Yanful Appropriate Technologies for Environmental Protection in the Developing World

Selected Papers from ERTEP 2007, July 17-19 2007, Ghana, Africa
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-4020-9139-1
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 360 Seiten

This book is the first edited compilation of selected, refereed papers submitted to ERTEP 2007. The selected papers either dealt with technologies or scientific work and policy findings that address specific environmental problems affecting humanity in general, but more specifically, people and ecosystems in developing countries. It was not necessary for the work to have been done in a developing country, but the findings and results must be appropriate or applicable to a developing country setting. It is acknowledged that environmental research, technology applications and policy implementation have been demonstrated to improve environmental sustainability and protection in several developed economies. The main argument of the book is that similar gains can be achieved in developing economies and economies in transition. The book is organized into six chapters along some of the key themes discussed at the conference: Environmental Health Management, Sustainable Energy and Fuel, Water Treatment, Purification and Protection, Mining and Environment, Soil Stabilization, and Environmental Monitoring. It is hoped that the contents of the book will provide an insight into some of the environmental and health mana- ment challenges confronting the developing world and the steps being taken to address them.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Yanful, Ernest K.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Acknowledgements;6
3;Introduction;7
4;Contents;9
5;Part I Environmental Health Management;13
5.1;A Comparative Case Study of Detection of Radiation in Vegetable Leaves in a Coastal Oil Producing and Hinterland Non-oil Producing Regions in Akwa Ibom State;14
5.1.1;1 Introduction;14
5.1.2;2 Results and Discussion;16
5.1.3;3 Conclusion;17
5.1.4;References;18
5.2;Influence of Human Activities and Land Use on Heavy Metal Concentrations in Irrigated Vegetables in Ghana and Their Health Implications;19
5.2.1;1 Introduction;19
5.2.2;2 Materials and Methods;21
5.2.3;3 Results;21
5.2.4;4 Discussion;22
5.2.5;5 Conclusion;23
5.2.6;References;24
5.3;An Economical Solution for the Environmental Problem Resulting from the Disposal of Rice Straw;25
5.3.1;1 Introduction;25
5.3.2;2 Description of the Process;26
5.3.3;3 Reduced Scale Simulation of the Entire Process;27
5.3.4;4 Behaviour of Concrete Incorporating Rice Straw Ash;30
5.3.5;5 Compressive Strength Tests;30
5.3.6;6 Rapid Chloride Penetrability Test for Durability Assessment;31
5.3.7;7 Electrical Conductivity Liquid Resulting from Hydrolysis;31
5.3.8;8 Results of Viability Study;32
5.3.9;9 Conclusions;33
5.3.10;References;33
5.4;Reversing Africa’s Deforestation for Sustainable Development;34
5.4.1;1 Introduction;34
5.4.2;2 Extent and Importance of Forests in Africa;35
5.4.3;3 The Threat of Deforestation;36
5.4.4;4 Strategies and Measures Taken Combat Deforestation;37
5.4.5;5 Moving Forward in Reversing Deforestation;39
5.4.6;6 Conclusion;41
5.4.7;References;42
5.5;Life Cycle Assessment of Chocolate Produced in Ghana;44
5.5.1;1 Introduction;45
5.5.2;2 Goal and Scope of the Study;46
5.5.3;3 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Analysis;46
5.5.4;4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment;47
5.5.5;5 Results and Discussion;47
5.5.6;6 Conclusions and Recommendations;49
5.5.7;References;50
5.6;Sustainable Production of Traditional Medicines in Africa;51
5.6.1;1 Introduction;51
5.6.2;2 Objectives;52
5.6.3;3 Distribution of TMPs in Nigeria;53
5.6.4;4 Traditional Medicine Practices in Nigeria Include;53
5.6.5;5 Global Market for Traditional Medicines;55
5.6.6;6 Sources of Medicinal Plants in Africa Include;55
5.6.7;7 Accessing the Natural Medicine Market;56
5.6.8;8 Drawbacks of Herbal Medicine Markets in Africa (Nigeria);58
5.6.9;9 The Steps Forward;58
5.6.10;10 Conclusion;58
5.6.11;References;59
5.7;Microbial Risk Assessment: Application and Stages to Evaluate Water Quality;60
5.7.1;1 Introduction;61
