Bell Engineering in Rock Masses

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-0519-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 592 Seiten, Web PDF

Engineering in Rock Masses is a 26-chapter text that deals with the behavior, investigation, and construction of rock masses. The first chapters review the properties, behavior, classification, and occurrence of groundwater in rock masses. The subsequent chapters discuss the stress analysis, exploration, laboratory testing, geophysical methods, and instrumentation in these materials. These topics are followed by discussions of slope stability, rockfall problems, settlement and bearing capacity, subsidence, and seismic movements of rocks and rock masses. This work also evaluates the role of pumping system, ground freezing, grouting, rock anchors, drilling, blasting, and open excavation. The remaining chapters look into the rock masses' tunneling, underground chambers, shafts, socketed foundations, and retaining structures. This book will be of great value to practicing civil and mining engineers, engineering geologists, and researchers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bell, F G

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Engineering in Rock Masses;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;10
6;List of contributors;12
7;Chapter 1. Properties and behaviour of rocks and rock masses;14
7.1;1.1 Geological aspects: igneous rocks;14
7.2;1.2 Geological aspects: metamorphic rocks;16
7.3;1.3 Geological aspects: sedimentary rocks;18
7.4;1.4 Factors controlling the mechanical behaviour of rocks;23
7.5;1.5 Deformation and failure of rocks;27
7.6;1.6 Strength of discontinuous rock masses and its assessment;32
7.7;References;37
8;Chapter 2. Influence of weathering and discontinuities on the behaviour of rock masses;40
8.1;Weathering;40
8.2;2.1 Rate of weathering;40
8.3;2.2 Mechanical weathering;41
8.4;2.3 Chemical and biological weathering;43
8.5;2.4 Slaking and swelling of mudrocks;46
8.6;2.5 Engineering classification of weathering;46
8.7;2.6 Nomenclature of joints;54
8.8;2.7 Origins of joints;55
8.9;2.8 Description of jointed rock masses;57
8.10;2.9 Discontinuities and rock quality indices;59
8.11;2.10 Recording discontinuity data;61
8.12;References;65
9;Chapter 3. Description and classification of rock masses;67
9.1;3.1 Description of rocks and rock masses;67
9.2;3.2 Properties of rocks and rock masses;67
9.3;3.3 Basic geotechnical description of ISRM;75
9.4;3.4 Principles of classification;76
9.5;3.5 Review of classifications;78
9.6;3.6 The rating concept;80
9.7;References;89
10;Chapter 4. Groundwater in rock masses;91
10.1;4.1 Basic concepts;91
10.2;4.2 Hydrodynamics of porous and equivalent media;95
10.3;4.3 Discontinuous media;102
10.4;4.4 Hydromechanical coupling;110
10.5;References;113
11;Chapter 5. Block theory in rock engineering;114
11.1;5.1 Properties of a rock mass and computational possibilities;114
11.2;5.2 Stereographic projection;115
11.3;5.3 Block theory;116
11.4;5.4 Case I: Analysis given only the orientations of the joints;117
11.5;5.5 Case II: Further analysis given the joint friction angles;119
11.6;5.6 Case III: Further analysis to define real keyblocks given the locations of joint traces;121
11.7;5.7 Case IV: Further analysis for known initial stress, joint dilatancy or rock permeability – the block reaction curve;123
11.8;5.8 An example;125
11.9;5.9 Conclusions;127
11.10;References;129
12;Chapter 6. Stress analysis for rock masses;130
12.1;6.1 Purpose;130
12.2;6.2 In situ state of stress;130
12.3;6.3 Classical stress analysis;131
12.4;6.4 Zone of influence of an excavation;134
12.5;6.5 Excagvation shape and boundary stresses;135
12.6;6.6 Rock structure and boundary stresses;136
12.7;6.7 Computational methods of stress analysis;138
