Cherry Traumatic Stress and Long-Term Recovery

Coping with Disasters and Other Negative Life Events
1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-3-319-18866-9
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 445 Seiten

This evidence-rich collection takes on the broad diversity of traumatic stress, in both its causes and outcomes, as well as the wide variety of resources available for recovery. Its accessible coverage shows varied presentations of post-traumatic stress affected by individual, family, and group contexts, including age, previous trauma exposure, and presence or lack of social resources, as well as long-term psychological, physical, and social consequences. Contributors focus on a range of traumatic experiences, from environmental disasters (wildfires, Hurricane Katrina) to the Holocaust, from ambiguous loss to war captivity. And the book's final section, 'Healing after Trauma,' spotlights resilience, forgiveness, religion, and spirituality, using concepts from positive psychology.Included among the topics:The Great East Japan earthquake: tsunami and nuclear disaster.Posttraumatic stress in the aftermath of mass shootings.Psychosocial consequences: appraisal, adaptation, and bereavement after trauma.Loss, chaos, survival and despair: the storm after the storms.Aging with trauma across the lifetime and experiencing trauma in old age.On bereavement and grief: a therapeutic approach to healing.  Psychologists, social workers, researchers studying trauma and resilience, and mental health professionals across disciplines will welcome Traumatic Stress and Long-Term Recovery as a profound source of insight into stress and loss, coping and healing. 

Dr. Katie E. Cherry is a Professor of Psychology and the Executive Director of the Life Course and Aging Center at Louisiana State University. Her research expertise is adult development and aging with emphasis on cognition and successful aging. Her research has been funded by the National Institute on Aging and the Louisiana Board of Regents. In 2002, she was awarded the Emogene Pliner Distinguished Professor of Aging Studies professorship for her contributions to the field of adult development and aging.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Cherry, Katie E.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
1.1;References;8
2;Contents;9
3;Contributors;12
4;Part I;15
4.1;Traumatic Experiences: On Events that Change Lives;15
4.1.1;Chapter-1;16
4.1.1.1;Traumatic Stress in Overview: Definition, Context, Scope, and Long-Term Outcomes;16
4.1.1.1.1;Introduction;16
4.1.1.1.2;Traumatic Stress: A Historical Synopsis;18
4.1.1.1.3;The Initial Impact: Acute Physiological and Psychological Response to Trauma;19
4.1.1.1.4;The Dust Settles: The Individual Aftermath of Trauma;20
4.1.1.1.5;Spiraling Distress: Related Disorders and Expressions of Trauma;21
4.1.1.1.6;Patterns of Posttraumatic Adjustment over Time;22
4.1.1.1.6.1;Long-Term Correlates of Trauma;24
