Carr Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Diagnosis and Treatment
2. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-60327-376-3
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 416 Seiten

Reihe: Current Clinical Oncology

Hepatocellular cancer is the fifth most common cancer, with 600,000 new cases reported each year worldwide. Additionally, exciting changes in the science of HCC in the last four years have turned the practice of diagnosing and treating the disease upside down. In Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Diagnosis and Treatment, Second Edition, the leading experts in the field of HCC thoroughly update and expand upon the critically acclaimed first edition with all the latest developments in the diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer. The book details for physicians the diagnostic and therapeutic decision making process for dealing with such problems as incidental tumors in the liver transplant, the role of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, intra-arterial vs intravenous therapy, the uses of embolization, and the significance of portal vein thrombus. New chapters discuss the introduction into clinical practice of cell cycle growth inhibitors, an expanded knowledge of Genomics and Proteomics, and novel ways of delivering intra-hepatic chemotherapy. This cutting-edge text is a vital resource and must have for today's hepatologists and medical and surgical oncologists.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Carr, Brian I.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface to 2nd Edition;7
2;Preface to 1st Edition;9
3;Contents;11
4;Contributors;13
5;Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma;17
5.1;ABSTRACT;17
5.2;1. GLOBAL INCIDENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA;18
5.3;2. RISK FACTORS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA;23
5.4;3. GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HCC;34
5.5;REFERENCES;37
6;Environmental Carcinogens and Risk for Human Liver Cancer;42
6.1;ABSTRACT;42
6.2;1. INTRODUCTION;43
6.3;2. MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENS;44
6.4;3. ENVIRONMENTAL ETIOLOGY OF HCC;45
6.5;4. METHODS FOR BIOMARKER MEASUREMENT;47
6.6;5. VALIDATION OF BIOMARKERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENS;49
6.7;6. BIOMARKERS IN HUMAN INVESTIGATIONS;51
6.8;7. INTERVENTION TRIALS USING AFLATOXIN BIOMARKERS;56
6.9;8. DNA MUTATIONS MEASURED IN HUMAN PLASMA AND HCC;57
6.10;9. SUMMARY;59
6.11;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;61
6.12;REFERENCES;61
7;Primary Liver Cancer: Chemical Carcinogenesis;69
7.1;ABSTRACT;69
7.2;1. INTRODUCTION;70
7.3;2. LIVER CANCER IS AN IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM;71
7.4;3. CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS;73
7.5;4. PATHOGENESIS OF HCC;88
7.6;5. ETIOLOGY IN THE HUMAN;93
7.7;REFERENCES;102
8;Molecular Mechanisms of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Insights to Therapy;122
8.1;ABSTRACT;122
8.2;1. INTRODUCTION;123
8.3;2. RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES AND THEIR LIGANDS;127
8.4;3. INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS;130
8.5;4. OTHER THERAPEUTIC TARGETS: PRESENT AND FUTURE;134
8.6;REFERENCES;136
9;Genomic Profiling of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma;144
9.1;ABSTRACT;144
9.2;1. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: CLINICAL CONCERNS;145
