Bick / Diekmann Digital Mammography

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-540-78450-0
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 219 Seiten

Reihe: Medical Radiology

Digital Radiography has been ? rmly established in diagnostic radiology during the last decade. Because of the special requirements of high contrast and spatial resolution needed for roentgen mammography, it took some more time to develop digital m- mography as a routine radiological tool. Recent technological progress in detector and screen design as well as increased ex- rience with computer applications for image processing have now enabled Digital Mammography to become a mature modality that opens new perspectives for the diag- sis of breast diseases. The editors of this timely new volume Prof. Dr. U. Bick and Dr. F. Diekmann, both well-known international leaders in breast imaging, have for many years been very active in the frontiers of theoretical and translational clinical research, needed to bring digital mammography ? nally into the sphere of daily clinical radiology. I am very much indebted to the editors as well as to the other internationally rec- nized experts in the ? eld for their outstanding state of the art contributions to this v- ume. It is indeed an excellent handbook that covers in depth all aspects of Digital Mammography and thus further enriches our book series Medical Radiology. The highly informative text as well as the numerous well-chosen superb illustrations will enable certi? ed radiologists as well as radiologists in training to deepen their knowledge in modern breast imaging.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bick, Ulrich

Diekmann, Felix

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Preface;6
3;Contents;7
4;Abbreviations;9
5;Chapter 1;12
5.1;Basic Physics of Digital Mammography;12
5.1.1;1.1 Introduction;12
5.1.2;1.2 Characterizing Imaging Performance;13
5.1.3;1.3 Basic Physics of Image Acquisition;13
5.1.3.1;1.3.1 Detection of X-Rays;14
5.1.3.2;1.3.2 Recording of the Image;15
5.1.3.3;1.3.3 Sampling;16
5.1.3.3.1;1.3.3.1 Some Spatial Sampling Concepts;16
5.1.3.3.2;1.3.3.2 Sampling of Signal Level;17
5.1.4;1.4 Noise;17
5.1.4.1;1.4.1 Quantum Noise;17
5.1.4.2;1.4.2 Structural Noise;18
5.1.4.3;1.4.3 Signal Difference-to-Noise Ratio;18
5.1.5;1.5 Radiation Dose;18
5.1.6;1.6 Scattered Radiation;18
5.1.7;1.7 Spatial Resolution;19
5.1.7.1;1.7.1 Modulation Transfer Function;19
5.1.8;1.8 Detective Quantum Effi ciency;20
5.1.9;1.9 Energy Spectra for Digital Mammography;21
5.1.10;1.10 Clinical Dose Levels in Digital Mammography;22
5.1.11;References;22
6;Chapter 2;23
6.1;Detectors for Digital Mammography;23
6.1.1;2.1 Introduction;23
6.1.2;2.2 Geometric Considerations;24
6.1.3;2.3 Basic Physics of X-Ray Detectors;24
6.1.3.1;2.3.1 Photoconductors;25
6.1.3.2;2.3.2 Phosphors;26
6.1.3.3;2.3.3 Photostimulable Phosphors;26
6.1.3.4;2.3.4 Noble Gases;26
6.2;2.4 Aspects of Detector Performance;26
6.2.1;2.4.1 Quantum Detection Effi ciency;26
6.2.2;2.4.2 Sensitivity;27
6.2.3;2.4.3 Noise in Detectors;28
6.3;2.5 Detector Corrections;29
6.3.1;2.5.1 Uniformity Correction;29
6.3.2;2.5.2 Resolution Restoration;31
6.4;2.6 Linear vs. Logarithmic Response;31
6.5;2.7 Detector Types;31
6.5.1;2.7.1 Phosphor-Flat Panel;31
6.5.2;2.7.2 Phosphor-CCD System;33
