Baker / Scott / Hu Reactive Polymer Blending

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-3-446-40174-7
Verlag: Hanser, Carl
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 400 Seiten

Major advancement has occurred in preparing useful polymer blends, in most cases using some form of compatibilization. While physical compatibilization using block copolymers was the technique of choice in the past, increasingly reactive approaches have been used. Much enabling technology is required to produce commercially viable blends including compatibilization chemistry, blend rheology, process equipment and morphology control. This volume is particularly suitable for students as a graduate level textbook and for practitioners trying to optimize these products and processes.
Contents
-Types of Reactive Polymers which Have Been Investigated
-Chemistry of Compatibilization Reactions
-In-Situ Interfacial Reactions - Kinetics and Interfacial Thickness
-Molecular Architecture of Reactive Compatibilizing Polymers
-Effects of Interfacial Reactions on Phase Morphology Development
-Effects of Rheology on Phase Morphology Development
-Phase Inversions in Blending
-Role of Mixing Mechanisms and Devices in Reactive Blending
-Extruders Used in Reactive Blending
-One-Step and Two-Step Reactive Blending Processes
-Reactive Blending of Polyamides
-Principles and Examples of Toughening
-Reactive Blend Compatibilization Using Small Molecules

Autoren/Hrsg.

Baker, W. E.

Baker, Warren

Scott, C. E.

Scott, Chris

Hu, G.-H.

