Ghannouchi / Hashmi Load-Pull Techniques with Applications to Power Amplifier Design

2013
ISBN: 978-94-007-4461-5
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 32, 234 Seiten

Reihe: Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics

This first book on load-pull systems is intended for readers with a broad knowledge of high frequency transistor device characterization, nonlinear and linear microwave measurements, RF power amplifiers and transmitters. Load-Pull Techniques with Applications to Power Amplifier Design fulfills the demands of users, designers, and researchers both from industry and academia who have felt the need of a book on this topic. It presents a comprehensive reference spanning different load-pull measurement systems, waveform measurement and engineering systems, and associated calibration procedures for accurate large signal characterization. Besides, this book also provides in-depth practical considerations required in the realization and usage of load-pull and waveform engineering systems. In addition, it also provides procedure to design application specific load-pull setup and includes several case studies where the user can customize architecture of load-pull setups to meet any specific measurement requirements. Furthermore, the materials covered in this book can be part of a full semester graduate course on microwave device characterization and power amplifier design.

Fadhel M. Ghannouchi is professor and AITF/CRC Chair in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada, and Director of the Intelligent RF Radio Laboratory. He has held numerous invited positions at several academic and research institutions in Europe, North America and Japan. He has provided consulting services to a number of microwave and wireless communications companies. His research interests are in the areas of microwave instrumentation and measurements, nonlinear modeling of microwave devices and communications systems, design of power and spectrum efficient microwave amplification systems and design of intelligent RF transceivers and software-defined radio systems for wireless and satellite communications. His research activities have led to over 500 publications and 14 US patents (6 pending) and two books. He is Fellow of IEEE and he has been a distinguished microwave lecturer of IEEE MTT-S since 2009.Mohammad S. Hashmi received MS degree from Darmstadt University of Technology, Germany and PhD degree from Cardiff University, UK. He is now an adjunct researcher at the iRadio Lab, University of Calgary, Canada and Assistant Professor at IIIT Delhi, India. He was previously associated with Philips Semiconductors and Thales Electronics in Germany during which time he was involved in the field of RF circuits and systems. His current research interests are related to nonlinear microwave instrumentation, microwave device characterization, and linearization of power amplifiers for mobile and satellite applications. He was the recipient of 2008 Automatic Radio Frequency Techniques Group (ARFTG) Microwave Measurement Fellowship, and 3rd place winner in the novel and creative instrument design competition organized by IEEE MTT-11 for the year 2008. His research has led to over 40 publications and 3 US patents (pending).

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ghannouchi, Fadhel M.