5.7.2;2 Microbial Risk Assessment Application;62
5.7.3;3 Microbial Risk Approach;62
5.7.4;4 Final Considerations;65
5.7.5;References;65
5.8;Benefits and Dangers of Nanotechnology: Health and Terrorism;66
5.8.1;1 Introduction;66
5.8.2;2 Medical Applications of Nanotechnology;67
5.8.3;3 Terrorism Issues of Nanotechnology;74
5.8.4;4 Concluding Remarks;77
5.8.5;References;78
6;Part II Sustainable Energy and Fuel;79
6.1;Environment Friendly Biodiesel from Jatropha curcas: Possibilities and Challenges;80
6.1.1;1 Introduction;81
6.1.2;2 Jatropha curcas – Origin and Description;81
6.1.3;3 Possibility of Producing Biofuel from Jatropha curcas;81
6.1.4;4 Proposed Approach;84
6.1.5;5 Challenges, Possibilities and Conclusion;85
6.1.6;References;86
6.2;Thermal Utilization of Solid Recovered Fuels in Pulverized Coal Power Plants and Industrial Furnaces as Part of an Integrated Waste Management Concept;87
6.2.1;1 Introduction;88
6.2.2;2 Waste-to-Energy a Better Option;89
6.2.3;3 Experiments;92
6.2.4;4 Results;93
6.2.5;5 Conclusion;94
6.2.6;References;94
6.3;Biogas Production from Organic Waste in Akwa IBOM State of Nigeria;96
6.3.1;1 Introduction;96
6.3.2;2 Significance of the Work;97
6.3.3;3 Biogas;98
6.3.4;4 Prospect of Biogas Technology;98
6.3.5;5 Materials and Method;99
6.3.6;6 Apparatus;99
6.3.7;7 Procedure;100
6.3.8;8 Analysis and Discussion;101
6.3.9;9 Conclusion and Further Work;102
6.3.10;References;102
6.4;West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) Project: Associated Problems and Possible Remedies;103
6.4.1;1 Introduction;104
6.4.2;2 Associated Problems;108
6.4.3;3 Proposed Control Measures;111
6.4.4;4 Conclusion;112
6.4.5;References;112
7;Part III Water Treatment, Purification and Protection;115
7.1;Activated Carbon for Water Treatment in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects;116
7.1.1;1 Introduction;116
7.1.2;2 Materials and Methods;118
7.1.3;3 Results and Discussion;118
7.1.4;4 Conclusion;121
7.1.5;References;122
7.2;Impact of Feedwater Salinity on Energy Requirements of a Small-Scale Membrane Filtration System;124
7.2.1;1 Introduction;125
7.2.2;2 Equipment;126
7.2.3;3 Results;129
7.2.4;4 Discussion;133
7.2.5;5 Conclusions;137
7.2.6;References;137
7.3;Modern Technology for Wastewater Treatment and Its Application in Africa;139
7.3.1;1 Introduction;140
7.3.2;2 Waste Handling;145
7.3.3;3 Preseco Water and Wastewater;147
7.3.4;4 Conclusion;149
7.3.5;References;150
7.4;Ultrafiltration to Supply Drinking Water in International Development: A Review of Opportunities;151
7.4.1;1 Introduction;151
7.4.2;2 Ultrafiltration for Provision of Clean Drinking Water;152
7.4.3;3 UF Systems in International Development;161
7.4.4;4 Conclusions;165
7.4.5;References;166
7.5;Groundwater Pollution in Shallow Wells in Southern Malawi and a Potential Indigenous Method of Water Purification;169
7.5.1;1 Introduction;170
7.5.2;2 Water Quality from Shallow Wells;171
7.5.3;3 Water Purification;176
7.5.4;4 Conclusions and Recommendations;177
7.5.5;References;178
7.6;Photoelectrocatalytic Removal of Color from Water Using TiO2 and TiO2/Cu2O Thin Film Electrodes Under Low Light Intensity;180
7.6.1;1 Introduction;181
7.6.2;2 Experimental;182
7.6.3;3 Results and Discussion;184
7.6.4;4 Conclusions;194
7.6.5;References;194
8;Part IV Mining and Enviroment;196
8.1;Management of Acid Mine Drainage at Tarkwa, Ghana;197
8.1.1;1 Introduction;197
8.1.2;2 Materials and Methods;198
8.1.3;3 Results and Discussions;199
8.1.4;4 Conclusion;202
8.1.5;References;202
8.2;A Multi-disciplinary Approach to Reclamation Research in the Oil Sands Region of Canada;203
8.2.1;1 Introduction;204
8.2.2;2 Background;204
8.2.3;3 Presentation and Discussion of Results;206
8.2.4;4 Summary and Conclusions;211
8.2.5;References;212
8.3;Intelligent Machine Monitoring and Sensing for Safe Surface Mining Operations;214
8.3.1;1 Introduction;214
8.3.2;2 Global Intelligent Truck Dynamic Control and Sensing;216
8.3.3;3 Dump Truck and Operator Vibrations in HISLO;219
8.3.4;4 Research and Technology Challenges;221
8.3.5;5 Research Significance to the Surface Mining Industry;223
8.3.6;6 Conclusions;223
8.3.7;References;224
8.4;Neutralization Potential of Reclaimed Limestone Residual (RLR);225