12.8;6.8 Boundary element method;139
12.9;6.9 Finite difference and distinct element methods;142
12.10;6.10 Finite element method;144
12.11;References;146
13;Chapter 7. Exploration and investigation of rock masses;147
13.1;7.1 Introduction;147
13.2;7.2 Methodology for rock-mass investigation;147
13.3;7.3 Methods for the study of rock masses;148
13.4;References;162
13.5;Further reading;163
14;Chapter 8. Laboratory testing of rocks;164
14.1;8.1 Density and porosity;164
14.2;8.2 Water sorption and capillarity;166
14.3;8.3 Permeability;168
14.4;8.4 Durability of weak rocks;169
14.5;8.5 Compressive and shear strength;170
14.6;8.6 Hardness;177
14.7;8.7 Elastic properties;179
14.8;References;181
15;Chapter 9. Rock-mass assessment using geophysical methods;183
15.1;9.1 Geomechanical properties;183
15.2;9.2 Geophysical properties;184
15.3;9.3 Surface geophysical methods;185
15.4;9.4 Drillhole geophysical methods during the drilling process
;190
15.5;9.5 Geophysical classification;197
15.6;References;200
16;Chapter 10. Instrumentation in rock masses;203
16.1;10.1 Introduction;203
16.2;10.2 Measurement of groundwater level and pore water pressure;203
16.3;10.3 Measurement of stress and strain in rock masses;207
16.4;10.4 Stress-change measurements;211
16.5;10.5 Measurement of displacement;214
16.6;References;220
16.7;Acknowledgment;220
17;Chapter 11. Slope stability and rockfall problems in rock masses;222
17.1;11.1 Introduction;222
17.2;11.2 Slope stability in rock masses;222
17.3;11.3 Rockfalls;230
17.4;11.4 Conclusions;241
17.5;References;242
18;Chapter 12. Settlement and bearing capacity of rock masses;244
18.1;12.1 Introduction;244
18.2;12.2 Geological characterization;244
18.3;12.3 Geomechanical models;245
18.4;12.4 Settlement of foundations on rock;245
18.5;12.5 Axial compression capacity of foundations;249
18.6;12.6 Uplift capacity;255
18.7;12.7 Lateral capacity;255
18.8;12.8 Acknowledgements;258
18.9;References;258
19;Chapter 13. Subsidence in rock masses;259
19.1;13.1 Introduction;259
19.2;13.2 Subsidence due to coal mining;259
19.3;13.3 Subsidence in metalliferous mining;265
19.4;13.4 Subsidence due to the abstraction of fluids;268
19.5;13.5 Methods of subsidence prediction;271
19.6;References;282
20;Chapter 14. Seismic movements and rock masses;285
20.1;14.1 Introduction;285
20.2;14.2 Basic principles of seismic action;286
20.3;14.3 Analysis– an overview;291
20.4;14.4 Earthquakes and foundations in rock;294
20.5;14.5 Earthquakes and natural rock slopes;296
20.6;14.6 Earthquakes and open-pit mining;304
20.7;14.7 Earthquakes, caverns and tunnels;304
20.8;14.8 Design to improve resistance to earthquakes;310
20.9;References;312
21;Chapter 15. Control of groundwater in rock masses by pumping systems;317
21.1;15.1 Introduction;317
21.2;15.2 The overburden and open-cast mining;317
21.3;15.3 Some aspects of soil structure of alluvials;322
21.4;15.4 Rock types and groundwater;324
21.5;15.5 Engineering precautions;324
21.6;15.6 Initial investigation;326
21.7;15.7 Underground water in rocks;328
21.8;15.8 System design guidelines;330
21.9;15.9 Summary;332
21.10;Acknowledgements;332
21.11;References;332
22;Chapter 16. Ground freezing;334
22.1;16.1 Introduction;334
22.2;16.2 Freezing methods;335
22.3;16.3 Hydrogeology and ground freezing;338
22.4;16.4 Design of a frozen wall;339
22.5;16.5 Placing concrete against frozen ground;345
22.6;16.6 Monitoring frozen ground;345
22.7;References;346
23;Chapter 17. Grouting in rock masses;347
23.1;17.1 Nature and purposes of grouting;347
23.2;17.2 Site investigation;347
23.3;17.3 When is grouting necessary?;350
23.4;17.4 Types of grout;351
23.5;17.5 Cement grouting equipment;351
23.6;17.6 Stage grouting and methods;355
23.7;17.7 Closure grouting;355
23.8;17.8 Grout curtain design;357
