Clark / Rilee Remote Sensing Tools for Exploration

Observing and Interpreting the Electromagnetic Spectrum
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4419-6830-2
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 346 Seiten

Remote Sensing from a New Perspective The idea for this book began many years ago, when I was asked to teach a course on remote sensing. Not long before that time, I had been part of the effort to develop the first database for planetary data with a common digital array format and interactive processing capabilities to correlate those data easily: the lunar consortium. All the available lunar remote sensing data were included, orbital and ground-based, ranging across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. I had used this powerful tool extensively, and, in that spirit, I was determined to create a course which covered the entire spectrum and a variety of targets. As I looked around for the equivalent of a textbook, which I was willing to pull together from several sources, I realized that available material was very heavily focused on the visual and near visual spectrum and on the Earth as a target. Even The Surveillant Science, edited by Edward Holz and published in 1973, which broke new ground in having diverse articles on most of the spectrum when it was created, focused entirely on the Earth. My personal favorite, the exceedingly well written book on remote sensing by Floyd Sabins first published in 1978, covered the visual, infrared, and microwave portions of the spectrum beautifully but focused on the Earth as well. Unhindered, I developed what I called 'packets' of material for each part of the spectrum.

Pamela Clark grew up in New England and, inspired by President John Kennedy, decided she wanted to explore outer space by the time she was thirteen years old. She obtained her BA from St. Joseph College. While obtaining her PhD in planetary geochemistry from the University of Maryland, she worked at GSFC/NASA outside of Washington DC and the Astrogeology Branch of the USGS in Flagstaff, Arizona, simulating, analyzing, correlating, and interpreting lunar X-ray spectra. She eventually returned Goddard as a member of the XGRS team on the NEAR mission to asteroid Eros. Currently, as a member of the sciences and exploration division at GSFC, Dr. Clark is the science lead in a group to develop new paradigms for the design of space missions and vehicles. Michael Lee Rilee, Ph.D. is the founder of Rilee Systems Technologies LLC which focuses on advanced computing technologies for autonomous aerospace and robotics applications. Rilee is a plasma physicist and astronomer by training with experience in high performance computing as applied to ground and space-based systems. He was a key researcher in NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's parallel and distributed robotics efforts, including Tetrahedral Robotics.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Clark, Pamela Elizabeth

