Green / Cowan / Freitag Chronic Headache

A Comprehensive Guide to Evaluation and Management
1. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-319-91491-6
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 398 Seiten

This comprehensive, practical title invites all clinicians to take a fresh look at the evaluation and management of chronic daily headache (CDH). Developed by a distinguished international panel of experts, the book examines key social and economic issues around CDH and clarifies the diagnosis of CDH disorders, providing an understanding of the underlying biological substrates, offering guidance on the use of diagnostic testing and additional consultations, and outlining treatment strategies with the greatest potential to alleviate the burden of these patients and to provide the highest quality of care.  The book fully examines the constellation of symptoms that constitute chronic daily headache, while also discussing the role of behavioral medicine and the important elements involved in taking a good history.  The major forms and biology of chronic daily headache are covered, as is the role of diagnostic testing and treatment.  The risk factors that lead patients to transform episodic primary headache disorders into the chronic form are examined.  Invasive and neuromodulatory techniques are also discussed. A section on the classification of these disorders rounds out this important contribution to the literature.  Chronic Headache - A Comprehensive Guide to Evaluation and Management will be of great interest to neurologists, primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, medical students, and other clinicians with an interest in chronic daily headache.

Mark W. Green MD, FAAN Professor of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Rehabilitation MedicineDirector of Headache and Pain MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai
Robert Cowan, MDDirector, Stanford Headache and Facial Pain ClinicDepartment of Neurology & Neurological SciencesStanford School of MedicineStanford, CA Frederick G. Freitag, DOAssociate Professor NeurologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI

Autoren/Hrsg.

Green, Mark W.

Cowan, Robert

Freitag, Frederick G.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;9
4;1: Chronic Daily Headache: Do We Know It When We See It?;13
4.1;Definition;13
4.2;Introduction;13
4.3;Epidemiology;13
4.4;Pathophysiology;14
4.5;Diagnosis and Classification of Chronic Daily Headache;14
4.6;Chronic Migraine;14
4.6.1;Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Migraine;14
4.6.2;Treatment;15
4.7;Chronic Tension-Type Headache;16
4.7.1;Diagnostic Criteria;16
4.7.2;Treatment of Chronic Tension-Type Headache;16
4.8;Hemicrania Continua;17
4.8.1;Diagnostic Criteria;17
4.8.2;Treatment of Hemicrania Continua;17
4.9;Chronic Cluster Headache;17
4.9.1;Diagnostic Criteria;18
4.9.2;Treatment of Chronic Cluster Headache;18
4.10;New Daily Persistent Headache;19
4.10.1;Diagnostic Criteria;19
4.10.2;Treatment of NDPH;19
4.11;Non-Pharmacologic Treatment for Chronic Daily Headache;20
4.12;Discussion;20
4.13;References;21
5;2: Refractory Headache or Refractory Patient? Issues of Locus of Control in Chronic Daily Headache (CDH);23
5.1;Introduction;23
5.2;Locus of Control;23
5.2.1;Locus of Control Defined;23
5.2.2;Health LOC;24
5.2.3;Headache-Specific LOC;24
5.3;Self-Efficacy;26
