Cooper General Immunology

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4831-3659-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 356 Seiten, Web PDF

General Immunology provides a general overview of the immune system. It presents topics in immunology from all living groups, treating cells, tissues, organs, and organismal levels of biological organization. The book contains 23 chapters organized into eight sections. Section I serves as an introduction to immunology-a science, a sketch of its history, some of its more recent contributors, something about gathering facts, immunology journals, and the entire biomedical enterprise of which immunology is just a part. Section II is devoted to antigens while Section III examines the immune system in chordates and the ontogeny of the immune system. Section IV on cells of the immune system covers monocytes, macrophages, the three granulocytic types, and mast cells. Section V deals with phagocytosis and the interaction of lymphocytes. Section VI is devoted to antigens in relation to antibody synthesis, antigen-antibody interactions, immunologlobulin structure, and immunologlobulin assembly. Section VII on organs of the immune system examines bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphoid aggregations. Section VIII discusses the evolution of the immune system. This text was written for advanced undergraduates. However, its comprehensiveness makes it useful to immunologists and biologists at all levels as well as medical students and clinicians.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Cooper, Edwin L.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;2
2;General Immunology;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Dedication;6
5;Preface;8
6;Acknowledgements;10
7;Table of Contents;12
8;Section I. Introduction;14
9;1. Immunology and the Scientific Method;16
9.1;HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY;16
9.2;THE IMMUNE SYSTEM;17
9.3;THE SCIENCE OF IMMUNOLOGY;17
9.4;HOW IS INFORMATION IN IMMUNOLOGYOBTAINED?;19
9.5;THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD;20
9.6;APPLICATIONS OF IMMUNOLOGY;21
9.7;WHERE ARE IMMUNOLOGISTS LOCATED?;21
9.8;A SUMMARIZING COMMENT;21
10;2. An Overview of Immunity;22
10.1;INTRODUCTION;22
10.2;THE MACHINERY;23
10.3;PHAGOCYTOSIS;24
10.4;T-CELLS, B-CELLS;24
10.5;ORGANS;24
10.6;THE TWO IMMUNITIES;26
10.7;ANTIGENS;26
10.8;SPECIFICITY AND MEMORY;26
10.9;THE IMMUNOGLOBULINS;27
10.10;CLINICAL ASPECTS OF IMMUNOLOGY;27
10.11;THE NEED FOR ANIMAL MODELS:A COMPARATIVE AND DEVELOPMENTALAPPROACH;30
10.12;FINAL COMMENT;30
11;3. Analysing the Immune System;31
11.1;INTRODUCTION;31
11.2;TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING CELLS,TISSUES AND ORGANS OF THE IMMUNESYSTEM;31
11.3;ISOLATING ANTIBODIES FROM THEIMMUNE SYSTEM;37
11.4;A METHOD FOR THE FUTURE:X-RAY DIFFRACTION;42
11.5;FINAL COMMENT;43
12;Section II. Foreignness;44
13;4. Antigens;46
13.1;INTRODUCTION;46
13.2;KINDS OF ANTIGENS;47
13.3;ANTIGENIC AND IMMUNOGENICSPECIFICITY;52
13.4;HOST AND EXTERNAL INFLUENCESON ANTIGENS;54
13.5;ANTIGEN RECOGNITION AND CELLRECEPTORS;56
13.6;FINAL COMMENT;59
14;Section III. How the Immune System Developed;60
15;5. The Phylum Chordata;62
15.1;INTRODUCTION;62
15.2;THE ASCIDIANS;62
15.3;THE GENERAL PLAN: FROM BONE MARROWTO T- AND B-LYMPHOCYTES;64
15.4;THE VERTEBRATES;65
15.5;FINAL COMMENT;76
16;6. Ontogeny of the Immune System;77
16.1;THE BASIC DEVELOPMENTAL PLANOF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM;77
16.2;BIRDS;83
16.3;HISTOGENESIS OF LYMPHOID ORGANSIN OTHER VERTEBRATES;87
16.4;FINAL COMMENT;89
17;Section IV. Cells of the Immune System;90
18;7. Macrophages and Monocytes;92
18.1;INTRODUCTION;92
18.2;BACKGROUND;92