4.1.1.1.6.2;Impact on Physical Health and Morbidity;24
4.1.1.1.6.3;Untangling the Web: Trauma Types, Risk Factors, and Mechanisms;25
4.1.1.1.6.4;The Nature of the Trauma;26
4.1.1.1.6.5;The Intrapersonal Context of Trauma;26
4.1.1.1.6.6;The Interpersonal Context;28
4.1.1.1.7;Aftershocks: Shared Trauma, Intergenerational Violence, and War;29
4.1.1.1.7.1;Shared and Secondary Trauma;29
4.1.1.1.7.2;Impact on Political Attitudes and War;30
4.1.1.1.8;Summary;31
4.1.1.1.9;References;31
4.1.2;Chapter-2;38
4.1.2.1;Natural Disasters: On Wildfires and Long-Term Recovery of Community-Residing Adults;38
4.1.2.1.1;Introduction;38
4.1.2.1.2;Literature Review;39
4.1.2.1.3;San Diego County Wildfires;40
4.1.2.1.3.1;The Disaster;40
4.1.2.1.3.2;Participants;41
4.1.2.1.3.3;Materials and Procedure;42
4.1.2.1.3.4;Results;43
4.1.2.1.4;Conclusions;47
4.1.2.1.5;Implications;47
4.1.2.1.6;References;48
4.1.3;Chapter-3;50
4.1.3.1;On Tornados: Storm Exposure, Coping Styles, and Resilience;50
4.1.3.1.1;Introduction;50
4.1.3.1.1.1;Resilience;51
4.1.3.1.1.2;Coping Styles;52
4.1.3.1.1.3;Resilience and Coping After Disaster;54
4.1.3.1.1.4;Joplin Impact Project;56
4.1.3.1.1.5;Overview of Dependent Measures;57
4.1.3.1.1.6;Results;59
4.1.3.1.2;Conclusion and Future Directions;63
4.1.3.1.3;References;65
4.1.4;Chapter-4;69
4.1.4.1;When Multiple Disasters Strike: Louisiana Fishers in the Aftermath of Hurricanes and the British Petroleum Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill;69
4.1.4.1.1;Introduction;69
4.1.4.1.2;Overview of Literature;70
4.1.4.1.2.1;The 1980 North Sea Oil Rig Disaster;70
4.1.4.1.2.2;The 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill;70
4.1.4.1.2.3;Comparisons Between the Exxon Valdez and BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spills;71
4.1.4.1.2.4;The 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill;71
4.1.4.1.2.5;Cumulative Adversity and the “Pileup” of Demands;72
4.1.4.1.3;Method;74
4.1.4.1.3.1;Participants;74
4.1.4.1.3.2;Procedure, Coding, and Analyses;74
4.1.4.1.4;Findings;74
4.1.4.1.4.1;Theme 1: Troubled Present, Uncertain Future;75
4.1.4.1.4.2;Theme 2: Environmental Devastation;76
4.1.4.1.4.3;Theme 3: The “Pileup” Effect after a Decade of Disasters;78
4.1.4.1.5;Conclusion;80
4.1.4.1.6;References;81
4.1.5;Chapter-5;83
4.1.5.1;The Great East Japan Earthquake: Tsunami and Nuclear Disaster;83
4.1.5.1.1;Introduction;83
4.1.5.1.2;Mental Health Effects After the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami;84
4.1.5.1.3;Review of Three Major Nuclear Plant Accidents;85
4.1.5.1.3.1;Chernobyl Accident;85
4.1.5.1.3.2;Three Mile Island Accident;89
4.1.5.1.3.3;Tokaimura Accident;90
4.1.5.1.3.4;Psychosocial Consequences of Fukushima Disaster;92
4.1.5.1.4;Conclusion and Future Directions;97
4.1.5.1.5;References;99
4.1.6;Chapter-6;103
4.1.6.1;Posttraumatic Stress in the Aftermath of Mass Shootings;103
4.1.6.1.1;Introduction;103
4.1.6.1.2;Overview of Studies;104
4.1.6.1.3;Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;104