6.5.3;2.7.3 Photostimulable Phosphor System;33
6.5.4;2.7.4 Selenium Flat Panel;36
6.5.5;2.7.5 X-Ray Quantum Counting Systems;37
6.6;2.8 Spatial Resolution;37
6.7;2.9 Toward Smaller Dels;40
6.8;2.10 Automatic Exposure Control;40
6.9;References;41
7;Chapter 3;42
7.1;Quality Control in Digital Mammography;42
7.1.1;3.1 Introduction;42
7.1.2;3.2 Image Quality;44
7.1.3;3.3 Image Noise;45
7.1.4;3.4 Homogeneity and Artifacts;46
7.1.4.1;3.4.1 Artifacts Due to Problems with the Image Receptor;47
7.1.4.2;3.4.2 Artifacts Related to Detector Calibration;47
7.1.4.3;3.4.3 Artifacts Due to Other Problems;48
7.1.5;3.5 Dosimetry;48
7.1.6;3.6 Quality Control of Image Processing;50
7.1.6.1;3.6.1 Radiological Evaluation;51
7.1.6.2;3.6.2 Quality of Image Processing Algorithms in Terms of Detectability of Lesions;52
7.1.7;3.7 Quality Control of Monitors;53
7.1.7.1;3.7.1 Physics Tests;54
7.1.7.2;3.7.2 Human Reading of Test Patterns;55
7.1.7.3;3.7.3 Fully Automated Procedures;55
7.1.7.4;3.7.4 Conclusion;57
7.1.8;3.8 Routine Quality Control Tests and Their Automation;57
7.1.8.1;3.8.1 A Practical Example of Periodic Technical Quality Control;58
7.1.8.2;3.8.2 Conclusion;58
7.1.9;References;63
8;Chapter 4;64
8.1;Classification of Artifacts in Clinical Digital Mammography;64
8.1.1;4.1 Introduction;64
8.1.2;4.2 Classifi cation;65
8.1.2.1;4.2.1 Technologist-Related Artifacts;65
8.1.2.2;4.2.2 Mammography Unit Related Artifacts;67
8.1.2.3;4.2.3 Software-Related Artifacts;71
8.1.3;4.3 Conclusion;74
8.1.4;References;75
9;Chapter 5;77
9.1;Image Processing;77
9.1.1;5.1 Introduction;77
9.1.2;5.2 Grayscale Transforms;78
9.1.3;5.3 Spatial Enhancement;80
9.1.3.1;5.3.1 Unsharp Masking;80
9.1.3.2;5.3.2 Adaptive Histogram Equalization;81
9.1.3.3;5.3.3 Multiscale Image Enhancement;82
9.1.3.4;5.3.4 Peripheral Enhancement;83
9.1.3.5;5.4 Matching Current and Prior Mammograms;85
9.1.3.6;5.5 Physics-Based Methods;88
9.1.3.7;5.6 Evaluation of Mammogram Processing;89
9.1.4;References;90
10;Chapter 6;92
10.1;Computer-aided Detection and Diagnosis;92
10.1.1;6.1 Introduction;92
10.1.2;6.2 Short Historical Overview;93
10.1.3;6.3 Clinical Need for CAD in Mammography;94
10.1.3.1;6.3.1 Missed Cancers;94
10.1.3.2;6.3.2 Low Positive Predictive Value for Biopsy Recommendations;95
10.1.3.3;6.3.3 Reader Variability;95
10.1.4;6.4 Generic Description of CADe and CADx Schemes;95
10.1.4.1;6.4.1 Methodology;95
10.1.4.2;6.4.2 Required Pixel Size;98
10.1.4.3;6.4.3 Full-Field Digital Mammography;100
10.1.5;6.5 Evaluation Methods for CADe and CADx;100
10.1.5.1;6.5.1 Evaluation of CADe Schemes;100
10.1.5.2;6.5.2 Evaluation of CADx Schemes;101
10.1.6;6.6 Observer Studies for CADe and CADx;102
10.1.7;6.7 Clinical Studies for CADe;103
10.1.7.1;6.7 1 Methodology;103
10.1.7.2;6.7.2 Recall Rate;105
10.1.7.3;6.7.3 Comparison with Double Reading;105
10.1.8;6.8 Current Research in CADe and CADx;106
10.1.8.1;6.8.1 Improving CADe Scheme Performance;106
10.1.8.1.1;6.8.1.1 Temporal Comparison (Comparison with Prior);106
10.1.8.1.2;6.8.1.2 Spatial Comparison (Different Views);106
10.1.8.2;6.8.2 CADe as Pre-screen;107
10.1.8.3;6.8.3 Concurrent Reading with CADe;107
10.1.8.4;6.8.4 Interactive CADe;108
10.1.8.5;6.8.5 CADx Multimodality;108
10.1.8.6;6.8.6 CADe and CADx for Tomosynthesis and Breast CT;108
10.1.9;6.9 Financial Disclosure;109
10.1.10;References;109
11;Chapter 7;114
11.1;Softcopy Reading;114