5.4;Psychosocial Interventions for CDH: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Motivational Interviewing;27
5.4.1;Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy;27
5.4.1.1;Biofeedback and Assessments;28
5.4.1.1.1;Headache-Specific Locus of Control (HSLC) Scale;29
5.4.1.1.2;Headache Management Self-Efficacy (HMSE) Scale;29
5.4.1.1.3;Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS);29
5.4.2;Motivational Interviewing;29
5.5;LOC and SE: Suggestions for the Provider;31
5.6;Case Study;32
5.7;References;34
6;3: Collecting the History in the CDH Patients;37
6.1;Classification of Chronic Daily Headache (CDH);38
6.2;Chronic Primary Headaches;38
6.2.1;Primary CDH of Long Duration;38
6.2.1.1;Chronic Migraine (CM);38
6.2.1.2;Chronic Tension-Type Headache (CTTH);38
6.2.1.3;Hemicrania Continua (HC);39
6.2.1.4;New Daily Persistent Headache (NDPH);39
6.2.1.5;Nummular Headache (NH);39
6.2.2;Primary CDHs of Short Duration;39
6.2.2.1;Chronic Cluster Headache (CCH);40
6.2.2.2;Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicranias (CPH);40
6.2.2.3;Chronic Short-Lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache Attacks;40
6.2.2.4;Hemicrania Continua (HC);40
6.2.2.5;Hypnic Headache (HH);41
6.2.2.6;Primary Stabbing Headache (PSH);41
6.3;Secondary Chronic Daily Headaches;41
6.3.1;CDH Attributed to Trauma;41
6.3.1.1;Persistent Headache Attributed to Traumatic Injury to the Head;41
6.3.2;CDH Attributed to Cranial Vascular Disorders;41
6.3.2.1;CDH Attributed to Giant-Cell Arteritis (GCA);41
6.3.2.2;Chronic Headache Attributed to Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS);42
6.3.3;CDH Attributed to Intracranial Nonvascular Disorders;42
6.3.3.1;Chronic Headache Attributed to Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure;42
6.3.3.2;Chronic Headache Attributed to Low Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure/Volume;42
6.3.3.3;Chronic Headache Attributed to Intracranial Neoplasia;43
6.3.3.4;Chronic Headache Attributed to Chiari Malformation Type I (CM1);43
6.3.3.5;Chronic Headache Attributed to Noninfectious Inflammatory Disease;43
6.3.4;CDH Attributed to Long-Term Use of Medications;43
6.3.4.1;Chronic Headache Attributed to Long-Term Use of Non-Headache Medication;43
6.3.4.2;Medication-Overuse Headache (MOH);43
6.3.5;CDH Attributed to Infections;44
6.3.5.1;CDH Attributed to Intracranial Infections;44
6.3.5.2;CDH Attributed to Systemic Infections;44
6.3.6;CDH Attributed to Disorders of Homeostasis;44
6.3.6.1;Chronic Headache Attributed to Sleep Apnea;44
6.3.6.2;Chronic Headache Attributed to Hypothyroidism;44
6.3.6.3;Chronic Headache Attributed to Disorder of Cranial Bone;44
6.3.6.4;Cervicogenic Headache;44
6.3.6.5;Chronic Headache Attributed to Retropharyngeal Tendonitis;45
6.3.6.6;Chronic Headache Attributed to Craniocervical Dystonia;45
6.3.6.7;Chronic Headache Attributed to Chronic or Recurring Rhinosinusitis;45
6.3.6.8;Chronic Headache Attributed to Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD);45
6.3.6.9;Chronic Headache Attributed to Other Disorders of the Cranium, Neck, Eyes, Ears, Nose, Sinuses, and Teeth;45
6.3.7;CDH Headache Attributed to Psychiatric Disorders;45
6.3.7.1;Chronic Headache Attributed to Somatization Disorder (Currently Somatic Symptom Disorder in DSM-5);45
6.3.8;Painful Cranial Neuropathies and Other Facial Pains;46
6.3.8.1;Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia;46