9.3;2. GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING: CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES;146
9.4;3. HCC MICROARRAY STUDIES: EMERGING CONCEPTS;148
9.5;4. CANDIDATE SERUM MOLECULAR MARKERS;169
9.6;5. SUMMARY;176
9.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;182
9.8;REFERENCES;182
10;Pathologic Aspects of Hepatocellular Tumors;196
10.1;ABSTRACT;196
10.2;1. INTRODUCTION;197
10.3;2. FOCAL NODULAR HYPERPLASIA;197
10.4;3. HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA;201
10.5;4. HEPATOCELLULAR DYSPLASIA;205
10.6;5. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA;207
10.7;6. PATHOLOGIC VARIANTS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA;220
10.8;7. HEPATOBLASTOMA;228
10.9;REFERENCES;231
11;Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with Hepatitis B Virus;247
11.1;ABSTRACT;247
11.2;1. HBV AND HCC;249
11.3;2. HBV AND PATHOGENESIS OF HCC;251
11.4;3. INCIDENCE OF HCC;251
11.5;4. HCC IN ASIAN AMERICANS;252
11.6;5. PREVENTION OF HCC;254
11.7;6. SUMMARY;257
11.8;7. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF HCC ASSOCIATED WITH HBV;257
11.9;REFERENCES;262
12;Hepatitis C and Hepatocellular Carcinoma;270
12.1;ABSTRACT;271
12.2;1. INTRODUCTION;271
12.3;2. EPIDEMIOLOGY;272
12.4;3. PATHOLOGY;273
12.5;4. PRIMARY PREVENTION OF HCC;276
12.6;5. SURVEILLANCE;276
12.7;6. STANDARDIZED RECALL PROCEDURES;283
12.8;7. SCREENING INTERVAL;283
12.9;8. COST-EFFECTIVENESS;284
12.10;9. PREVENTION OF RECURRENCE;285
12.11;REFERENCES;286
13;Metabolic Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma;293
13.1;ABSTRACT;294
13.2;1. INTRODUCTION;294
13.3;2. OXIDATIVE STRESS;296
13.4;3. ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA;297
13.5;4. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), NONALCOHOLIC STEATONECROSIS ( NASH), AND HEPTOCELLULAR CARCINOMA ( HCC);299
13.6;5. HEMOCHROMATOSIS AND WILSON'S DISEASE AND HCC;301
13.7;6. AFLATOXIN-ASSOCIATED HCC;302
13.8;7. ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY AND HCC;303
13.9;8. FAMILIAL INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS;304
13.10;9. BILE ACID SYNTHEIC DISORDERS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA;305
13.11;10. DEFECTS IN CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM;305
13.12;11. TYROSINEMIA TYPE I;307
13.13;12. THE PORPHYRIAS;307
13.14;13. CYSTIC FIBROSIS;309
13.15;14. ALAGILLE'S SYNDROME;309
13.16;15. LINKED SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA;309
13.17;16. FANCONI ANEMIA;310
13.18;17. TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS;310
13.19;18. HEREDITARY FRUCTOSE INTOLERANCE;310
13.20;19. HEREDITARY HEMORRHAGIC TELEANGIECTASIA;310
13.21;20. ADENOSINE DEAMINASE DEFICIENCY;311
13.22;21. STEROID-INDUCED HCC;311
13.23;22. SUMMARY;311
13.24;REFERENCES;311
14;Clinical Features and a Clinician's Diagnostic Approach to Hepatocellular Carcinoma;318
14.1;ABSTRACT;318
14.2;1. INTRODUCTION;319
14.3;2. CLINICAL FEATURES;319
14.4;3. SCREENING FOR HCC;323
14.5;4. DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH;325
14.6;5. ROLE OF LIVER BIOPSY - "TO NEEDLE OR NOT TO NEEDLE";326
14.7;6. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CHEMOPREVENTION OF HCC;329
14.8;7. CONCLUSIONS;332
14.9;REFERENCES;332
15;Screening and Biomarkers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma;336
15.1;ABSTRACT;336
15.2;1. INTRODUCTION;337
15.3;2. SCREENING/SURVEILLANCE FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA;337
15.4;3. EFFICACY OF SURVEILLANCE;343