4.1.6.1.3.1;Issues in Interpretation;114
4.1.6.1.3.2;Predictors of Adverse Mental Health Outcomes;114
4.1.6.1.4;Discussion;118
4.1.6.1.5;References;120
4.1.7;Chapter-7;124
4.1.7.1;When Man Harms Man: The Interpersonal Ramifications of War Captivity;124
4.1.7.1.1;Introduction;124
4.1.7.1.1.1;Chapter Overview;125
4.1.7.1.2;Traumatic Stressors of War and War Captivity;126
4.1.7.1.2.1;The Stressors of Combat;126
4.1.7.1.2.2;In the Captors’ Dungeons: The Dreadful Experience of War Captivity;127
4.1.7.1.2.3;Questions Deriving from the Interpersonal Dimensions of War Captivity;129
4.1.7.1.3;(Incarcerated) Johnny Comes Home: What Comes After War Captivity;130
4.1.7.1.3.1;The Longitudinal Study of Ex-POW’s in Israel;130
4.1.7.1.3.2;War Captivity as an Attachment Injury;131
4.1.7.1.3.3;Loneliness Following Combat and Captivity: Estrangement, Alienation, and Experiential Isolation;134
4.1.7.1.3.4;The Multiple Contexts of Interpersonal Deficit: Marital, Social, and National;136
4.1.7.1.4;Concluding Remarks: Looking Back Looking Forward;138
4.1.7.1.5;References;140
4.1.8;Chapter-8;144
4.1.8.1;Does Extreme Trauma Transfer? The Case of Three Generations of the Holocaust;144
4.1.8.1.1;Introduction;144
4.1.8.1.2;Attachment, Attachment Security/Insecurity, and Transmission of Trauma;145
4.1.8.1.3;Our Holocaust Project Across Three Generations;147
4.1.8.1.4;Method;149
4.1.8.1.4.1;First Phase;149
4.1.8.1.4.2;Second Phase;151
4.1.8.1.4.3;Meta-Analyses;151
4.1.8.1.4.4;“Under the Skin” Effects;152
4.1.8.1.4.5;Posttraumatic Growth;154
4.1.8.1.5;Conclusion and Future Directions;155
4.1.8.1.6;References;157
5;Part II;160
5.1;Consequences of Trauma Exposure;160
5.1.1;Chapter-9;161
5.1.1.1;Physiological Consequences: Early Hardship and Health Across the Life Span;161
5.1.1.1.1;Introduction;161
5.1.1.1.2;Overview and Definitions;162
5.1.1.1.3;Links to Physiological Health;163
5.1.1.1.3.1;The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis;163
5.1.1.1.3.2;Immune Functioning;166
5.1.1.1.3.3;Cardiovascular Health;168
5.1.1.1.3.4;Chronic Disease and Disability Prevalence;170
5.1.1.1.3.5;Summary of Physiological Risk;173
5.1.1.1.4;Health Risks and Behaviors;173
5.1.1.1.4.1;Cigarette Smoking;173
5.1.1.1.4.2;Alcohol and Other Substance Use/Abuse;174
5.1.1.1.4.3;Risky Sexual Behaviors;175
5.1.1.1.4.4;Overweight or Obesity;175
5.1.1.1.5;Challenges and Conclusions;177
5.1.1.1.5.1;Measurement Challenges;177
5.1.1.1.5.2;The Influence of Individual Differences;178
5.1.1.1.5.3;Future Directions;179
5.1.1.1.6;References;180
5.1.2;Chapter-10;187
5.1.2.1;Severe Stress and Anxiety Disorders in Adolescence: The Long-Term Effects of Disasters;187
5.1.2.1.1;Introduction;187
5.1.2.1.2;Ecological Needs-Based Perspective;188
5.1.2.1.3;Ontogenic Influences;189
5.1.2.1.4;Microsystem Influences;195
5.1.2.1.5;Mesosystem Influences;197
5.1.2.1.6;Exosystem Influences;198
5.1.2.1.7;Macrosystem Influences;198
5.1.2.1.8;Conclusions;199
5.1.2.1.9;References;200
5.1.3;Chapter-11;205