6.3.8.2;Postherpetic Trigeminal Neuropathy (Trigeminal PHN);46
6.3.8.3;Chronic Occipital Neuralgia;46
6.3.8.4;Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS);46
6.3.8.5;Persistent Idiopathic Facial Pain (PIFP);46
6.3.8.6;Chronic Central Poststroke Pain (CPSP);47
6.4;References;47
7;4: Chronic Migraine: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Treatment;49
7.1;Chronic Migraine: Diagnosis and Classification;49
7.2;Epidemiology and Impact;51
7.3;Pathophysiology;52
7.4;Management and Treatment;56
7.4.1;Established and Emerging Pharmacological Treatments;57
7.4.1.1;Topiramate;57
7.4.1.2;OnabotulinumtoxinA;59
7.4.2;Monoclonal Antibodies to the Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide or Its Receptor;62
7.4.3;Nonpharmacological Treatments and Other Interventions;65
7.4.3.1;Acupuncture;65
7.4.3.2;Behavioral Therapy;65
7.4.3.3;Peripheral Neurostimulation for Chronic Migraine;66
7.4.3.4;Peripheral Nerve Blockade;67
7.5;Refractory Chronic Migraine and Clinical Trial Considerations;67
7.6;References;68
8;5: Yogi’s Headache: Chronic Tension-Type Headache;75
8.1;Tension-Type Headache as a Spectrum;77
8.2;Tension-Type Headache Pathophysiology and Clinical Findings;78
8.2.1;Fundamentals;78
8.2.2;Differences Between ETTH and CTTH;78
8.2.3;Chemical;79
8.2.4;Pericranial Tenderness;79
8.2.5;Pain Pressure Point;79
8.2.6;Myofascial Trigger Points;79
8.2.7;Neuroplastic Changes and Central Sensitization;80
8.2.8;Stress and Genetics;80
8.3;Tension-Type Headache Clinical Issues;81
8.4;Tension-Type Headache Clinical and Physical Findings;81
8.4.1;Secondary Headache;81
8.4.2;Cervicogenic;81
8.4.3;Comorbidities;81
8.4.4;Mood/Behavioral;82
8.5;ETT/CTTH Treatment;82
8.5.1;Acute Treatment;82
8.5.2;Prophylactic;82
8.5.3;Procedural Interventions;83
8.5.4;Behavioral Therapy;84
8.6;References;84
9;6: Chronic Cluster Headaches;89
9.1;Epidemiology;89
9.2;Clinical Features;90
9.3;Differential Diagnosis;91
9.3.1;Secondary Cluster Headaches;94
9.4;Pathophysiology and Imaging Studies;95
9.5;Treatment;96
9.5.1;Management of Acute Attacks;96
9.5.1.1;Oxygen;96
9.5.1.2;Triptans;97
9.5.1.3;Ergotamine Derivatives;97
9.5.1.4;Lidocaine;97
9.5.1.5;Octreotide;97
9.5.1.6;Indomethacin;98
9.5.1.7;Other Drugs;98
9.5.1.8;Greater Occipital Nerve (GON) Injection;98
9.5.2;Long-Term Prophylactic Treatments;98
9.5.2.1;Verapamil;98
9.5.2.2;Lithium;99
9.5.2.3;Melatonin;99
9.5.2.4;Corticosteroids;99
9.5.2.5;Triptans;99
9.5.2.6;Antiepileptics;100
9.5.2.7;Antihistaminics;101
9.5.2.8;Intranasal Agents;101
9.5.3;Interventional and Surgical Treatment;101
9.5.3.1;Sphenopalatine Ganglion (SPG)-Targeted Procedures;101
9.5.3.2;Trigeminal Ganglion-Targeted Therapy;102
9.5.3.3;Occipital Nerve-Targeted Therapy;102
9.5.3.4;Vagus Nerve-Targeted Therapy;103
9.5.3.5;Hypothalamic-Targeted Therapy;103
9.6;The Cluster Patient Perspective;103
9.7;References;103
10;7: New Daily Persistent Headache;109
10.1;Introduction;109
10.2;Epidemiology;109
10.3;Diagnostic Criteria;110
10.4;Clinical Features;110
10.5;Etiology and Pathophysiology;111
10.5.1;Triggering Events;112
10.5.1.1;Flu-Like Illness or Infection;112
10.5.1.2;Stressful Event;112
10.5.1.3;Surgical Procedure;112
10.6;Differential Diagnosis;112
10.6.1;Primary Headache Disorders;113
10.6.2;Secondary Headaches (NDPH Mimics);113
10.6.2.1;Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension;113
10.6.2.2;Cerebral Venous Thrombosis;114