Hu, Guo-Hua

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;8
2;Contents;10
3;Contributors;14
4;Preface;16
5;1 Introduction;18
5.1;1.1 Background;19
5.2;1.2 Important Blending Principles;20
5.3;1.3 A Historical Perspective on Reactive Blending;24
5.4;1.4 The Evolution of Commercial Practice;26
5.4.1;1.4.1 Patents and Products;26
5.4.2;1.4.2 Processing;27
5.5;1.5 Summary;28
5.6;References;28
6;2 Types of Reactive Polymers Used in Blending;30
6.1;2.1 Introduction;31
6.2;2.2 Compatibility in Polymer Blends;32
6.2.1;2.2.1 Basic Concepts;32
6.2.2;2.2.2 Strategies for Blend Compatibilization;32
6.3;2.3 Preparation of Reactive Polymers;34
6.4;2.4 Types of Compatibilizing Reactions;36
6.5;2.5 Types of Reactive Polymers and Their Applications;36
6.5.1;2.5.1 Reactive Polymers Having MAn Functionality;37
6.5.2;2.5.2 Reactive Polymers with Carboxylic Acid Functionality;39
6.5.3;2.5.3 Reactive Polymers Capable of Interchange Reactions;41
6.5.4;2.5.4 Reactive Polymers Containing Primary and Secondary Amines;43
6.5.5;2.5.5 Reactive Polymers Containing Hydroxyl Groups;43
6.5.6;2.5.6 Reactive Polymers Containing Heterocyclic Groups;46
6.5.7;2.5.7 Reactive Polymers Capable of Ionic Interactions;48
6.5.8;2.5.8 Miscellaneous Reactive Polymers;48
6.6;2.6 Concluding Remarks;49
6.7;List of Abbreviations;51
6.8;References;52
7;3 Reactive Blending with Immiscible Functional Polymers: Molecular, Morphological, and Interfacial Aspects;60
7.1;3.1 Introduction;61
7.2;3.2 Reactive Versus Physical Blending with Respect to Compatibilization;61
7.2.1;3.2.1 Similarities and Differences;61
7.2.2;3.2.2 Industrial Feasibility and Current Trends;63
7.3;3.3 In Situ Interfacial Chemical Reactions of Functional Polymers;64
7.3.1;3.3.1 Types of In Situ Chemical Reactions Involved;64
7.3.2;3.3.2 Kinetics of Interfacial Reactions and Molecular Characterization;66
7.4;3.4 Effects of Reactive Blending on Phase Morphology;70
7.4.1;3.4.1 Effect of Reactive Blending on Phase Morphology Generation;70
7.4.2;3.4.2 Effect of Reactive Blending on Phase Stabilisation in the Melt;80
7.4.3;3.4.3 Effect of Reactive Blending on Phase Co-Continuity;81
7.4.4;3.4.4 Interfacial Stability of the In Situ Formed Copolymer;84
7.5;3.5 Effect of Reactive Blending on Crystallization of Blends Containing Crystallizable Components;84
7.6;3.6 Blend Interface Characterization;86
7.6.1;3.6.1 General Aspects Concerning Polymer/Polymer Interfaces;86
7.6.2;3.6.2 Determination of the Interfacial Tension in Reactively Compatibilized Blends;89
7.6.3;3.6.3 Determination of the Interfacial Thickness in Reactive Blends;91
7.7;3.7 General Conclusions;95
7.8;References;96
8;4 Key Role of Structural Features of Compatibilizing Polymer Additives in Reactive Blending;99
8.1;4.1 Introduction;100
8.2;4.2 General Principles;102
8.3;4.3 Molecular Architecture of the Compatibilizer;102
8.3.1;4.3.1 Alternative 1;103
8.3.2;4.3.2 Alternative 2;103
8.3.3;4.3.3 Alternative 3;104
8.4;4.4 Phase Morphology Development;104
8.5;4.5 Effect of the Interfacial Reaction on the Phase Morphology Development;106
8.6;4.6 Effect of the Molecular Characteristic Features of the Reactive Polymers;107
8.6.1;4.6.1 Kinetics of the Interfacial Reaction;107
8.6.2;4.6.2 Molecular Weight of the Compatibilizer Precursors;112
8.6.3;4.6.3 Reactive Group Content of the Reacting Polymers;115
8.6.4;4.6.4 Distribution of the Reactive Groups Along the Chains;121
8.7;4.7 Effect of Processing Conditions;122
8.7.1;4.7.1 Melting Order of the Constitutive Components of Reactive Polyblends;122
8.7.2;4.7.2 Effect of Shearing;123
8.7.3;4.7.3 Initial State of Dispersion;124
8.7.4;4.7.4 Mixing Temperature;124
8.8;4.8 Conclusions;125
8.9;References;126
9;5 Morphological and Rheological Aspects of Reactive Polymer Blending;130
9.1;5.1 Morphology Development During Blending of Immiscible Polymers;131
9.1.1;5.1.1 The Melting Regime;133
9.1.2;5.1.2 The Melt Flow Regime;137
9.1.3;5.1.3 Final Morphology of Reactive Blends;144
9.1.4;5.1.4 Miscible Reactive Polymer Blends;149
9.2;5.2 Rheological Aspects of Reactive Polymer Blending;149
9.2.1;5.2.1 Rheological Changes During Blending;149
9.2.2;5.2.2 Rheology of Reactively Compatibilized Polymer Blends;151
9.3;5.3 Conclusions;155
9.4;5.4 Future Challenges;156
9.5;References;156
10;6 Reactive Blending in Screw Extruders;159
10.1;6.1 Introduction;160
10.2;6.2 Reactive Blending in Mixers;161
10.2.1;6.2.1 Copolymer Formation at Polymer/Polymer Interfaces;162
10.2.2;6.2.2 Batch Mixers for Reactive Blending;171
10.2.3;6.2.3 Reactive Blending in Screw Extruders;175
10.3;6.4 One-Step and Two-Step Reactive Blending Processes;187
10.3.1;6.4.1 PP/PA6 Blends;188
10.3.2;6.4.2 PP/PBT Blends;191
10.4;6.5 Concluding Remarks;194
10.5;References;195
11;7 Extrusion Equipment for Reactive Blending;197
11.1;7.1 Extruders Used for Reactive Blending;198
11.2;7.2 Mixing Mechanism;202
11.2.1;7.2.1 Distributive and Dispersive Mixing;203
11.2.2;7.2.2 Dissipative Melting;205
11.3;7.3 Residence Time and Residence Time Distribution;210
11.4;7.4 Devolatilization;211
11.5;7.5 Microstructure Development and Monitoring in Reactive Blending;214
11.6;7.6 Hybridized Polymer Processing Systems;218
11.7;7.7 Conclusions;221
11.8;References;222
12;8 Rubber Toughening of Polyamides by Reactive Blending;224
12.1;8.1 Introduction;225
12.2;8.2 Evolution of Polyamide Impact Modification Technology;229
12.3;8.3 Comparison of Reactivity vs. Toughening Efficiency of Various Functional Rubbers;233
12.4;8.4 Toughening Efficiency of Maleated EP Rubbers;241
12.4.1;8.4.1 Effect of Maleic Anhydride Content;241
12.4.2;8.4.2 Effect of Polyamide End Groups;243
12.5;8.5 Toughening Efficiency of Maleated Styrene-Ethylene/Butylene-Styrene (M-SEBS) Block Copolymer Rubbers;248
12.6;8.6 Effect of Mixtures of Reactive and Non-Reactive (Maleated and Unmaleated) Rubbers;253
12.7;8.7 Reactive Toughening of PA6 with Acyllactam-Grafted EP Rubbers;254
12.8;8.8 Toughening of Polyamides with Maleated LDPE;256
12.9;8.9 High Impact Polyamide/ABS Blend;258
12.10;8.10 Toughening Mechanisms in Rubber Modified Polyamides;260
12.10.1;8.10.1 Role of Rubber Particle Size on Polyamide Toughness;260
12.10.2;8.10.2 Role of Rubber Particle Cavitation on the PA Matrix Toughening;262
12.11;8.11 Rubber Toughening of Reinforced Polyamides;263
12.12;8.12 Applications of Rubber Toughened Polyamide;264
12.13;8.13 High Rubber/Polyamide Blends;265
12.14;8.14 Polyamide/Reactive Rubber Blending Process;267
12.15;8.16 Future Directions in Rubber Toughened Polyamides;268
12.16;References;269
13;9 Compatibilization Using Low Molecular Weight Reactive Additives;271
13.1;9.1 Introduction;272
13.2;9.2 Free Radical Reactivity and Compatibilization of Polyolefins;273
13.3;9.3 Polyethylene/Polystyrene Compatibilization;276
13.4;9.4 Compatibilization of Polyolefin/Polyamide Blends;280
13.5;9.5 Development of the Vector Fluid Compatibilization Concept;283
13.6;9.6 Special Peroxide;289
13.7;9.7 Inorganic Catalyst for PE/PS Compatibilization;290
13.8;9.8 A Recent Example;294
13.9;9.9 Summary;296
13.10;References;296
14;Index;298