8.4.1;1 Introduction;225
8.4.2;2 Acid Neutralization Potential (ANP) Results;227
8.4.3;3 Neutralization Testing Results;227
8.4.4;4 RLR Analysis;228
8.4.5;5 Chemical Characterization Results;230
8.4.6;6 Conclusion;230
8.4.7;References;230
8.5;Quantification of the Impact of Irrigating with Coalmine Waters on the Underlying Aquifers;231
8.5.1;1 Introduction;232
8.5.2;2 Discussion and Results;234
8.5.3;3 Quantification of the Salt;238
8.5.4;4 Conclusion;240
8.5.5;References;241
8.6;Application of Coal Fly Ash to Replace Lime in the Management of Reactive Mine Tailings;242
8.6.1;1 Introduction;242
8.6.2;2 Principles of Coal Fly Ash Applications in Reactive Mine Tailings;244
8.6.3;3 A Case Study of Coal Fly Ash Application in Reactive Mine Tailings;244
8.6.4;4 Feasibility Assessment;248
8.6.5;5 Summary and Conclusion;249
8.6.6;References;249
9;Part V Soil Stabilization;250
9.1;Consolidation and Strength Characteristics of Biofilm Amended Barrier Soils;251
9.1.1;1 Introduction;252
9.1.2;2 Background;253
9.1.3;3 Materials and Methods;254
9.1.4;4 Results and Discussion;256
9.1.5;5 Significance of Biofilm in Waste Containment Systems;261
9.1.6;6 Conclusions;262
9.1.7;References;263
9.2;Bagasse Ash Stabilization of Lateritic Soil;265
9.2.1;1 Introduction;266
9.2.2;2 Justification for the Study;266
9.2.3;3 Materials and Methods;267
9.2.4;4 Discussion of Results;269
9.2.5;5 Conclusion and Recommendations;272
9.2.6;References;273
9.3;Strength and Leaching Patterns of Heavy Metals from Ash-Amended Flowable Fill Monoliths;275
9.3.1;1 Introduction;275
9.3.2;2 Experimentation;277
9.3.3;3 Sources of Ash and Concrete Materials;278
9.3.4;4 Mix Design and Flowable Fill;278
9.3.5;5 Strength Tests and their Protocols;280
9.3.6;6 Leaching Tests and Protocols;281
9.3.7;7 Analysis and Discussion of Results;282
9.3.8;8 Effects of Ash Substitution on Contaminant Leachability Index;283
9.3.9;9 Conclusions;285
9.3.10;References;287
10;Part VI Environmental Monitoring;289
10.1;Geoelectrical Resistivity Imaging in Environmental Studies;290
10.1.1;1 Introduction;290
10.1.2;2 Geoelectrical Resistivity Surveys;292
10.1.3;3 Conclusions;296
10.1.4;References;297
10.2;Nitrogen Management for Maximum Potato Yield, Tuber Quality, and Environmental Conservation;299
10.2.1;1 Introduction;300
10.2.2;CASE 1: Effect of N Rate on Yield and Agronomic NUE of a Red Cultivar – Sangre;301
10.2.3;CASE 2: Effect of Pre-plant N Application Rate on Yield and Agronomic NUE of Cultivar Canela Russet;302
10.2.4;2 General Discussion;305
10.2.5;3 Conclusion;306
10.2.6;References;306
10.3;In Vitro Analysis of Enhanced Phenanthrene Emulsification and Biodegradation Using Rhamnolipid Biosurfactants and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus;308
10.3.1;1 Introduction;309
10.3.2;2 Materials and Methods;309
10.3.3;3 Results;311
10.3.4;4 Conclusions;313
10.3.5;References;313
10.4;Digital Elevation Models and GIS for Watershed Modelling and Flood Prediction – A Case Study of Accra Ghana;315
10.4.1;1 Introduction;316
10.4.2;2 DEM Data Modelling and Development;317
10.4.3;3 Watershed and Drainage Modelling;318
10.4.4;4 Flood Simulation;319
10.4.5;5 Results and Analysis of Flood and Map Derivatives;321
10.4.6;6 Conclusion;322
10.4.7;References;322
10.5;Trace Metal Pollution Study on Cassava Flour’s Roadside Drying Technique in Nigeria;323
10.5.1;1 Introduction;324
10.5.2;2 Methodology;325
10.5.3;3 Results and Discussion;327
10.5.4;4 Conclusion;328
10.5.5;5 Recommendation;328
10.5.6;References;329
10.6;Impact of Industrial Activities on the Physico-chemistry and Mycoflora of the New Calabar River in Nigeria;330
10.6.1;1 Introduction;331
10.6.2;2 Materials and Methods;331
10.6.3;3 Results;332
10.6.4;4 Discussion;333
10.6.5;5 Conclusion;335
10.6.6;References;335
10.7;Plants as Environmental Biosensors: Non-invasive Monitoring Techniques;337
10.7.1;1 Introduction;337
10.7.2;2 Plants as Biosensors for Monitoring the Acid Rain;339
10.7.3;3 Electrical Signals Induced by Pesticides;341
10.7.4;4 Insect-Induced Electrochemical Signals in Potato Plants;342
10.7.5;5 Molecular Recognition of the Direction of Light by Green Plants;343
10.7.6;6 Conclusion and Future Perspective;343
10.7.7;References;343
11;Index;345