10.6.2.3;Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension;114
10.6.2.4;Viral Meningitis;114
10.6.2.5;Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome;114
10.6.2.6;Sphenoid Sinusitis;115
10.6.2.7;Cervical and Vertebral Artery Dissections;115
10.6.2.8;Giant Cell Arteritis;115
10.6.2.9;Contact Point Headache;115
10.6.2.10;Systemic Illness;115
10.6.2.11;Other;115
10.7;Evaluation;116
10.8;Treatment;116
10.8.1;Pharmacologic Treatment;117
10.8.1.1;Antiepileptics;117
10.8.1.2;Antidepressants;117
10.8.1.3;Tetracycline Derivatives;117
10.8.1.4;Leukotriene Antagonists;117
10.8.1.5;Sodium Channel Blockers;117
10.8.1.6;Corticosteroids;117
10.8.1.7;Dihydroergotamine;118
10.8.2;Interventional Procedures;118
10.8.2.1;Nerve Blocks;118
10.8.2.2;Botulinum Toxin;118
10.8.2.3;Other Agents;118
10.8.3;Emerging Therapies;119
10.8.3.1;Naltrexone;119
10.8.3.2;Naratriptan;119
10.8.3.3;Prazosin;119
10.8.4;Diet and Lifestyle;120
10.8.5;Treatment Approach;120
10.9;Prognosis;120
10.10;References;121
11;8: Chronic Secondary Headaches;124
11.1;Overview and Clinical Assessment;124
11.2;Secondary Chronic Headache Disorders;125
11.2.1;Headache Attributed to Trauma or Injury to the Head and/or Neck;125
11.2.2;Headaches Following Head Injury;126
11.2.3;Headaches Following Neck Injury;127
11.2.4;Headaches Following Craniotomy;127
11.2.5;Headache Attributed to Cranial or Cervical Vascular Disorder;128
11.2.5.1;Ischemic or Hemorrhagic Stroke;128
11.2.5.2;Cerebral Venous Thrombosis;128
11.2.5.3;Cerebral Aneurysm;128
11.2.5.4;Vascular Malformation;128
11.2.5.5;Cervicocephalic Artery Dissection;129
11.2.5.6;Giant Cell Arteritis;129
11.2.6;Nonvascular Intracranial Disorders;129
11.2.6.1;Intracranial Hypertension;129
11.2.6.2;Intracranial Hypotension;130
11.2.6.3;Brain Tumor;131
11.2.6.4;Chiari Malformation;131
11.2.6.5;Substances;132
11.2.6.6;Intracranial Infection;132
11.2.6.7;Miscellaneous;132
11.3;References;133
12;9: Chronic Facial Pain and Other Chronic Neuralgias;136
12.1;Trigeminal Neuralgia;136
12.1.1;Introduction;136
12.1.2;Epidemiology;136
12.1.3;Etiology;136
12.1.4;Pathogenesis;137
12.1.5;Classification and Clinical Presentation:;137
12.1.6;Medical Management;139
12.1.7;Surgical Management;141
12.2;Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia;142
12.2.1;Introduction;142
12.2.2;Epidemiology;142
12.2.3;Etiology;142
12.2.4;Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Criteria;142
12.2.5;Medical Management;143
12.2.6;Surgical Management;143
12.3;Nervus Intermedius Neuralgia;143
12.3.1;Introduction;143
12.3.2;Classification;143
12.3.3;Epidemiology, Etiology, and Clinical Diagnostic Criteria;143
12.3.4;Medical Management;144
12.3.5;Surgical Management;144
12.4;Occipital Neuralgia;145
12.4.1;Introduction;145
12.4.2;Epidemiology;145
12.4.3;Etiology;145
12.4.4;Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Criteria;145
12.4.5;Management;146
12.5;Optic Neuritis;146
12.5.1;Introduction;146
12.5.2;Epidemiology;146
12.5.3;Etiology;146
12.5.4;Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Criteria;147
12.5.5;Management;147
12.6;Headache Attributed to Ischemic Ocular Motor Nerve Palsy;147
12.6.1;Introduction;147
12.6.2;Etiology;147
12.6.3;Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Criteria;147
12.6.4;Management;148
12.7;Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegic Neuropathy;148
12.7.1;Introduction;148
12.7.2;Epidemiology;148
