Wiesendanger Atomic- and Nanoscale Magnetism

1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-3-319-99558-8
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 400 Seiten

Reihe: NanoScience and Technology

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the fascinating recent developments in atomic- and nanoscale magnetism, including the physics of individual magnetic adatoms and single spins, the synthesis of molecular magnets for spintronic applications, and the magnetic properties of small clusters as well as non-collinear spin textures, such as spin spirals and magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin films and nanostructures. Starting from the level of atomic-scale magnetic interactions, the book addresses the emergence of many-body states in quantum magnetism and complex spin states resulting from the competition of such interactions, both experimentally and theoretically. It also introduces novel microscopic and spectroscopic techniques to reveal the exciting physics of magnetic adatom arrays and nanostructures at ultimate spatial and temporal resolution and demonstrates their applications using various insightful examples. The book is intended for researchers and graduate students interested in recent developments of one of the most fascinating fields of condensed matter physics.

Roland Wiesendanger studied physics at the University of Basel, Switzerland, where he received his Ph.D. in 1987 and his habilitation degree in 1990, working in the field of scanning tunnelling microscopy and related techniques. In 1992 he accepted a Full Professor position at the University of Hamburg, related to the launch of the Microstructure Advanced Research Center Hamburg. In Hamburg, Roland Wiesendanger initiated the Center of Competence in Nano-scale Analysis, the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center Hamburg, the Collaborative Research Center of the German Research Foundation entitled 'Magnetism from single atoms to nanostructures', and the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg Cluster of Excellence 'Nanospintronics'. Since the late 80s, Roland Wiesendanger has pioneered the technique of spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy (SP-STM) and spectroscopy, which allowed the first real-space observation of magnetic structures at the atomic level. He also contributed significantly to the development of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and magnetic exchange force microscopy (MExFM). Roland Wiesendanger is author or co-author of about 600 scientific publications and 2 textbooks, and editor or co-editor of 8 monographs. He has received numerous scientific awards and honours, including the American Vacuum Society's Nanotechnology Recognition Award in 2010, the first Heinrich Rohrer Grand Medal and Prize in 2014, and the Julius Springer Prize for Applied Physics in 2016. He is an elected member of the German Academy of Sciences 'Leopoldina', the Hamburg Academy of Sciences, the German Academy of Technical Sciences 'acatech', the Polish Academy of Sciences, and the European Academy of Sciences 'EURASC'. Additionally, he is a Fellow of the American Vacuum Society and the Surface Science Society of Japan. In 2015 he received an Honorary Doctor degree from the Technical University of Poznan.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Wiesendanger, Roland