23.9;17.9 Grout pressures;357
23.10;17.10 The nature of grout penetration in cracks;359
23.11;17.11 Water:cement ratio and its effect on durability;361
23.12;17.12 Grouting of fine cracks;361
23.13;17.13 Grouting of stressed rock;361
23.14;17.14 Assessment of grouting;362
23.15;17.15 Some words of caution and encouragement to the inexperienced;362
23.16;Acknowledgment;362
23.17;References;363
23.18;Bibliography;363
24;Chapter 18. Reinforcement and support of rock masses;364
24.1;18.1 Introduction;364
24.2;18.2 Dowels;365
24.3;18.3 Rockbolts;367
24.4;18.4 Sprayed mortar and concrete;376
24.5;Acknowledgment;382
24.6;References;382
25;Chapter 19. Rock anchors;383
25.1;19.1 General approach to anchoring;383
25.2;19.2 The components of an anchor system;384
25.3;19.3 The tendon system;385
25.4;19.4 The mechanics of load mobilization;385
25.5;19.5 Anchors in soft rocks;388
25.6;19.6 Anchor construction;391
25.7;19.7 Anchor testing;391
25.8;19.8 Anchor performance;393
25.9;19.9 Anchor monitoring;395
25.10;19.10 Anchor maintenance;396
25.11;19.11 Uncertainty in anchor use;396
25.12;References;396
26;Chapter 20. Drilling and blasting of rock masses;398
26.1;20.1 Drilling of rock masses;398
26.2;20.2 Blasting of rock masses;402
26.3;20.3 Explosives;408
26.4;Symbols;411
26.5;Bibliography;412
27;Chapter 21. Open excavation in rock masses;413
27.1;21.1 Introduction;413
27.2;21.2 Groundwater and excavation;413
27.3;21.3 Methods of excavation: drilling and blasting;416
27.4;21.4 Methods of excavation: ripping;428
27.5;21.5 Diggability;434
27.6;References;434
28;Chapter 22. Tunnelling in rock masses;436
28.1;22.1 General approach'for tunnelling projects;436
28.2;22.2 Site investigations and ground probings;437
28.3;22.3 Excavation and support methods for rock tunnelling;439
28.4;22.4 Structural design of tunnels;442
28.5;22.5 In situ monitoring and its interpretation;448
28.6;22.6 Structural detailing of the lining;450
28.7;22.7 Documents for tunnelling;450
28.8;References;452
29;Chapter 23. Underground chambers in hard rock masses;453
29.1;23.1 Introduction;453
29.2;23.2 Benefits of underground chambers;453
29.3;23.3 Design and construction procedure for underground chambers;455
29.4;23.4 Site characterization;456
29.5;23.5 Rock-mass classification;462
29.6;23.6 Rock-engineering considerations;462
29.7;23.7 Rock support and reinforcement;468
29.8;23.8 Application of design and construction procedure to an intermediate storage facility for spent nuclear fuel;472
29.9;References;476
30;Chapter 24. Shafts and raises in rock masses;478
30.1;24.1 Introduction;478
30.2;24.2 Shaft and raise design;481
30.3;24.3 Shaft and raise construction;493
30.4;24.4 Scenario of shaft and raise construction;515
30.5;References;519
31;Chapter 25. Socketed foundations in rock masses;522
31.1;25.1 Introduction;522
31.2;25.2 Axial loading;523
31.3;25.3 Lateral loading;535
31.4;25.4 Design example;539
31.5;Acknowledgments;542
31.6;References;542
32;Chapter 26. Retaining structures for rock masses;543
32.1;26.1 Introduction: general aspects;543
32.2;26.2 Failure modes in rock masses;543
32.3;26.3 Strength parameters;544
32.4;26.4 Lateral pressures on retaining structures;545
32.5;26.5 Effects of surcharge loading;553
32.6;26.6 Effect of slope creep;558
32.7;26.7 Stability of retaining structures;559
32.8;26.8 Monolithic retaining walls;563
32.9;26.9 Special types of retaining walls;564
32.10;26.10 Composite retaining structures;571
32.11;26.11 Rock reinforcement, rock anchoring;573
32.12;26.12 Dowelling of rock bodies;578
32.13;26.13 Rock grouting;582
32.14;26.14 Spaced and single restraining structures;582
32.15;26.15 Protective structures for bridges and masts;583
32.16;26.16 Accompanying measures;583
32.17;26.17 Final remarks;583
32.18;References and further reading;584
33;Index;586