12.7.3;Etiology;148
12.7.4;Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Criteria;148
12.7.5;Management;149
12.8;Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome;149
12.8.1;Introduction;149
12.8.2;Epidemiology;149
12.8.3;Etiology;149
12.8.4;Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Criteria;150
12.8.5;Management;150
12.9;Paratrigeminal Oculosympathetic (Raeder’s) Syndrome;150
12.9.1;Introduction;150
12.9.2;Epidemiology;150
12.9.3;Etiology;150
12.9.4;Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Criteria;150
12.9.5;Management;151
12.10;Burning Mouth Syndrome;151
12.10.1;Introduction;151
12.10.2;Epidemiology;151
12.10.3;Etiology;151
12.10.4;Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Criteria;151
12.10.5;Management;152
12.11;Pain;152
12.11.1;Introduction;152
12.11.2;Epidemiology;152
12.11.3;Etiology;152
12.11.4;Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Criteria;152
12.11.5;Management;153
12.12;Central Neuropathic Pain;153
12.12.1;Introduction;153
12.12.2;Pathogenesis;153
12.12.3;Classification;153
12.12.4;Epidemiology, Etiology, and Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Criteria;153
12.12.5;Management;154
12.13;References;155
13;10: CDH in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients;158
13.1;Introduction;158
13.2;Epidemiology;159
13.3;Risk Factors for Chronification/Progression;159
13.4;Impact;160
13.5;Treatment;161
13.5.1;Lifestyle Modifications;162
13.5.2;Non-medication Therapies;163
13.5.3;Medication;163
13.5.4;Additional Interventions;165
13.6;Prognosis;165
13.7;References;166
14;11: Imaging in CDH;168
14.1;Introduction;168
14.2;MRI Approaches to Study CDH;168
14.2.1;Structural MRI Reveals Abnormalities in the Brain Structure of CDH Patients;169
14.2.2;Functional Brain Abnormalities in CDH as Assessed by fMRI;173
14.3;What Other Neuroimaging Modalities Reveal About CDH;176
14.4;Future Directions for Neuroimaging Research in CDH;177
14.5;References;177
15;12: Laboratory Investigation in CDH;180
15.1;Introduction;180
15.2;Serological Testing;180
15.2.1;Complete Blood Profile;180
15.2.2;Complete Metabolic Profile (CMP);181
15.2.3;Coagulation Studies;181
15.2.3.1;Lupus Anticoagulant, Anticardiolipin Antibodies, Protein S, Protein C, Factor VIII, Antithrombin III, and Factor V Leiden;182
15.2.3.2;D-Dimer;182
15.2.4;Plasma Metanephrines;182
15.2.5;Markers of Inflammation;182
15.2.5.1;ESR;182
15.2.5.2;CRP;183
15.2.5.3;ANA;183
15.2.6;Endocrine Testing;183
15.2.6.1;Thyroid Function Studies;183
15.2.6.2;Prolactin, GH, and ACTH;184
15.2.7;Infectious;184
15.2.7.1;Lyme;184
15.2.7.2;HIV;185
15.3;Lumbar Puncture;186
15.3.1;Cell Count and Differential, Protein, and Glucose;186
15.3.2;Opening Pressure;186
15.3.3;ACE;186
15.3.4;Cytology;187
15.3.5;Infectious Workup;187
15.3.6;TNF-Alpha;187
15.3.7;IGG Index and Oligoclonal Bands;188
15.4;Genetic Testing;188
15.4.1;CADASIL;188
15.4.2;MTHFR and ACE Polymorphisms;188
15.4.3;MELAS;189
15.4.4;Familial Hemiplegic Migraine;190
15.5;Special Cases;190
15.5.1;Pregnancy;190
15.5.2;Immunocompromise;190
15.5.3;Traumatic Brain Injury;191
15.5.4;Hypercoagulability States;191
15.6;References;192
16;13: Monitoring of Chronic Daily Headaches;195
16.1;Introduction;195
16.2;Office Visit;196
16.3;Mental Health Monitoring;197
16.4;Vitals;198
16.5;Physical Examination;199
16.6;Laboratory Assessment;200
16.7;Radiological Monitoring;200