15.5;4. NOVEL BIOMARKERS;344
15.6;REFERENCES;352
16;Use of Imaging Techniques to Screen for Hepatocellular Carcinoma;358
16.1;ABSTRACT;358
16.2;1. MONITORING THE CIRRHOTIC PATIENT;359
16.3;2. FOCAL LESIONS IN THE CIRRHOTIC LIVER;359
16.4;3. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA;365
16.5;4. ACCURACY OF SONOGRAPHY, CT, AND MR AS SCREENING MODALITIES;370
16.6;5. WHY, WHEN, AND HOW TO SCREEN;371
16.7;REFERENCES;374
17;MRI for Detection and Evaluation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma;377
17.1;ABSTRACT;377
17.2;1. FOCAL IMAGING FINDINGS IN CIRRHOTIC LIVER;379
17.3;2. MRI: PULSE SEQUENCES AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS;381
17.4;3. CHARACTERISTICS OF HCC;383
17.5;4. REPORTING FINDINGS SUSPICIOUS FOR HCC;386
17.6;5. CONCLUDING STATEMENTS;389
17.7;REFERENCES;389
18;Ultrasound of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Important Contribution of Contrast Enhancement;395
18.1;ABSTRACT;395
18.2;1. INTRODUCTION;396
18.3;2. GRAY-SCALE AND DOPPLER ULTRASOUND;397
18.4;3. CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASOUND;402
18.5;4. CONCLUSION;411
18.6;REFERENCES;412
19;Percutaneous Ethanol Injection;415
19.1;ABSTRACT;415
19.2;1. INTRODUCTION;416
19.3;2. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES;416
19.4;3. EVALUATION OF THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY;418
19.5;4. COMPLICATIONS;420
19.6;5. RESULTS;421
19.7;6. CONCLUSIONS AND CURRENT INDICATIONS;422
19.8;REFERENCES;425
20;Radiofrequency Ablation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma;429
20.1;ABSTRACT;429
20.2;1. INTRODUCTION;430
20.3;2. RFA HISTORICAL BACKGROUND;431
20.4;3. MECHANISM OF ABLATION;432
20.5;4. RFA EQUIPMENT;433
20.6;5. EVALUATION AND PATIENT SELECTION;434
20.7;6. PROCEDURE;435
20.8;7. RFA VS HEPATECTOMY FOR HCC;436
20.9;8. RFA VS TACE VS COMBINED RFA+TACE FOR HCC;438
20.10;9. RFA VS PEI FOR HCC;438
20.11;10. RFA PRIOR TO LIVER TRANSPLANTATION;439
20.12;11. RECURRENCE, MORALITY, AND LONG-TERM SURVIVAL AFTER RFA FOR HCC;440
20.13;12. COMPLICATIONS FROM RFA;449
20.14;13. SUMMARY;452
20.15;REFERENCES;453
21;Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma;460
21.1;ABSTRACT;460
21.2;1. INTRODUCTION;461
21.3;2. INDICATIONS FOR RESECTION;461
21.4;3. PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT;462
21.5;4. TECHNIQUES OF LIVER RESECTION;464
21.6;5. CURRENT RESULTS OF HEPATIC RESECTION;466
21.7;6. ADJUVANT THERAPIES;467
21.8;7. CONCLUSIONS;469
21.9;REFERENCES;469
22;Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma;473
22.1;ABSTRACT;473
22.2;1. INTRODUCTION;474
22.3;2. HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF LIVER TRANSPLANTATION FOR HCC;475
22.4;3. RISK FACTORS;476
22.5;4. STAGING OF HCC;476
22.6;5. MOLECULAR PROFILING OF HCC;480
22.7;6. MICRODISSECTION-GUIDED BROAD PANEL MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS;482
22.8;7. LOCOREGIONAL THERAPY FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: A BRIDGE TO TRANSPLANT;487
22.9;8. CURRENT RECOMMENDATION FOR TRANSPLANTATION;489
22.10;REFERENCES;490
23;Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma;497
23.1;ABSTRACT;498
23.2;1. INTRODUCTION;498
23.3;2. PERSPECTIVES OF LIVING DONOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION;499
23.4;3. LIVING DONOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION FOR HCC;504
23.5;4. COMPARATIVE STUDIES BETWEEN LIVING AND DECEASED DONOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION FOR HCC;523