11.1.1;7.1 Introduction;114
11.1.2;7.2 Softcopy Image Quality;115
11.1.2.1;7.2.1 Display Optimization;115
11.1.3;7.3 Softcopy “Hanging Strategies”;116
11.1.3.1;7.3.1 Typical Hanging Options;116
11.1.4;7.4 Viewing Strategies and Perception;117
11.1.4.1;7.4.1 Vision Basics;117
11.1.4.2;7.4.2 Visual Search;118
11.1.4.3;7.4.3 Interpretation Errors;119
11.1.4.4;7.4.4 What Attracts Attention?;120
11.1.4.5;7.4.5 Reader Variability and Expertise;121
11.1.5;7.5 Reading Environment;122
11.1.5.1;7.5.1 Reader Fatigue;122
11.1.6;7.6 Conclusions;124
11.1.7;References;124
12;Chapter 8;127
12.1;Digital Workflow, PACS, and Telemammography;127
12.1.1;8.1 Introduction;128
12.1.2;8.2 Workfl ow in Digital Mammography;129
12.1.2.1;8.2.1 Technology;129
12.1.2.1.1;8.2.1.1 Image Generating Equipment;129
12.1.2.1.2;8.2.1.2 Display Systems;129
12.1.2.1.3;8.2.1.3 Diagnostic Workstations and User Interfaces;130
12.1.2.1.4;8.2.1.4 Setups for Clinical Review;130
12.1.2.2;8.2.2 Impact on the Work of the Radiographers;131
12.1.2.2.1;8.2.2.1 Working Effi ciency;131
12.1.2.2.2;8.2.2.2 Increased Complexity;131
12.1.2.2.3;8.2.2.3 Stricter Procedures;132
12.1.2.2.4;8.2.2.4 Pitfalls;132
12.1.2.2.5;8.2.2.5 Improved Functionalities;132
12.1.2.3;8.2.3 Impact on the Work of the Radiologist;132
12.1.2.3.1;8.2.3.1 Image Viewing;132
12.1.2.3.2;8.2.3.2 Organization of Image Reading;133
12.1.2.3.3;8.2.3.3 The Global Reporting Workfl ow;134
12.1.2.4;8.2.4 Impact on the Referring Physicians;134
12.1.2.4.1;8.2.4.1 Image Viewing;134
12.1.2.4.2;8.2.4.2 Integrating Image Viewing into the Electronic Medical Record;134
12.1.2.4.3;8.2.4.3 Integrating Images into Hospital-Wide Processes;135
12.1.3;8.3 PACS and Integrating Images into Overall Informatics;135
12.1.3.1;8.3.1 Motivation;135
12.1.3.2;8.3.2 Integrating the Components that Support the Image Workfl ow;136
12.1.3.2.1;8.3.2.1 Integrating the PACS with the HIS;136
12.1.3.2.2;8.3.2.2 Integrating the Imaging Modality with the HIS;136
12.1.3.2.3;8.3.2.3 Integrating the Diagnostic Viewing Workstation with the RIS;137
12.1.3.2.4;8.3.2.4 Integrating Clinical Image Viewing Within the EMR;137
12.1.3.2.5;8.3.2.5 DICOM;137
12.1.3.2.6;8.3.2.6 IHE;139
12.1.3.3;8.3.3 Strategic Decisions on Integrating Technology Infrastructure;139
12.1.3.3.1;8.3.3.1 Storage Consolidation;140
12.1.3.3.2;8.3.3.2 Thinking of Technology as an Infrastructure;140
12.1.3.4;8.3.4 Central PACS vs. Departmental or Dedicated Systems;140
12.1.3.4.1;8.3.4.1 Reporting;141
12.1.3.4.2;8.3.4.2 Image-Management Islands;141
12.1.3.4.3;8.3.4.3 Embedding into Hospital-Wide Operations;141
12.1.3.5;8.3.5 Organizational Limits to Informatics Integration;142
12.1.4;8.4 Telemammography;142
12.1.4.1;8.4.1 Situation;142
12.1.4.1.1;8.4.1.1 Driving Forces;142
12.1.4.1.2;8.4.1.2 Geographical vs. Organizational Distance;143
12.1.4.1.3;8.4.1.3 Connections at Many Levels;143
12.1.4.2;8.4.2 Selected Technology Aspects for Telemammography;144
12.1.4.2.1;8.4.2.1 The Internet as a Source of Bandwidth;144
12.1.4.2.2;8.4.2.2 Security;144
12.1.4.2.3;8.4.2.3 Image Compression;145
12.1.4.3;8.4.3 Organizing Image Exchange and the IHE XDS Initiative;145
12.1.4.3.1;8.4.3.1 Image Batch Transmission vs. Remote On Line Access;145
12.1.4.3.2;8.4.3.2 Pushing Images to the Partner;146
12.1.4.3.3;8.4.3.3 Pulling Images from any Partner: The IHE XDS Initiative;146