16.8;Specialized Testing;201
16.9;Headache Diaries;201
16.10;References;202
17;14: Medication Overuse in Chronic Daily Headache;204
17.1;Introduction;204
17.2;Definitions;204
17.3;Diagnostic Criteria;205
17.4;Epidemiology;205
17.5;Diagnosis and Clinical Features;205
17.6;Pathophysiology;206
17.7;Risk Factors;206
17.8;Treatment;207
17.8.1;Preventive Migraine Therapy in MOH;208
17.8.2;Management of Symptoms During Detoxification;208
17.8.3;Relapse of MOH;211
17.9;References;212
18;15: Optimizing Acute Headache Treatment in the Setting of Chronic Migraine;216
18.1;The Therapeutic Paradox;216
18.1.1;Consequences of Inadequately Treated Acute Migraine;217
18.1.2;Medication Overuse Headache;217
18.2;Rational Pharmacologic Management of Acute Migraine in the CM Patient;218
18.3;Selecting a Therapy;219
18.3.1;Nonspecific Migraine Therapies;220
18.3.2;“Specific” Migraine Therapies;221
18.4;Status Migrainosus;221
18.5;References;224
19;16: Pharmacologic Approaches to CDH: Evidence and Outcomes;225
19.1;Introduction;225
19.2;Preventative Treatment;225
19.3;Oral Preventive Treatment: Drugs;226
19.3.1;Antiepileptics (Table 16.1);226
19.3.1.1;Topiramate;226
19.3.1.2;Valproate Sodium;227
19.3.1.3;Gabapentin;227
19.3.1.4;Pregabalin;228
19.3.1.5;Zonisamide;228
19.3.1.6;Levetiracetam;228
19.3.2;?-Blockers (Table 16.2);228
19.3.2.1;Propranolol;228
19.3.2.2;Atenolol;228
19.3.3;Tricyclic Antidepressants;228
19.3.3.1;Amitriptyline;230
19.3.4;Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors;230
19.3.4.1;Fluoxetine;230
19.3.5;Venlafaxine;230
19.3.5.1;Duloxetine;231
19.3.5.2;Nefazodone;231
19.3.6;Calcium Channel Blockers;231
19.3.6.1;Flunarizine;231
19.3.7;Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers;231
19.3.7.1;Candesartan;231
19.3.8;Alpha-Blockers;231
19.3.8.1;Tizanidine;231
19.3.9;Other Drugs;231
19.4;Anaesthetic Blocks;231
19.4.1;Sphenopalatine Ganglion Blockade;231
19.4.2;Anaesthetic Occipital Nerve Blockade;232
19.5;Preventive Treatment with OnabotulinumtoxinA;232
19.5.1;How to Use it;233
19.6;How to Manage Preventive Treatment in CM;234
19.7;Future;234
19.8;References;235
20;17: Behavioral Approaches to CDH: Evidence and Outcomes;239
20.1;Psychological Interventions;239
20.2;Components of CBT;240
20.2.1;Psychological Education;240
20.2.2;Cognitive Strategies;240
20.2.3;Behavioral Strategies;240
20.2.4;Relaxation Techniques;240
20.2.4.1;Biofeedback and Neurofeedback;241
20.3;Evidence and Outcomes for CBT;241
20.4;Acceptance-Based Interventions;242
20.5;Healthy Habits;242
20.5.1;Nutrition;243
20.5.2;Hydration;243
20.5.3;Exercise;244
20.5.4;Sleep;244
20.6;References;244
21;18: Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Chronic Daily Headache: Part I—Mind/Body;247
21.1;Introduction to Parts I, II, and III: Complementary and Alternative Approaches for Chronic Daily Headache;247
21.2;Mind/Body and Chronic Daily Headache;249
21.2.1;Meditation;250
21.2.1.1;Potential Mechanisms of Meditation;252
21.2.1.2;Summary: Meditation and Chronic Daily Headache;253
21.2.2;Yoga;254
21.2.2.1;Summary: Yoga and Headache;255
21.2.3;Tai Chi;255
21.2.4;Deep Breathing;255
21.3;Summary: Mind Body and Chronic Daily Headache;256
21.4;References;256
22;19: Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Chronic Daily Headache: Part II—Manipulation-Based Therapies and Other CAM Therapies;260
22.1;Manipulation-Based Therapies: Overview;260
22.1.1;Acupuncture;260