Hashmi, Mohammad S.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Acknowledgements;9
3;Contents;10
4;Chapter 1: Fundamentals;14
4.1;1.1 Introduction;14
4.2;1.2 RF Power Ampli er Characteristics;15
4.3;1.3 Figures of Merit;17
4.3.1;1.3.1 Drain Ef ciency and Power Added Ef ciency;18
4.3.2;1.3.2 Intermodulation and Harmonic Distortions;19
4.3.3;1.3.3 Adjacent Channel Power Ratio;21
4.3.4;1.3.4 Error Vector Magnitude;22
4.4;1.4 Power Ampli er;23
4.5;1.5 Power Ampli er Design Methodologies;27
4.5.1;1.5.1 CAD-Based Design Methods;27
4.5.2;1.5.2 Measurement-Based Design Methods;28
4.6;1.6 Nonlinear Microwave Measurement System;29
4.6.1;1.6.1 What Is Load-Pull?;30
4.6.2;1.6.2 Why Load-Pull?;30
4.7;1.7 Important Load-Pull Features;31
4.7.1;1.7.1 Repeatability of Re ection Coef cients;32
4.7.2;1.7.2 Tuning Range and Its Distribution;32
4.7.3;1.7.3 Tuning Speed;33
4.7.4;1.7.4 Power Handling Capability;33
4.7.5;1.7.5 Tuner Resolution;33
4.7.6;1.7.6 Tuner Bandwidth;34
4.7.7;1.7.7 Tuner Size;34
4.8;1.8 Common Load-Pull Systems;35
4.9;References;36
5;Chapter 2: Passive Load-Pull Systems;41
5.1;2.1 Introduction;41
5.2;2.2 Passive Load-Pull System;42
5.2.1;2.2.1 Electromechanical Tuner (EMT);42
5.2.2;2.2.2 Electronic Tuner (ETS);45
5.2.3;2.2.3 ETS and EMT Comparisons;46
5.3;2.3 Load-Pull Measurement;47
5.3.1;2.3.1 Load-Pull Setup;48
5.3.2;2.3.2 System Calibration;50
5.4;2.4 Harmonic Load-Pull System;54
5.4.1;2.4.1 Triplexer Based Harmonic Load-Pull Setup;56
5.4.2;2.4.2 Harmonic Rejection Tuner Based Harmonic Load-Pull Setup;57
5.4.3;2.4.3 Single Tuner Harmonic Load-Pull Setup;58
5.4.4;2.4.4 Harmonic Load-Pull Comparisons;59
5.5;2.5 Tuning Range Enhancement;61
5.5.1;2.5.1 Enhanced Loop Architecture;62
5.5.2;2.5.2 Cascaded Tuner;63
5.6;References;64
6;Chapter 3: Active Load-Pull Systems;67
6.1;3.1 Introduction;67
6.2;3.2 Closed-Loop Load-Pull System;68
6.2.1;3.2.1 System Realization;68
6.2.2;3.2.2 Analysis of Closed-Loop System;69
6.3;3.3 Closed-Loop Load-Pull Architectures;74
6.4;3.4 Optimized Closed-Loop Load-Pull System;76
6.5;3.5 Feed-Forward Load-Pull System;80
6.6;3.6 Optimized Feed-Forward Load-Pull System;83
6.7;3.7 Harmonic Feed-Forward Load-Pull System;86
6.8;3.8 Open-Loop Load-Pull System;88
6.9;3.9 Convergence Algorithm for Open-Loop and Feed-Forward Load-Pull Techniques;90
6.10;3.10 Comparison of Active Load-Pull Techniques;95
6.11;References;96
7;Chapter 4: Six-Port Based Load-Pull System;98
7.1;4.1 Introduction;98
7.2;4.2 Impedance and Power Flow Measurement;99
7.3;4.3 SP in Reverse Con guration;100
7.3.1;4.3.1 SP Calibration in Reverse Con guration;100
7.3.2;4.3.2 Error Box Calculation;104
7.3.3;4.3.3 Discussion;105
7.4;4.4 SP Based Source-Pull Con guration;106
7.5;4.5 SP Based Load-Pull Con guration;107
7.5.1;4.5.1 Passive Load-Pull System;107
7.5.2;4.5.2 Active Branch Load-Pull System;108
7.5.3;4.5.3 Active Loop Load-Pull System;110
7.6;4.6 On-Wafer Load-Pull Measurements;110
7.7;4.7 Applications of Source-Pull Setup;112
7.7.1;4.7.1 Low Noise Ampli er Characterization;113
7.7.2;4.7.2 Mixer Characterization;114
7.7.3;4.7.3 Power Ampli er Characterization;115
7.8;4.8 Oscillator Measurements;115
7.9;4.9 AM/AM and AM/PM Measurements;117
7.9.1;4.9.1 Principles of Operation;118
7.9.2;4.9.2 Measurement Procedure;121
7.10;References;121
8;Chapter 5: High-Power Load-Pull Systems;123
8.1;5.1 Introduction;123
8.2;5.2 Limitations of Existing Load-Pull Systems;123
8.2.1;5.2.1 Problems Due to High Standing Waves;124
8.2.2;5.2.2 Problem of Large Load-Pull Power;128
8.3;5.3 High-Power Load-Pull;129
8.3.1;5.3.1 Pre-matching Technique;130
8.3.2;5.3.2 Enhanced Loop Architecture;132
8.3.3;5.3.3 Quarter Wave Transformer Technique;134
8.3.4;5.3.4 Broadband Impedance Transformer Technique;136
8.4;5.4 Impact of a Transformation Network on PLP and VSWR;137
8.5;5.5 Hybrid Load-Pull System;140
8.6;5.6 Calibration and Data Extraction;143
8.7;References;146
9;Chapter 6: Envelope Load-Pull System;149
9.1;6.1 Introduction;149
9.2;6.2 Envelope Load-Pull Concept;150
9.2.1;6.2.1 Mathematical Formulation;150
9.3;6.3 Practical Realization;152
9.3.1;6.3.1 Design of Control Unit;152
9.4;6.4 ELP Calibration;155
9.4.1;6.4.1 Error Flow Model Formulation;155
9.4.2;6.4.2 Simpli cation of the Error Flow Model;156
9.4.3;6.4.3 Calibration Technique;158
9.4.4;6.4.4 Evaluation of the Calibration Technique;160
9.5;6.5 Stability Analysis;163
9.6;6.6 Features of the Envelope Load-Pull System;164
9.7;6.7 Harmonic Envelope Load-Pull System;165
9.8;6.8 Unique Measurement Applications;167
9.9;References;170
10;Chapter 7: Waveform Measurement and Engineering;173
10.1;7.1 Introduction;173
10.2;7.2 Theoretical Formulation;174
10.3;7.3 Historical Perspectives;175
10.4;7.4 Practical Waveform Measurement System;179
10.5;7.5 System Calibration;180
10.5.1;7.5.1 First Step: Power Flow Calibration;181
10.5.2;7.5.2 Second Step: S-Parameter Calibration;182
10.5.3;7.5.3 Third Step: Enhanced Calibration;184
10.5.4;7.5.4 Calibration Evaluation;185
10.6;7.6 Six-Port Based Waveform Measurement System;187
10.6.1;7.6.1 Multi-harmonic Reference Generator;188
10.6.2;7.6.2 SP Re ectometer Principle;188
10.6.3;7.6.3 Multi-harmonic SP Re ectometer Architecture;189
10.6.4;7.6.4 Multi-harmonic SP Re ectometer Calibration;191
10.6.5;7.6.5 Calibration Veri cation;192
10.7;7.7 Waveform Engineering;193
10.8;7.8 Applications of Waveform Engineering;194
10.8.1;7.8.1 Transistor Characterization;194
10.8.2;7.8.2 CAD Incorporation;195
10.8.3;7.8.3 Power Ampli er Design;196
10.9;References;197
11;Chapter 8: Advanced Con gurations and Applications;200
11.1;8.1 Introduction;200
11.2;8.2 Multi-tone Load-Pull Technique;200
11.3;8.3 Real-Time Multi-harmonic Load-Pull Technique;206
11.4;8.4 Modulated Signal Load-Pull Technique;210
11.5;8.5 Multi-tone Envelope Load-Pull Technique;213
11.6;8.6 Wideband Load-Pull Technique;217
11.6.1;8.6.1 Wideband Load-Pull Approach;218
11.6.2;8.6.2 Setup Description;219
11.7;8.7 Noise Characterization;221
11.7.1;8.7.1 Noise Parameter Measurement;221
11.7.2;8.7.2 Noise Parameter Test Setup;224
11.8;8.8 Mixer Characterization;226
11.8.1;8.8.1 Measurement Setup;226
11.8.2;8.8.2 Experimental Procedure;229
11.9;References;230
12;Authors;234
13;About the Book;235
14;Index;236