18.3;ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT ANDDIFFERENTIATION OFMONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES;95
18.4;BIOCHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM;96
18.5;FUNCTION OF MACROPHAGES;98
18.6;MACROPHAGES IN PRIMITIVE ANIMALS;103
18.7;FINAL COMMENT;104
19;8. Granulocytes and Mast Cells;105
19.1;INTRODUCTION;105
19.2;NEUTROPHILS;105
19.3;EOSINOPHILS;108
19.4;BASOPHILS;110
19.5;MAST CELLS;111
19.6;GRANULOCYTES AND MAST CELLSIN PRIMITIVE ANIMALS;113
19.7;FINAL COMMENT;114
20;9. The Lymphocytes;115
20.1;INTRODUCTION;115
20.2;MORPHOLOGY;115
20.3;CHARACTERIZATION;118
20.4;BIOCHEMICAL EVENTS;122
20.5;NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS;126
20.6;DNA;126
20.7;RNA;127
20.8;PROTEIN SYNTHESIS;127
20.9;LYMPHOCYTES OF PRIMITIVE ANIMALS;127
20.10;FINAL COMMENT;128
21;Section V. Defense and Immunity;130
22;10. Phagocytosis;132
22.1;INTRODUCTION;132
22.2;PHAGOCYTOSIS BY MACROPHAGES;132
22.3;THE PROCESS IN NEUTROPHILS;135
22.4;KILLING BY PHAGOCYTIC CELLS;137
22.5;PHAGOCYTES IN HIBERNATING MAMMALS;138
22.6;TEMPERATURE AND PHAGOCYTOSISIN TELEOST FISHES;139
22.7;EVOLUTION OF THE MONONUCLEARPHAGOCYTIC SYSTEM;140
22.8;PHAGOCYTOSIS IN INVERTEBRATES;140
22.9;FINAL COMMENT;142
23;11. Interactions of Lymphocytes;143
23.1;INTRODUCTION;143
23.2;CHARACTERISTICS OF IMMUNE CELLS;143
23.3;DIFFERENCES BETWEENT- AND B-LYMPHOCYTES;146
23.4;CHARACTERISTICS OF MACROPHAGES;149
23.5;CELL COOPERATION BETWEENB- AND T-LYMPHOCYTES;149
23.6;ROLE OF MACROPHAGES;151
23.7;INTERACTIONS OF IMMUNE CELLSIN PRIMITIVE ANIMALS;151
23.8;THEORIES OF T-B-CELL COLLABORATION;152
23.9;FINAL COMMENT;154
24;Section VI. Antigens, Antibodies and Immunoglobulins;156
25;12. Antigen-Antibody Reactions;158
25.1;INTRODUCTION;158
25.2;ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY BINDING;158
25.3;METHODS OF STUDYINGANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS;159
25.4;ANALYSES OF ANTIGEN-ANTIBODYREACTIONS;160
25.5;SECONDARY ANALYSES OFANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS;164
25.6;FINAL COMMENT;173
26;13. Antibody Synthesis;175
26.1;INTRODUCTION;175
26.2;ANTIGEN ELIMINATION;176
26.3;ANTIBODY FORMATION;178
26.4;ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS MEASURED IN VITRO;179
26.5;ROLE OF ANTIGEN ON ANTIBODYSYNTHESIS IN OTHER VERTEBRATES;182
26.6;THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ONANTIBODY PRODUCTION;184
26.7;ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS AT THE CELL LEVELIN POIKILOTHERMIC VERTEBRATES;184
26.8;FINAL COMMENT;187
27;14. Structure of Immunoglobulins;188
27.1;INTRODUCTION;188
27.2;RESOLUTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS;188
27.3;ISOLATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS;191
27.4;POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN STRUCTURE;192
27.5;CONFORMATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULING,M,A;197
27.6;AMINO-ACID SEQUENCING;198
27.7;THE ANTIBODY COMBINING SITE;200
27.8;BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OFIMMUNOGLOBULINS;201
27.9;EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OFß2-MICROGLOBULIN;202
27.10;IMMUNOGLOBULINS OF DIVERSEVERTEBRATES;203
27.11;EVOLUTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS;206
27.12;FINAL COMMENT;207
28;15. Immunoglobulin Assembly;208
28.1;INTRODUCTION;208
28.2;THE IMMONOGLOBULIN-PRODUCINGPLASMA CELL;209
28.3;THE NUCLEIC ACIDS OFIMMUNOGLOBULIN SYNTHESIZING CELLS(GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS);210
28.4;GENERAL FEATURES OF PROTEINSYNTHESIS;213
28.5;IMMUNOGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS;213
28.6;SYNTHESIS OF IgA;218
28.7;FINAL COMMENT;218
29;Section VII. Organs of the Immune System;220
30;16. The Bone Marrow;222
30.1;INTRODUCTION;222
30.2;GROSS ANATOMY AND CIRCULATION;222