5.1.3.1;Psychosocial Consequences: Appraisal, Adaptation, and Bereavement After Trauma;205
5.1.3.1.1;Introduction;205
5.1.3.1.2;Cognitive and Resource Models of Traumatic Stress;206
5.1.3.1.3;Social Cognitive Theory;208
5.1.3.1.3.1;Coping Self-Efficacy;209
5.1.3.1.4;Coping Self-Efficacy in Various Posttrauma Environments;210
5.1.3.1.4.1;Natural Disaster;210
5.1.3.1.4.2;Intimate Partner Violence;212
5.1.3.1.4.3;Military Combat and Reintegration;212
5.1.3.1.4.4;Terrorist Attack;213
5.1.3.1.4.5;Motor Vehicle Accident;214
5.1.3.1.4.6;Bereavement;214
5.1.3.1.4.7;Health Outcomes;215
5.1.3.1.5;Conclusion and Future Directions;216
5.1.3.1.6;References;216
5.1.4;Chapter-12;220
5.1.4.1;When Neighborhoods Are Destroyed by Disaster: Relocate or Return and Rebuild?;220
5.1.4.1.1;Introduction;220
5.1.4.1.2;Conceptual Framework and Literature;221
5.1.4.1.2.1;Nested Ecologies;221
5.1.4.1.2.2;Disrupted Ecologies and Psychosocial Consequences;222
5.1.4.1.3;Method;223
5.1.4.1.3.1;Participants and Procedure;223
5.1.4.1.3.2;Analysis and Coding;224
5.1.4.1.4;Findings;225
5.1.4.1.4.1;Theme 1: There’s No Going Back: The “Old Normal” Is Gone Forever;225
5.1.4.1.4.2;Theme 2: “You Don’t Understand Unless You Were There”;228
5.1.4.1.4.2.1;Subtheme 1: Witnesses to Tragedy: Voices of Professionals Who Were There Serving the Public;231
5.1.4.1.4.2.2;Subtheme 2: The Special Case of Rebuilding Ecologies: On Hardships, Perceived Neglect, and Volunteer Efforts;233
5.1.4.1.5;Conclusions and Implications;236
5.1.4.1.6;References;237
5.1.5;Chapter-13;239
5.1.5.1;Loss, Chaos, Survival, and Despair: The Storm after the Storms;239
5.1.5.1.1;Introduction;239
5.1.5.1.2;Method;241
5.1.5.1.2.1;Participants and Interview Procedure;241
5.1.5.1.3;Findings;241
5.1.5.1.3.1;Theme 1: “I Don’t Want to Lose Another Friend:” A Loss of More than Material Possessions;242
5.1.5.1.3.2;Theme 2: “No Coping, Just Surviving:” Chaos and the Crushing Burden of Survival;244
5.1.5.1.3.3;Theme 3: “[Katrina] made me a Weaker Person:” Anguish and Despair after the Storms;247
5.1.5.1.4;Conclusion and Future Directions;250
5.1.5.1.5;References;252
5.1.6;Chapter-14;254
5.1.6.1;Families and Faith-based Communities After a Disaster: Successes and Failures in the Wakes of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita;254
5.1.6.1.1;Introduction;254
5.1.6.1.2;A Brief Overview of Research Findings on Faith Community;255
5.1.6.1.3;Method;256
5.1.6.1.4;Findings;256
5.1.6.1.4.1;Theme 1: The Hunger for Faith Community;257
5.1.6.1.4.2;Theme 2: “My Church Family Kept Me Going”;261
5.1.6.1.4.3;Theme 3: “I Felt Like My Church Abandoned Me”;265
5.1.6.1.4.4;Theme 4: Helping Others: “Am I My Brother’s Keeper?”;270
5.1.6.1.5;Conclusion;273
5.1.6.1.6;References;275
5.1.7;Chapter-15;278
5.1.7.1;Trauma and Ambiguous Loss: The Lingering Presence of the Physically Absent;278
5.1.7.1.1;Introduction;278
5.1.7.1.2;Definition of Ambiguous Loss;279
5.1.7.1.2.1;The Difference Between Ambiguous Loss and Death;281
5.1.7.1.2.2;The Difference Between Ambiguous Loss and Posttraumatic Disorder;282