Rilee, Michael Lee

Rilee, Michael

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
1.1;Remote Sensing from a New Perspective;6
2;About the Authors;8
2.1;Pamela Elizabeth Clark;8
2.2;Michael Lee Rilee;9
3;Contents;10
4;Chapter 1;14
4.1;An Overview;14
4.1.1;1.1 What is Remote Sensing?;14
4.1.2;1.2 The Roots of Remote Sensing;16
4.1.3;1.4 Systems Approach to Remote Sensing;27
4.1.4;1.5 Remote Sensing System Development;28
4.1.5;1.7 Summary;39
4.1.6;1.8 Some Questions for Discussion;40
4.1.7;References;41
5;Chapter 2;42
5.1;Principles of Remote Sensing;42
5.1.1;2.1 Beyond Human Sensors and Controlled Environments;42
5.1.2;2.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum;43
5.1.3;2.4 Optics;49
5.1.4;2.5 Radiation Measurement;52
5.1.5;2.6 Interactions as a Function of State;53
5.1.6;2.7 Atmospheric Effects;53
5.1.7;2.8 Surface Interactions;55
5.1.8;2.9 The Major Spectral Regions;57
5.1.9;2.10 Interpretation of Remote Sensing Data;63
5.1.10;2.11 Summary;64
5.1.11;2.12 Some Questions for Discussion;65
5.1.12;References;65
6;Chapter 3;66
6.1;Visible and Circumvisible Regions and Image Interpretation;66
6.1.1;3.1 Significance of the Visible Spectrum;66
6.1.2;3.2 The Source of Visible Light;66
6.1.3;3.3 Production: Scattering at Surfaces;67
6.1.4;3.4 Production: Electronic Absorption Features;69
6.1.5;3.5 Production: Vibrational Absorption Features;72
6.1.6;3.6 Albedo and Reflectivity;74
6.1.7;3.7 Radiance, Reflectance, and Emittance;75
6.1.8;3.8 Spectral Reflectance from Planetary Regoliths;76
6.1.9;3.9 Color Theory;79
6.1.10;3.10 Tonal Variations and Detectability;82
6.1.11;3.11 Resolution and Resolving Power;84
6.1.12;3.12 Photogrammetry;85
6.1.13;3.13 Stereogrammetry;88
6.1.14;3.14 Spectrometry;91
6.1.15;3.15 Circumvisible Image Interpretation;92
6.1.16;3.16 Characteristic Spectral Signatures;97
6.1.17;3.17 Characteristic Structural and Morphological Signatures;100
6.1.18;3.18 Spectral Reflectance Band Images;107
6.1.19;3.19 Space Weathering, Maturity, and Composition Effects;108
6.1.20;3.20 Detection: The First Capture of Visible Light;109
6.1.21;3.21 Detection: History of Circumvisible Region Remote Sensing;112
6.1.22;3.22 Detection: Current Imaging System Characteristics;116
6.1.23;3.23 Detection: Non-Imaging Systems;120
6.1.24;3.24 Detection: In Situ;121
6.1.25;3.25 Summary;122
6.1.26;3.26 Some Questions for Discussion;123
6.1.27;References;124
7;Chapter 4;127
7.1;Ray Region: X–rays, Alpha Particles, Gamma– rays, Neutrons, UV;127
7.1.1;4.1 Significance of the High Energy Spectrum;127
7.1.2;4.2 Historical View of Elemental Abundance Mapping;127
7.1.3;4.3 Ray Region Energetic Interaction at Planetary Surfaces;130
7.1.4;4.4 Natural Radioactive Decay;131
7.1.5;4.5 Alpha, Beta, Gamma and High Energy Particle Sources;132
7.1.6;4.6 Production of Secondary Gamma–rays;133
7.1.7;4.7 Production of Neutrons;137
7.1.8;4.8 X–ray Sources;139
7.1.9;4.9 Production of Secondary X–rays;141
7.1.10;4.10 In Situ Particle Induced Energy Production and Analysis;145
7.1.11;4.11 Ionizing Ultraviolet;147
7.1.12;4.12 Analysis and Interpretation of Gamma–ray Spectra;149
7.1.13;4.13 Analysis and Interpretation of Neutron Flux;154
7.1.14;4.14 Analysis and Interpretation of X–ray Spectra;159
7.1.15;4.15 In Situ Surface and Subsurface Techniques;163
7.1.16;4.16 Planetology and the Ray Region;170
7.1.17;4.17 Ray Region Data Products and Interpretation;171
7.1.18;4.18 Detection of Gamma–rays and Neutrons;173
7.1.19;4.19 Detection of X–rays;177
7.1.20;4.20 Radiation Damage;181
7.1.21;4.21 Summary;182