22.1.1.1;Acupuncture and Chronic Daily Headache;260
22.1.1.2;Acupuncture and Migraine;262
22.1.1.3;Acupuncture and Tension Headache;262
22.1.1.4;Acupuncture and Cluster Headache;263
22.1.1.5;Acupuncture and Pediatric Headache;263
22.1.1.6;Acupuncture and Cost Analysis;263
22.1.1.7;Acupuncture Summary of Evidence and Recommendations;263
22.1.2;Acupressure;264
22.1.3;Dry Needling;264
22.1.4;Chiropractic Manipulation;265
22.1.4.1;Chiropractic Manipulation and “Chronic Daily Headache”;265
22.1.4.2;Chiropractic Manipulation and Cervicogenic Headache;265
22.1.4.3;Chiropractic Manipulation and Tension Headache;266
22.1.4.4;Chiropractic Manipulation and Migraine;267
22.1.4.5;Chiropractic Manipulation and Pediatrics;267
22.1.4.6;Chiropractic Manipulation and  Cost Analysis;268
22.1.4.7;Chiropractic Manipulation and  Adverse Events;268
22.1.4.8;Chiropractic Manipulation: Summary of Recommendations;268
22.1.5;Massage;269
22.1.5.1;Massage and “Chronic Headache”;269
22.1.5.2;Massage and Tension Headache;269
22.1.5.3;Massage and Migraine;270
22.1.5.4;Massage and Cervicogenic Headache;270
22.1.5.5;Massage and Pediatric Headaches;271
22.1.5.6;Massage and Cost Analysis;271
22.1.5.7;Massage and Adverse Events;271
22.1.5.8;Massage: Summary of Recommendations;271
22.1.6;Craniosacral Manipulation;272
22.1.7;Reflexology;272
22.2;Other Complementary and Alternative Treatment Approaches;272
22.2.1;Aromatherapy;272
22.2.2;Hydrotherapy;272
22.2.3;Daith Piercing;273
22.2.4;Oxygen Administration;273
22.3;Summary: Manipulation-Based and Other Therapies for Chronic Daily Headache;274
22.4;References;274
23;20: Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Chronic Daily Headache: Part III—Nutraceuticals;280
23.1;Nutraceuticals;280
23.1.1;Feverfew;281
23.1.1.1;Evidence of Feverfew for Headache;281
23.1.1.2;Feverfew Guideline Recommendations;282
23.1.2;Riboflavin;282
23.1.2.1;Evidence of Riboflavin for Headache;282
23.1.2.2;Riboflavin Guideline Recommendations;283
23.1.3;Magnesium;283
23.1.3.1;Evidence for Treatment of Headache with Magnesium;284
23.1.3.2;Magnesium Guideline Recommendations;284
23.1.4;Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10);284
23.1.4.1;Evidence for CoQ10 for Headache;285
23.1.4.2;CoQ10 Guideline Recommendations;285
23.1.5;Melatonin;285
23.1.5.1;Evidence for Melatonin for Headache;286
23.1.6;Vitamin D;286
23.1.7;Ginkgolide B (Ginkgo biloba);287
23.1.8;Combination Treatments;287
23.2;Homeopathy;288
23.3;Summary: Supplements and Chronic Daily Headache;288
23.4;Conclusions to Parts I, II, and III: CAM and Chronic Daily Headache;288
23.5;References;291
24;21: Animal Models in Chronic Daily Headache (CDH) and Pathophysiology of CDH;295
24.1;Introduction of Animal CM Model;295
24.2;Anatomy (Neural Substrate and Their Connections) and CM Models from Trigeminal Nociceptive Activation;296
24.2.1;Neurogenic Theory of Migraine;296
24.2.2;Neural Circuitry Implicated in CM;296
24.3;Preclinical Behavioral Manifestations of CM Models (Aura/CSD, Allodynia/Hyperalgesia, and Sensitivity to NTG);301
24.3.1;CSD and Aura;301
24.3.2;Allodynia and Hyperalgesia;301
24.3.3;Hypersensitivity to NTG;302
24.3.4;Treatment Assessment Based on the Symptoms;302
24.4;Electrophysiological Mechanisms and Non-pharmacological Treatment;302
24.4.1;Neuronal Hyperexcitability;303
24.4.2;Evoked Potentials (EPs);303
24.4.3;CSD;303
24.4.4;Treatment Using Electrophysiological Approach;303