23.6;5. SUMMARY;525
23.7;REFERENCES;526
24;Medical Therapy of HCC;532
24.1;ABSTRACT;532
24.2;1. PRINCIPLES;533
24.3;2. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE ONCOLOGIST;546
24.4;3. HEPATIC ARTERY CHEMOTHERAPY AND CHEMOEMBOLIZATION;547
24.5;4. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS OF HEPATIC ARTERY CHEMO- OCCLUSION;551
24.6;5. RESULTS OF HEPATIC ARTERY CHEMOTHERAPY AND CHEMOEMBOLIZATION;552
24.7;6. SYSTEMIC CHEMOTHERAPY;556
24.8;7. OTHER SYSTEMIC THERAPIES;556
24.9;8. WHAT IS NEEDED NEXT?;560
24.10;9. FUTURE DIRECTIONS;562
24.11;REFERENCES;564
25;Percutaneous Interventional Technique for Intra- arterial Chemoembolization;574
25.1;ABSTRACT;574
25.2;1. INTRODUCTION;575
25.3;2. PATIENT SELECTION AND PREPARATION;577
25.4;3. HEPATIC ARTERIAL ANATOMY ESSENTIAL TO TACE;578
25.5;4. VARIANT ARTERIAL ANATOMY;578
25.6;5. PROCEDURE;580
25.7;6. EMBOLIZATION AGENTS;583
25.8;7. COMPLICATIONS FROM TACE;586
25.9;8. ADVANCED CATHETERIZATION TECHNIQUES AND ADJUVANT THERAPY;586
25.10;9. RADIOEMBOLIZATION OF LIVER TUMORS;589
25.11;10. CONCLUSION;589
25.12;REFERENCES;591
26;Molecular Targeted Therapies for HCC;594
26.1;ABSTRACT;594
26.2;1. MOLECULAR PATHWAYS;596
26.3;2. RATIONAL THERAPIES;601
26.4;3. UNANSWERED QUESTIONS;611
26.5;REFERENCES;616
27;Radiation Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma;620
27.1;ABSTRACT;620
27.2;1. OVERVIEW;621
27.3;2. PHYSICS OF RADIATION THERAPY;622
27.4;3. RADIOBIOLOGY;626
27.5;4. RADIATION EFFECTS IN THE LIVER;627
27.6;5. CLINICAL STUDIES;628
27.7;REFERENCES;640
28;Psychosocial Issues in Hepatocellular Carcinoma;646
28.1;ABSTRACT;646
28.2;1. PSYCHOSOCIAL EVALUATION AND TREATMENT OF DISTRESS IN ONCOLOGY;647
28.3;2. THE ROLE OF BEHAVIOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC;648
28.4;3. EVALUATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND CANCER- RELATED SYMPTOMS;649
28.5;4. COMMON PRESENTING PROBLEMS IN HCC;678
28.6;5. CANCER-RELATED SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS;685
28.7;6. SPECIAL ISSUES;693
28.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;697
28.9;REFERENCES;697
29;Putting It All Together;717
29.1;1. SCREENING FOR HCC;718
29.2;2. THE ROLE OF BIOPSY;719
29.3;3. WHAT IF THE FIRST BIOPSY COMES BACK NEGATIVE FOR CANCER OR IS INCONCLUSIVE?;719
29.4;4. METASTATIC DISEASE INVOLVING THE LUNGS, BONES, OR BRAIN;720
29.5;5. WHAT IS THE BEST TREATMENT FOR ONE TO TWO HEPATIC LESIONS, EACH 3 CM OR LESS?;720
29.6;6. WHAT ARE THE TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ONE TO TWO LESIONS OF ANY SIZE, WITHOUT CIRRHOSIS OR WITH CIRRHOSIS BUT NORMAL LIVER FUNCTION TESTS?;720
29.7;7. WHO SHOULD OR CAN RECEIVE A LIVER TRANSPLANT?;721
29.8;8. WHAT ARE THE TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ONE LESION GREATER THAN 5CM OR THREE LESIONS WITH ONE OR MORE GREATER THAN 3CM?;722
29.9;9. A PATIENT WITH MULTIPLE LESIONS, ANY GREATER THAN 5CM AND WITHOUT METASTASES, WHO HAS A BLOOD GROUP/ MATCHED FAMILY MEMBER WILLING TO ACT AS A LIVING- RELATED DONOR;722
29.10;10. MULTIFOCAL HCC WITH TUMORS CONFINED TO THE LIVER WITH OR WITHOUT PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS AND BILIRUBIN LESS THAN 2.0 MG/ DL;722
29.11;11. A PATIENT WITH ANY TUMOR, NOT FOR TRANSPLANT, WITH CHILD B OR C CIRRHOSIS, ENCEPHALOPATHY, OR BILIRUBIN GREATER THAN 3.0 MG/ DL;723
29.12;12. CLINICAL EVALUATION AND WORKUP FOR LIVER TRANSPLANT;723
29.13;13. NEEDED CLINICAL TRIALS;723
29.14;REFERENCES;724
30;Subject Index;725