The Atop Operator;389
16.7.5;The Xor Operator;390
16.7.6;The Clear Operator;391
16.7.7;The Set Operator;391
16.8;Comments and References;392
17;Warping and Morphing;394
17.1;Warping Filters;394
17.2;Warping in the Continuous Domain;395
17.2.1;Expansions and Contractions;396
17.3;Warping in the Discrete Domain;398
17.3.1;Resampling;399
17.4;Some Examples;401
17.4.1;Zooming;402
17.5;Warping in Practice;406
17.5.1;Approximating the Pixel Geometry;407
17.5.2;Warping Using the Direct Map;408
17.5.3;Warping Using the Inverse Map;410
17.5.4;Decomposable Transformations;411
17.6;Morphing;414
17.7;Continuous Families of Transformations;416
17.8;Comments and References;419
18;Image Systems;420
18.1;Image Characteristics;420
18.1.1;Matrix Representation of a Digital Image;421
18.1.2;Pixel Geometry;422
18.2;Image Display;423
18.2.1;Support Media;424
18.2.2;Tone Maps;424
18.2.3;Calibration;426
18.3;Cross Rendering;427
18.3.1;Gamut Transformations;427
18.4;Color Correction;428
18.4.1;Luminance Overflow;428
18.4.2;Unrealizable Colors;428
18.5;Display Models;429
18.5.1;Physical Reconstruction Function;431
18.6;Electronic Publishing Systems;433
18.6.1;Offset Printing;434
18.7;Comments and References;442
19;Appendix: Radiometry and Photometry;445
19.1;Radiometry;445
19.1.1;Radiometric Magnitudes;448
19.1.2;Spectral Distribution;450
19.2;Photometric Variables;452
19.3;Comments and References;455
20;Index;456