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;15
4;Part I From Single Spins to Complex Spin Textures;20
5;1 Magnetic Spectroscopy of Individual Atoms, Chains and Nanostructures;21
5.1;1.1 Introduction;21
5.2;1.2 Single Atom Magnetometry;22
5.2.1;1.2.1 SPSTS on Individual Atoms;22
5.2.2;1.2.2 Single-Atom Magnetization Curves;25
5.2.3;1.2.3 Magnetic Field Dependent Inelastic STS;27
5.3;1.3 Measurement of the RKKY Interaction;29
5.3.1;1.3.1 RKKY Interaction Between a Magnetic Layer and an Atom;29
5.3.2;1.3.2 RKKY Interaction Between two Atoms;29
5.3.3;1.3.3 Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya Contribution to the RKKY Interaction;32
5.4;1.4 Dilute Magnetic Chains and Arrays;35
5.5;1.5 Logic Gates and Magnetic Memories;37
5.6;1.6 Conclusions;40
5.7;References;41
6;2 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopies of Magnetic Atoms, Clusters, and Molecules;43
6.1;2.1 Tuning the Kondo Effect on the Single-Atom Scale;44
6.1.1;2.1.1 Co Atoms on a Quantum Well System;44
6.1.2;2.1.2 Kondo Effect in CoCun Clusters;47
6.1.3;2.1.3 Two-Site Kondo Effect in Atomic Chains;49
6.1.4;2.1.4 Spectroscopy of the Kondo Resonance at Contact;52
6.2;2.2 Magnetic Molecules;57
6.3;2.3 Graphene on Ir(111);60
6.4;2.4 Ballistic Anisotropic Magnetoresistance of Single Atom Contacts;61
6.5;2.5 Shot Noise Spectroscopy on Single Magnetic Atoms on Au(111);64
6.6;References;68
7;3 Electronic Structure and Magnetism of Correlated Nanosystems;72
7.1;3.1 Electron Correlations in Magnetic Nanosystems;72
7.2;3.2 Realistic Impurity Models for Correlated Electron Systems;74
7.3;3.3 Multiorbital Quantum Impurity Solvers;75
7.4;3.4 Transition Metal Impurities on Metallic Substrates;77
7.5;3.5 Hund's Impurities on Substrates;78
7.6;References;85
8;4 Local Physical Properties of Magnetic Molecules;88
8.1;4.1 High-Resolution Atomic Force Microscopy;88
8.2;4.2 Utilizing the Smoluchowski Effect to Probe Surface Charges and Dipole Moments of Molecules with Metallic Tips;91
8.3;4.3 Magnetic Exchange Force Microscopy and Spectroscopy;95
8.4;4.4 Adsorption Geometry of Co-Salen;98
8.5;4.5 Evidence for a Magnetic Coupling Between Co-Salen and NiO(001);101
8.6;References;103
9;5 Magnetic Properties of One-Dimensional Stacked Metal Complexes;105
9.1;5.1 Introduction;105
9.2;5.2 Towards Molecular Spintronics;106
9.3;5.3 Paramagnetic 3d-Transition-Metal Complexes with Terdentate Pyridine-Diimine Ligands;111
9.3.1;5.3.1 Synthesis of Novel Mono-, Di- and Trinuclear Iron(II) Complexes;111
9.3.2;5.3.2 Electronic and Magnetic Properties;114
9.3.3;5.3.3 Molecules on Surfaces;118
9.4;5.4 One-Dimensional Stacked Metallocenes;119
9.4.1;5.4.1 Different Metal Centers;120
9.4.2;5.4.2 More Stacking;124
9.5;References;130
10;6 Designing and Understanding Building Blocks for Molecular Spintronics;133
10.1;6.1 Introduction;133
10.2;6.2 Local Pathways in Exchange Spin Coupling;136
10.2.1;6.2.1 Transferring a Green's Function Approach to Heisenberg Coupling Constants J from Solid State Physics to Quantum Chemistry;136
10.2.2;6.2.2 Decomposing J into Local Contributions;139
10.2.3;6.2.3 Application to Bismetallocenes: Through-Space Versus Through-Bond Pathways;141
10.3;6.3 Chemically Controlling Spin Coupling;143
10.3.1;6.3.1 Photoswitchable Spin Coupling: Dithienylethene-Linked Biscobaltocenes;143
10.3.2;6.3.2 Redox-Switchable Spin Coupling: Ferrocene as Bridging Ligand;144
10.3.3;6.3.3 Introducing Spins on the Bridge: A Systematic Study;146
10.4;6.4 From Spin Coupling to Conductance;147
10.5;6.5 Conclusion;150
10.6;References;150
11;7 Magnetic Properties of Small, Deposited 3d Transition Metal and Alloy Clusters;153
11.1;7.1 Introduction;153
11.2;7.2 Experiments;155
11.2.1;7.2.1 Cluster Sample Preparation;155
11.2.2;7.2.2 X-Ray Absorption and Magnetic X-Ray Spectroscopy;158
11.3;7.3 3d Metal Cluster;159
11.3.1;7.3.1 Chromium Clusters;160
11.3.2;7.3.2 Cobalt Clusters;165
11.4;7.4 Alloy Clusters;166
11.4.1;7.4.1 Co Alloy Clusters;167
11.4.2;7.4.2 FePt;167
11.5;7.5 Magnetism and Chemical Reactivity;169
11.5.1;7.5.1 CoO;170
11.5.2;7.5.2 CoPd Dimers;171
11.5.3;7.5.3 CoRh Oxidised Clusters;171
11.6;7.6 Summary;174
11.7;References;175
12;8 Non-collinear Magnetism Studied with Spin-Polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscopy;178
12.1;8.1 Introduction;178
12.2;8.2 Magnetic Interactions;179
12.3;8.3 Spin-Polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscopy;180
12.4;8.4 Spin Spirals with Unique Rotational Sense;182
12.4.1;8.4.1 A Manganese Monolayer on W(110) and W(001);182
12.4.2;8.4.2 Fe and Co Chains on Ir(001): Magnetism in One Dimension;183
12.5;8.5 Nanoskyrmion Lattices in Fe on Ir(111);186
12.6;8.6 Magnetic Skyrmions in Pd/Fe on Ir(111);188
12.6.1;8.6.1 Pd/Fe/Ir(111): Magnetic Phases;188