5.1.7.1.2.3;The Difference Between Depression and the Normal Sadness of Grief;282
5.1.7.1.3;Cultural Beliefs that Influence Coping with Ambiguous Loss: The Example of 3/11;283
5.1.7.1.3.1;Religious and Secular Beliefs;285
5.1.7.1.4;Resilience as the Tolerance for Ambiguity;286
5.1.7.1.4.1;A Story of Resilience in a Miyagi High School;287
5.1.7.1.5;Assessment and Interventions: Finding the Resilience to Live Long Term with Ambiguous Loss;289
5.1.7.1.5.1;Individual Effects of Ambiguous Loss;289
5.1.7.1.5.2;Family and Couple Effects of Ambiguous Loss;290
5.1.7.1.5.3;Six Guidelines for Strengthening Resilience in Families of the Missing;290
5.1.7.1.5.4;The Need for Professional Self-Reflection;293
5.1.7.1.6;Summary;293
5.1.7.1.7;References;294
6;Part III;297
6.1;Healing after Trauma: Resilience and Long-Term Recovery;297
6.1.1;Chapter-16;298
6.1.1.1;Aging with Trauma Across the Lifetime and Experiencing Trauma in Old Age: Vulnerability and Resilience Intertwined;298
6.1.1.1.1;Introduction;298
6.1.1.1.1.1;How Is Trauma Across the Lifetime Manifested in Old Age?;299
6.1.1.1.1.2;Aging Trauma Versus Trauma in Old Age;300
6.1.1.1.1.3;Resilience Versus Vulnerability: Which One Prevails?;303
6.1.1.1.1.4;Mechanisms That Help Older Adults Deal with Trauma;305
6.1.1.1.1.5;Proposing a Unifying Model: The Pursuit of Happiness in a Hostile World;306
6.1.1.1.2;Conclusion;308
6.1.1.1.3;References;309
6.1.2;Chapter-17;314
6.1.2.1;Lost Possible Selves and Personality Development;314
6.1.2.1.1;Introduction;314
6.1.2.1.2;PTG and Personality Development;316
6.1.2.1.2.1;Posttraumatic Growth;316
6.1.2.1.2.2;Adult Personality Development: The Trait Approach;317
6.1.2.1.2.3;An Alternative Approach: Ego Development;319
6.1.2.1.3;Narrating the Future: Possible Selves and Ego Development;324
6.1.2.1.4;Closing Thoughts: Of Phoenixes and Their Ashes;326
6.1.2.1.5;References;327
6.1.3;Chapter-18;331
6.1.3.1;Younger and Older Coastal Fishers Face Catastrophic Loss after Hurricane Katrina;331
6.1.3.1.1;Introduction;331
6.1.3.1.2;Historic Overview: Two Fishing Communities, Cultural Heritage, and Hurricanes;332
6.1.3.1.3;Method;336
6.1.3.1.3.1;Participants and Procedure;336
6.1.3.1.3.2;Analyses and Coding;336
6.1.3.1.4;Findings;337
6.1.3.1.4.1;Theme 1: Materialism and True Colors Revealed: Despicable Deeds and Acts of Grace After the Storm;337
6.1.3.1.4.2;Theme 2—Helping Efforts Across Denominations: “[God] was using His people to help His [other] people.”;340
6.1.3.1.4.3;Theme 3: Historical Ties that Bind: Old Roots Versus New Connections;344
6.1.3.1.5;Conclusions and Implications;348
6.1.3.1.6;References;351
6.1.4;Chapter-19;353
6.1.4.1;Trauma, Religion, and Spirituality: Pathways to Healing;353
6.1.4.1.1;Introduction;353
6.1.4.1.2;The Relationships Among Religion, Spirituality, and Trauma;354
6.1.4.1.3;Religious and Spiritual Coping with Trauma;356
6.1.4.1.3.1;Positive Patterns of Religious and Spiritual Coping;358
6.1.4.1.4;Negative Patterns of Religious and Spiritual Coping;360