7.1.22;4.22 Some Questions for Discussion;184
7.1.23;References;185
8;Chapter 5;191
8.1;Longwave Region: Mid to Thermal Infrared, Microwave, and Radio;191
8.1.1;5.1 Significance of the Longwave Region;191
8.1.2;5.2 Energy Production in the Mid to Far Infrared;192
8.1.3;5.3 Mid to Far Infrared Diagnostic Features;192
8.1.4;5.4 Mid to Far Infrared Data Analysis;196
8.1.5;5.5 Mid to Far Infrared Planetary Signatures;196
8.1.6;5.6 Transition into Thermal Infrared;197
8.1.7;5.7 Heat, Temperature, and Flux;198
8.1.8;5.8 Thermal Energy Production and Parameters;199
8.1.9;5.9 Thermal Infrared Data Analysis;203
8.1.10;5.10 Thermal Infrared Signatures;205
8.1.11;5.11 Infrared Sensors;207
8.1.12;5.12 Passive Microwave;210
8.1.13;5.13 Microwaves From Surfaces;210
8.1.14;5.14 Microwaves From Atmospheres;212
8.1.15;5.15 Microwaves From Liquid Surfaces;219
8.1.16;5.16 Passive Microwave Measurements;220
8.1.17;5.17 Microwave Detection;221
8.1.18;5.18 Microwaves Sensors;223
8.1.19;5.19 The Nature of Radar Interactions;224
8.1.20;5.20 Radar Backscatter Models;227
8.1.21;5.21 Dielectric Properties, Absorption, and Volume Scattering;229
8.1.22;5.22 Radar Roughness;231
8.1.23;5.23 Radar Polarization;232
8.1.24;5.24 Radar Geological Applications;234
8.1.25;5.25 Radar Oceanographic Applications;236
8.1.26;5.26 Radar Atmospheric Applications;239
8.1.27;5.27 Real Aperture Radar Viewing and Resolution Parameters;239
8.1.28;5.28 The Radar System;241
8.1.29;5.29 Radar Detection;242
8.1.30;5.30 Radar Signal Properties and Processing;244
8.1.31;5.31 Synthetic Aperture Radar;246
8.1.32;5.32 Planetary Radar Observations;251
8.1.33;5.33 Radar Sensor Systems;254
8.1.34;5.34 Summary;258
8.1.35;5.34 Some Questions for Discussion;260
8.1.36;References;261
9;Chapter 6;266
9.1;Processing Information and Data;266
9.1.1;6.1 The Nature of Remote Sensing Data Processing;266
9.1.2;6.2 Mission Planning: Roadmaps to Requirements;267
9.1.3;6.3 Mission Planning: Concept to Implementation;270
9.1.4;6.4 Flight Support for the Mission Life Cycle;274
9.1.5;6.5 Flight Support: Communication, Command, and Data Handling;276
9.1.6;6.6 Flight Support: Use of Signal Processing;281
9.1.7;6.7 Signal Processing: The Relationship between Signal and Noise;284
9.1.8;6.8 Signal Processing: Noise Sources and Types;286
9.1.9;6.9 Signal Processing: Types of Error;290
9.1.10;6.10 Signal Processing: Noise Removal Strategies;291
9.1.11;6.11 Data Reduction: Assessment Steps;295
9.1.12;6.12 Data Reduction: Calibration Steps;297
9.1.13;6.13 Analysis: Statistics of Individual Datasets;298
9.1.14;6.14 Analysis: Image Generation and Enhancement;303
9.1.15;6.15 Analysis: Image Mathematical Operations;304
9.1.16;6.16 Analysis: Stretching;304
9.1.17;6.17 Analysis: Density Slicing and Trend Surface Analysis;305
9.1.18;6.18 Analysis: Filtering;306
9.1.19;6.19 Analysis: The Relationship Between Spatial and Frequency Domains;307
9.1.20;6.20 Interpretation: Multivariate Classification and Correlation;310
9.1.21;6.21 Interpretation: Modeling;313
9.1.22;6.22 Interpretation: Pattern Recognition and Learning Models;313
9.1.23;6.23 Dealing with Geometry: Footprint Determination;317
9.1.24;6.24 Dealing with Geometry: Geographic Projection;318
9.1.25;6.25 Dealing with Geometry: Rectification and Registration;318
9.1.26;6.26 Data Management: Planning;320
9.1.27;6.27 Data Management: Processing;321
9.1.28;6.28 New Tools;325
9.1.29;6.29 Summary;327
9.1.30;6.30 Some Questions for Discussions;330
9.1.31;References;331
10;Afterword;336
10.1;Data Fusion;336
11;Index;342