12.6.2;8.6.2 Isolated Skyrmions: Material Parameters and Switching;189
12.6.3;8.6.3 Non-collinear Magnetoresistance;191
12.7;8.7 (SP-)STM of Higher Layers of Fe on Ir(111);192
12.7.1;8.7.1 Influence of Strain Relief and Temperature;192
12.7.2;8.7.2 Influence of Magnetic and Electric Field;194
12.8;8.8 Conclusion;195
12.9;References;195
13;9 Theory of Magnetic Ordering at the Nanoscale;198
13.1;9.1 Stability of Magnetic Quasiparticles;198
13.2;9.2 Higher-Order Complex Magnetic Interactions;199
13.3;9.3 Two-Dimensional Quasiparticles: Interfacial Skyrmions;201
13.4;9.4 One-Dimensional Quasiparticles;207
13.5;9.5 Zero-Dimensional Magnetic Objects;210
13.6;References;214
14;10 Magnetism of Nanostructures on Metallic Substrates;216
14.1;10.1 Introduction;216
14.2;10.2 Indirect Magnetic Exchange;218
14.3;10.3 The Kondo-Versus-RKKY Quantum Box;220
14.4;10.4 Underscreening and Overscreening;223
14.5;10.5 Inverse Indirect Magnetic Exchange;225
14.6;10.6 Frustrated Quantum Magnetism;227
14.7;10.7 Conclusions;230
14.8;References;230
15;Part II Spin Dynamics and Transport in Nanostructures;233
16;11 Magnetization Dynamics on the Atomic Scale;234
16.1;11.1 Telegraphic Noise Experiments on Nanomagnets;236
16.2;11.2 Current-Induced Magnetization Switching;238
16.3;11.3 Spin Transfer-Torque Based Pump-Probe Experiments;243
16.4;11.4 The Oersted Field Induced by a Tunnel Current;246
16.5;11.5 Electric Field-Induced Magnetoelectric Coupling;247
16.6;11.6 Spin-Polarized Field Emission;249
16.7;11.7 Magnetization Dynamics of Quasiclassical Magnets;252
16.8;11.8 Magnetization Dynamics of Quantum Magnets;256
16.9;References;260
17;12 Magnetic Behavior of Single Nanostructures and Their Mutual Interactions in Small Ensembles;262
17.1;12.1 Introduction;262
17.2;12.2 Experimental Details;264
17.3;12.3 The Physics of Single Nanostructures and Small Ensembles of Nanostructures;268
17.4;12.4 Conclusions;276
17.5;References;277
18;13 Fluctuations and Dynamics of Magnetic Nanoparticles;279
18.1;13.1 Introduction;279
18.2;13.2 Dynamics of Spins Coupled to Conduction Electrons;280
18.3;13.3 Tight-Binding Spin Dynamics;281
18.4;13.4 Linear-Response Theory;283
18.5;13.5 Correlated Conduction Electrons;285
18.6;13.6 Critical Properties and Magnetization Reversal in Nanosystems;287
18.6.1;13.6.1 Crossover Temperatures of Finite Magnets;287
18.6.2;13.6.2 Switching of Nanoparticles in Systems with Long-Range Interactions;290
18.7;13.7 Control of Ferro- and Antiferromagnetic Domain Walls with Spin Currents;291
18.8;13.8 Conclusions;294
18.9;References;295
19;14 Picosecond Magnetization Dynamics of Nanostructures Imaged with Pump–Probe Techniques in the Visible and Soft X-Ray Spectral Range;297
19.1;14.1 Direct Observation of Spin-Wave Packets in Permalloy;299
19.2;14.2 Time-Resolved Imaging of Domain Pattern Destruction and Recovery;302
19.3;14.3 Conclusion;309
19.4;References;309
20;15 Magnetic Antivortices;311
20.1;15.1 Introduction;311
20.2;15.2 Magnetic Singularities – Antivortices;313
20.3;15.3 Antivortex Generation;315
20.4;15.4 Higher Winding Numbers;321
20.5;15.5 Thickness Dependence;322
20.6;15.6 Antivortices Influenced by Static and Dynamic External Magnetic Fields;323
20.7;15.7 Bias Field Dependence;326
20.8;15.8 Annihilation Process;329
20.9;15.9 Conclusion;333
20.10;References;334
21;16 Nonequilibrium Quantum Dynamics of Current-Driven Magnetic Domain Walls and Skyrmions;336
21.1;16.1 Introduction;336
21.2;16.2 Model and Equations of Motion;338
21.3;16.3 Ferromagnetic Chiral Domain Walls;341
21.4;16.4 Steep Domain Walls;344
21.5;16.5 Skyrmion Creation;347
21.6;16.6 Conclusions;352
21.7;References;352
22;17 Imaging the Interaction of Electrical Currents with Magnetization Distributions;354
22.1;17.1 Introduction;354
22.1.1;17.1.1 Spin-Transfer Torque;354
22.1.2;17.1.2 SEMPA as a Unique Tool for Magnetic Imaging;356
22.2;17.2 Determining the Nonadiabaticity Parameter from the Displacement of Magnetic Vortices;357
22.2.1;17.2.1 Proposal from Theory;358
22.2.2;17.2.2 Sample Preparation;358
22.2.3;17.2.3 Experimental Results;359
22.3;17.3 Applications of Vectorial Magnetic Imaging;360
22.4;17.4 Development of Time-Resolved SEMPA;362
22.4.1;17.4.1 Concept;363
22.4.2;17.4.2 Experimental Setup;364
22.4.3;17.4.3 Results and Analysis;365
22.5;17.5 Conclusion and Outlook;366
22.6;References;368
23;18 Electron Transport in Ferromagnetic Nanostructures;370
23.1;18.1 Introduction;370
23.2;18.2 Domain Walls;372
23.3;18.3 Domain-Wall Dynamics;375
23.4;18.4 Domain-Wall Mass;379
23.5;18.5 Fast Generation of Domain Walls with Defined Chirality in Nanowires;380
23.6;18.6 Time-resolved imaging of nonlinear magnetic domain-wall dynamics in ferromagnetic nanowires;385
23.7;18.7 Conclusion;391
23.8;References;392
24;Index;395