Bodansky Nuclear Energy

Principles, Practices, and Prospects
2. Auflage 2005
ISBN: 978-0-387-26931-3
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 694 Seiten

This second edition represents an extensive revision of the ?rst edition, - though the motivation for the book and the intended audiences, as described inthepreviouspreface,remainthesame. Theoveralllengthhasbeenincreased substantially, with revised or expanded discussions of a number of topics, - cluding Yucca Mountain repository plans, new reactor designs, health e?ects of radiation, costs of electricity, and dangers from terrorism and weapons p- liferation. The overall status of nuclear power has changed rather little over the past eight years. Nuclear reactor construction remains at a very low ebb in much of the world, with the exception of Asia, while nuclear power's share of the electricity supply continues to be about 75% in France and 20% in the United States. However,therearesignsofaheightenedinterestinconsideringpossible nuclear growth. In the late 1990s, the U. S. Department of Energy began new programs to stimulate research and planning for future reactors, and many candidate designs are now contending-at least on paper-to be the next generation leaders. Outside the United States, the commercial development ofthePebbleBedModularReactorisbeingpursuedinSouthAfrica,aFrench- German consortium has won an order from Finlandfor the long-plannedEPR (European Pressurized Water Reactor), and new reactors have been built or planned in Asia. In an unanticipated positive development for nuclear energy, the capacity factor of U. S. reactors has increased dramatically in recent years, and most operating reactors now appear headed for 20-year license renewals.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bodansky, David