12.1.4.4;8.4.4 Integrating Images into a Teleworkflow;147
12.1.4.4.1;8.4.4.1 Centralizing Organization of Screening Using Telecommunication;147
12.1.4.4.2;8.4.4.2 Organizational Challenges in a Decentralized Screening Organization;147
12.1.4.5;8.4.5 Choosing Between Integration into Central or Local Workfl ow;148
12.1.5;References 143;149
13;Chapter 9;150
13.1;Digital Mammography Clinical Trials: The North American Experience;150
13.1.1;9.1 Introduction;150
13.1.2;9.2 The Colorado–Massachusetts Screening Trial;151
13.1.2.1;9.2.1 Results;151
13.1.3;9.3 ACRIN: DMIST;153
13.1.3.1;9.3.1 Protocol and Data Collection;155
13.1.3.2;9.3.2 Results;155
13.1.4;9.4 Conclusion;159
13.1.5;References;159
14;Chapter 10;160
14.1;Digital Mammography in European Population-Based Screening Programs;160
14.1.1;10.1 Introduction;161
14.1.2;10.2 European Studies Comparing Screen-Film and Digital Mammography in Breast Cancer Screening;161
14.1.2.1;10.2.1 The Oslo I Study;162
14.1.2.2;10.2.2 The Oslo II Study;165
14.1.2.3;10.2.3 The Helsingborg Study;165
14.1.2.4;10.2.4 The Florence Study;167
14.1.2.5;10.2.5 The Vestfold County Study;167
14.1.2.6;10.2.6 The Tromsø Study;168
14.1.2.7;10.2.7 The Central East London Breast Screening Service (CELBSS) Study;168
14.1.2.8;10.2.8 The Barcelona Study;169
14.1.2.9;10.2.9 The Digital Screening Project Preventicon (DSPP) Study;169
14.1.2.10;10.2.10 The Irish National Breast Screening Program (INBSP) Study;170
14.1.2.11;10.2.11 The Sogn and Fjordane Study;170
14.1.3;10.3 Overall Results and Discussion on the European Studies;171
14.1.4;10.4 Conclusions from the European Studies;175
14.1.5;References;176
15;Chapter 11;179
15.1;Mammographic Signs of Malignancy: Impact of Digital Mammography on Visibility and Appearance;179
15.1.1;11.1 Introduction;179
15.1.2;11.2 Mass Lesions;180
15.1.2.1;11.2.1 Determining the Presence of a True Mass Lesion;180
15.1.2.2;11.2.2 Distinguishing Benign and Malignant Mass Lesions;180
15.1.3;11.3 Calcifications;181
15.1.3.1;11.3.1 Detection of Subtle Microcalcifications;184
15.1.3.2;11.3.2 Classification of Benign and Malignant Breast Calcifications;185
15.1.4;11.4 Other Mammographic Signs of Malignancy;186
15.1.4.1;11.4.1 Architectural Distortions;186
15.1.4.2;11.4.2 Asymmetries;188
15.1.4.3;11.4.3 Associated Findings;188
15.1.5;References;190
16;Chapter 12;191
16.1;Contrast-Enhanced Digital Mammography;191
16.1.1;12.1 Introduction;192
16.1.2;12.2 Basic Concepts of the Technique;192
16.1.2.1;12.2.1 Dual-Energy Technique;192
16.1.2.2;12.2.2 Temporal Subtraction Technique;193
16.1.3;12.3 Image Analysis and Interpretation;193
16.1.4;12.4 Comparison of Dual-Energy vs. Temporal Technique;196
16.1.5;12.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of CEDM;197
16.1.6;12.6 First Clinical Experience;197
16.1.7;12.7 Potential Clinical Applications;198
16.1.8;12.8 Future Improvements;198
16.1.9;12.9 Conclusion;201
16.1.10;References;201
17;Chapter 13;203
17.1;Digital Breast Tomosynthesis and Breast CT;203
17.1.1;13.1 Introduction;203
17.1.2;13.2 Hardware;204
17.1.3;13.3 Software: Image Viewing Systems and Reconstruction Algorithms;206
17.1.4;13.4 Clinical Applications;208
17.1.5;13.5 Dose;210
17.1.6;13.6 Contrast Media;211
17.1.7;13.7 DBT and Computer-Aided Diagnosis;212
17.1.8;13.8 DBT or CT?;212
17.1.9;References;212
18;Subject Index;214
19;Contributors;218