30.3;COMPONENTS;223
30.4;BONE-MARROW FUNCTION;227
30.5;BONE-MARROW LYMPHOCYTES;229
30.6;IS THE BONE MARROW A MAJORLYMPHOID ORGAN?;233
30.7;BONE-MARROW TRANSPLANTATION;234
30.8;ANIMAL MODELS (CHICKENS, QUAILS,OPOSSUMS, ALLOPHENIC MICE ANDMARMOSETS);235
30.9;HEMOPOIESIS IN PRIMITIVE VERTEBRATES;236
30.10;HEMOPOIESIS IN INVERTEBRATES;237
30.11;FINAL COMMENT;238
31;17. The Thymus;239
31.1;INTRODUCTION;239
31.2;GROSS ANATOMY;239
31.3;MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY;240
31.4;THYMUS CELL SUBPOPULATIONS;247
31.5;HOW THE THYMUS COOPERATES;248
31.6;THE THYMUS AND IMMUNOLOGICALMEMORY;248
31.7;THYMIC INDEPENDENCE;249
31.8;THE THYMIC HORMONE;250
31.9;THE THYMUS AND IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE;250
31.10;THYMIC INVOLUTION;252
31.11;THE THYMUS IN OTHER ANIMALS;253
31.12;FINAL COMMENT;254
32;18. The Spleen;256
32.1;INTRODUCTION;256
32.2;GROSS ANATOMY;256
32.3;STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION;257
32.4;CIRCULATION;260
32.5;FUNCTION IN IMMUNITY;261
32.6;EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH ANTIBODYSYNTHESIS;264
32.7;SPLENECTOMY AND IMMUNITY;267
32.8;SOME DEVIATIONS IN STRUCTUREDURING EVOLUTION;268
32.9;COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO THESPLEEN IN IMMUNITY;268
32.10;FINAL COMMENT;269
33;19. Lymph Nodes;270
33.1;INTRODUCTION;270
33.2;GROSS ANATOMY;270
33.3;MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY;272
33.4;FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY;274
33.5;FUNCTION;275
33.6;FINAL COMMENT;276
34;20. Lymphoid Aggregations and Nodules;277
34.1;INTRODUCTION;277
34.2;LYMPHOID CELLS, TISSUES, NODULES;277
34.3;TONSILS;278
34.4;INTESTINAL AGGREGATIONS;282
34.5;HEMAL LYMPH NODES AND HEMAL NODES;282
34.6;THE BURSA OF FABRICIUS: ITS PLACEIN IMMUNOLOGY;285
34.7;OTHER AVIAN LYMPHOID AGGREGATION;287
34.8;LYMPHOID AGGREGATIONS IN OTHERVERTEBRATES: FISHES, AMPHIBIANSAND REPTILES;288
34.9;FINAL COMMENT;291
35;Section VIII. How the Immune System Evolved;292
36;21. Phylogeny of Cell-mediated Immunity;294
36.1;INTRODUCTION;294
36.2;SKETCH OF THE INVERTEBRATE PHYLA;296
36.3;RECOGNITION;297
36.4;WHERE DID CELLULAR AND HUMORALIMMUNITY ARISE?;298
36.5;TRANSPLANTATION IN THE PROTOZOA(ONE-CELLED ANIMALS);298
36.6;RECOGNITION IN SPONGES;298
36.7;DID IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY EVOLVEFROM THE SIMPLE METAZOA?;299
36.8;PRIMORDIAL CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY;299
36.9;CYTOTOXICITY AND OTHER AGGRESSIVEREACTIONS MEDIATED BY INVERTEBRATEIMMUNOCYTES;302
36.10;ALLOAGGRESSION INDUCED BYECHINODERM CELLS;302
36.11;HOW DID THE IMMUNE SYSTEM EVOLVEAND WHERE DO WE GO?;303
36.12;FINAL COMMENT;304
37;22. Humoral Immunity in Invertebrates;305
37.1;INTRODUCTION;305
37.2;THE RESPONSE IN SIPUNCULIDS;306
37.3;ANTIGEN CLEARANCE AND PHYSICOCHEMICALANALYSIS IN PELECYPODA ANDGASTROPODS;306
37.4;HUMORAL RESPONSES IN ANTHROPODS;308
37.5;HUMORAL RESPONSES OF ARTHROPODSAND ECHINODERMS COMPARED;311
37.6;HEMAGGLUTININ IN A TUNICATE;311
37.7;PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIESOF HEMAGGLUTININS;312
37.8;HUMORAL COMPONENTS AND VERTEBRATECOMPLEMENT COMPARED;312
37.9;FINAL COMMENT;313
38;23. Evolution and Theories of Immunity;315
38.1;INTRODUCTION;315
38.2;PHYLOGENY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE;315
38.3;HOMOLOGY, ANALOGY, CONVERGENCEAND DIVERGENCE;320
38.4;ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY AS REVEALED BYANTIBODY SYNTHESIS;324
38.5;BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MHC;333
38.6;A FINAL COMMENT ON HOW WE MIGHTCONTINUE TO SEARCH FOR THE MAJORHISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX;335
38.7;FINAL COMMENT;336
39;Further Reading;338
40;Appendix;344
41;Index;348