6.1.4.1.5;Outcomes of Religious and Spiritual Coping;362
6.1.4.1.6;Integrating Religion and Spirituality into the Posttraumatic Recovery Process;364
6.1.4.1.7;Conclusion;367
6.1.4.1.8;References;367
6.1.5;Chapter-20;372
6.1.5.1;Faith and Coping: Spiritual Beliefs and Religious Practices After Hurricanes Katrina and Rita;372
6.1.5.1.1;Introduction;372
6.1.5.1.1.1;Overview of Coping and Resilience;373
6.1.5.1.2;Method;374
6.1.5.1.2.1;Participants and Procedure;374
6.1.5.1.2.2;Analyses;375
6.1.5.1.3;Findings;375
6.1.5.1.3.1;Theme 1: “I Couldn’t Have Done It Without My God’s Help:” God as a Personal and Relational Being;376
6.1.5.1.3.2;Theme 2: “God is in Control:” Conceptualizations and Characteristics of God;378
6.1.5.1.3.3;Theme 3: “The Katrina Experience Renewed Your Faith:” Spiritually Framing the Storm;380
6.1.5.1.3.4;Theme 4: “Praying Helped Me Cope:” Prayer in the Immediate Katrina/Rita Aftermath;382
6.1.5.1.3.5;Theme 5: “I Prayed A Lot for Guidance:” God as a Guide in Post-Storm Decision Making;384
6.1.5.1.4;Conclusion;386
6.1.5.1.5;References;388
6.1.6;Chapter-21;391
6.1.6.1;Seeing Silver Linings After Catastrophic Loss: Personal Growth, Positive Adaption, and Relationships that Matter;391
6.1.6.1.1;Introduction;391
6.1.6.1.1.1;A Brief Overview and Explanation of “Silver Linings”;392
6.1.6.1.2;Method;394
6.1.6.1.3;Findings;394
6.1.6.1.3.1;Theme 1: Personal Growth and Change in Perspective;395
6.1.6.1.3.1.1;Subtheme 1: A Change ?in Attitude: “[Katrina] helped me to become a better person”;395
6.1.6.1.3.1.2;Subtheme 2: Material Possessions Do Not Ultimately Matter: “I don’t need all of that anymore”;396
6.1.6.1.3.2;Theme 2: Appreciation for a New, Positive Social Environment;397
6.1.6.1.3.3;Theme 3: Relationships with Friends and Family are What Matter Most;398
6.1.6.1.3.3.1;Subtheme 1: The Formation of Lasting Friendships: “I have met some new, wonderful people…”;399
6.1.6.1.3.3.2;Subtheme 2: The Fundamental Importance of Family Relationships: “My son…became more family-oriented”;400
6.1.6.1.4;Conclusion;401
6.1.6.1.5;References;403
6.1.7;Chapter-22;405
6.1.7.1;On Bereavement and Grief: A Therapeutic Approach to Healing;405
6.1.7.1.1;Introduction;405
6.1.7.1.1.1;Case Study: An Illustration of Complicated Grief;405
6.1.7.1.1.2;The Syndrome of CG;408
6.1.7.1.1.3;Typical Grief;411
6.1.7.1.1.4;Theoretical Underpinnings of CGT;412
6.1.7.1.1.5;CG Principles and Procedures;414
6.1.7.1.1.6;CGT Outcomes;417
6.1.7.1.1.7;Learning CGT;418
6.1.7.1.2;Conclusion;419
6.1.7.1.3;References;419
6.1.8;Chapter-23;421
6.1.8.1;Triumph Over Tragedy: The Healing Power of Forgiveness;421
6.1.8.1.1;Introduction;421
6.1.8.1.2;Life at Auschwitz;423
6.1.8.1.3;Surviving and Defeating Mengele;425
6.1.8.1.4;Miriam’s Hardships;426
6.1.8.1.5;A Child Coping in Auschwitz;426
6.1.8.1.6;Liberation;428
6.1.8.1.7;Life Lessons;429
6.1.8.1.8;Beginning of the Healing;430
6.1.8.1.9;How to Forgive;431
6.1.8.1.10;Benefits to Forgiveness;431
6.1.8.1.11;Sources;432
7;Index;433