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface to the Second Edition;6
2;Preface to the First Edition;9
3;Contents;11
4;1 The Motivation for Nuclear Energy;23
4.1;1.1 The Need for Energy Sources;23
4.2;1.2 Problems with Fossil Fuels;29
4.3;1.3 Nuclear Power as a Substitute for Fossil Fuels;36
4.4;References;44
5;2 Nuclear Power Development;46
5.1;2.1 Present Status of Nuclear Power;46
5.2;2.2 Early History of Nuclear Energy;48
5.3;2.3 Development of Nuclear Power in the United States;52
5.4;2.4 Trends in U.S. Reactor Utilization;57
5.5;2.5 Worldwide Development of Nuclear Power;63
5.6;2.6 National Programs of Nuclear Development;68
5.7;2.7 Failures of Prediction;74
5.8;References;75
6;3 Radioactivity and Radiation Exposures;78
6.1;3.1 Brief History;78
6.2;3.2 Radiation Doses;79
6.3;3.3 Radioactive Decay;84
6.4;3.4 Natural Radioactivity;87
6.5;3.5 Survey of Radiation Exposures;94
6.6;References;103
7;4 Effects of Radiation Exposures;105
7.1;4.1 The Study of Radiation Effects;105
7.2;4.2 Effects of High Radiation Doses;107
7.3;4.3 Effects of Low Radiation Doses;111
7.4;4.4 Radiation Standards and Health Criteria;125
7.5;4.5 Radionuclides of Special Interest;131
7.6;References;138
8;5 Neutron Reactions;142
8.1;5.1 Overview of Nuclear Reactions;142
8.2;5.2 Cross Sections in the Resonance Region;147
8.3;5.3 Cross Sections in the Continuum Region;151
8.4;5.4 The Low-Energy Region;153
8.5;References;155
9;6 Nuclear Fission;157
9.1;6.1 Discovery of Fission;157
9.2;6.2 Simple Picture of Fission;159
9.3;6.3 Products of Fission;162
9.4;6.4 Energy Release in Fission;167
9.5;References;169
10;7 Chain Reactions and Nuclear Reactors;171
10.1;7.1 Criticality and the Multiplication Factor;171
10.2;7.2 Thermalization of Neutrons;176
10.3;7.3 Reactor Kinetics;180
10.4;7.4 Conversion Ratio and Production of Plutonium in Thermal Reactors;182
10.5;7.5 Control Materials and Poisons;184
10.6;References;186
11;8 Types of Nuclear Reactors;188
11.1;8.1 Survey of Reactor Types;188
11.2;8.2 Light Water Reactors;198
11.3;8.3 Burners, Converters, and Breeders;203
11.4;8.4 The Natural Reactor at Oklo;208
11.5;References;209
12;9 Nuclear Fuel Cycle;210
12.1;9.1 Characteristics of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle;210
12.2;9.2 Front End of the Fuel Cycle;212
12.3;9.3 Fuel Utilization;222
12.4;9.4 Back End of Fuel Cycle;230
12.5;9.5 Uranium Resources;238
12.6;References;244
13;10 Nuclear Waste Disposal: Amounts of Waste;247
13.1;10.1 Categories of Nuclear Waste;247
13.2;10.2 Wastes from Commercial Reactors;253
13.3;10.3 Hazard Measures for Nuclear Wastes;260
13.4;References;267
14;11 Storage and Disposal of Nuclear Wastes;268
14.1;11.1 Stages in Waste Handling;268
14.2;11.2 Deep Geologic Disposal;281
14.3;11.3 Alternatives to Deep Geologic Disposal;292
14.4;11.4 Worldwide Status of Nuclear Waste Disposal Plans;300
14.5;References;302
15;12 U.S. Waste Disposal Plans and the Yucca Mountain Repository;306
15.1;12.1 Formulation of U.S. Waste Disposal Policies;306
15.2;12.2 The Planned Yucca Mountain Repository;312
15.3;12.3 Protective Barriers in Repository Planning;318
15.4;12.4 Total System Performance Assessments;327
15.5;12.5 Resolving Questions About the Repository Performance;341
15.6;References;347
16;13 Policy Issues in Nuclear Waste Disposal;351
16.1;13.1 The Importance of the Nuclear Waste Disposal Issue;351
16.2;13.2 EPA Standards for Nuclear Waste Disposal;353
16.3;13.3 Responsibilities to Future Generations;361
16.4;13.4 Special Issues in Considering Waste Disposal;367
16.5;13.5 Possible Approaches to Nuclear Waste Disposal;373
16.6;References;381
17;14 Nuclear Reactor Safety;384
17.1;14.1 General Considerations in Reactor Safety;384
17.2;14.2 Accidents and their Avoidance;392
17.3;14.3 Estimating Accident Risks;396
17.4;14.4 Post-TMI Safety Developments;405
17.5;14.5 Reactor Safety Standards;416
17.6;References;421
18;15 Nuclear Reactor Accidents;424
18.1;15.1 Historical Overview of Reactor Accidents;424
18.2;15.2 The Three Mile Island Accident;427
18.3;15.3 The Chernobyl Accident;434
18.4;References;449
19;16 Future Nuclear Reactors;452
19.1;16.1 General Considerations for Future Reactors;452
19.2;16.2 Survey of Future Reactors;457
19.3;16.3 Individual Light Water Reactors;462
19.4;16.4 High-Temperature, Gas-Cooled Reactors;472
19.5;16.5 Liquid-Metal Reactors;480
19.6;16.6 The Generation IV Program;483
19.7;16.7 Radical Nuclear Alternatives to Present Reactors;488
19.8;References;490
20;17 Nuclear Bombs, Nuclear Energy, and Terrorism;494
20.1;17.1 Concerns About Links Between Nuclear Power and Nuclear Weapons;494
20.2;17.2 Nuclear Explosions;495
20.3;17.3 Uranium and Nuclear Weapons;503
20.4;17.4 Plutonium and Nuclear Weapons;505
20.5;17.5 Terrorist Threats;514
20.6;References;527
21;18 Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;530
21.1;18.1 Nuclear Proliferation;530
21.2;18.2 History of Weapons Development;539
21.3;18.3 Nuclear Power and the Weapons Threat;555
21.4;References;568
22;19 Costs of Electricity;572
22.1;19.1 Generation Costs and External Costs;572
22.2;19.2 Institutional Roles;574
22.3;19.3 The Generation Cost of Electricity;577
22.4;19.4 Costs and Electricity Choices;584
22.5;References;589
23;20 The Prospects for Nuclear Energy;591
23.1;20.1 The Nuclear Debate;591
23.2;20.2 Options for Electricity Generation;594
23.3;20.3 Possible Expansion of Nuclear Power;601
23.4;20.4 Regional Prospects for Nuclear Power Development;612
23.5;20.5 Issues in Nuclear Decisions;617
23.6;References;627
24;A Elementary Aspects of Nuclear Physics;631
24.1;A.1 Simple Atomic Model;631
24.2;A.2 Units in Atomic and Nuclear Physics;633
24.3;A.3 Atomic Masses and Energy Release;636
24.4;A.4 Energy States and Photons;638
24.5;A.5 Nuclear Systematics;640
24.6;A.6 Radioactive Decay Processes;642
24.7;A.7 Rate of Radioactive Decay;648
24.8;References;651
25;B General Tables;652
26;Acronyms and Abbreviations;657
27;Glossary;664
28;Index;683