24.5;Biochemical Mechanisms and Pharmacological Treatment;304
24.5.1;Animal Studies Reveal Molecular Mechanisms;304
24.5.2;Discovery of Mechanism-Based CM Therapy;304
24.6;Genetic Models;306
24.7;Limitations of CM Animal Models;308
24.8;Summary and Conclusion;308
24.9;References;308
25;22: Economic Impact of Chronic Headaches;315
25.1;References;317
26;23: From Episodic to Chronic: A Discussion on Headache Transformation;318
26.1;Pathophysiology of Chronic Headache;319
26.1.1;Serotonin Receptors;319
26.1.2;CSF Glutamate;319
26.1.3;Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP);319
26.1.4;Genetics;319
26.2;Quality of Life in CDH;320
26.3;Risk Factors for Transformation;321
26.3.1;Medication Overuse;321
26.3.2;Obesity;321
26.3.3;Sleep;322
26.3.4;Acute Stress;322
26.3.5;Depression;323
26.3.6;Menstrual-Related Migraines;324
26.4;References;324
27;24: Chronic Daily Headache and Comorbid Disorders;326
27.1;Introduction;326
27.2;Mood Disorders;326
27.2.1;Depression;327
27.2.2;Anxiety;327
27.2.3;Childhood Maltreatment;327
27.2.4;Post-traumatic Stress Disorder;328
27.3;Musculoskeletal Disorders;328
27.3.1;Temporal Mandibular Dysfunction;328
27.3.2;Cervicalgia;328
27.3.3;Connective Tissue Disorders and Pain Disorders;329
27.4;Neurological Disorders;329
27.4.1;Head Injury;329
27.4.2;Epilepsy;330
27.4.3;Ischemic Stroke;330
27.5;Medical Disorders;330
27.5.1;Thyroid Disorders;330
27.5.2;Sleep Disorders;331
27.5.3;Obesity;331
27.5.4;Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma;332
27.5.5;Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Other Gastrointestinal Disorders;333
27.5.6;Cardiovascular Diseases;333
27.6;References;334
28;25: Neurostimulation in the Management of Chronic Migraine;339
28.1;Introduction;339
28.2;Implantable Occipital Nerve Stimulation;340
28.3;Transcutaneous Supraorbital Nerve Stimulation;341
28.4;Transcranial Stimulation Methods;341
28.5;Repetitive-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation;342
28.6;Single-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation;342
28.7;Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation;343
28.8;Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation;343
28.9;Sphenopalatine Nerve Stimulation;344
28.10;References;345
29;26: Postsurgical Headaches and Their Management;349
29.1;Anatomy;349
29.2;Craniotomy Technique;351
29.3;Postsurgical Headaches;351
29.3.1;Acute Headaches;351
29.3.1.1;Treatment;352
29.3.1.2;Opioid Medications;352
29.3.1.3;Acetaminophen with Codeine;352
29.3.1.4;Tramadol;352
29.3.1.5;Morphine PCA;352
29.3.1.6;Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID) Medications;353
29.3.1.7;Local Anesthetics;353
29.3.1.8;Dexmedetomidine;353
29.3.2;Chronic Headaches;353
29.3.2.1;Treatment;354
29.3.3;Hemicrania Continua;354
29.3.4;Scalp Neuralgias;355
29.3.5;CSF Hypotension Syndrome;355
29.4;Medication Overuse Headaches;356
29.5;Other Postsurgical Syndromes Associated with Headaches;357
29.5.1;Frontotemporal Brain Sagging Syndrome;357
29.5.2;Syndrome of the Trephine;358
29.5.3;Carotid Endarterectomy-Related Headaches;358
29.6;References;359
30;27: Chronic Daily Headache Classification;361
30.1;Introduction;361
30.2;Goals of Classification;361
30.3;History of CDH Classification;362
30.4;CDH Differential Diagnoses;363
30.5;Chronic Migraine with and Without Aura;364
30.5.1;Other Features;364
30.5.2;Epidemiology;364
30.5.3;Risk Factors;364
30.5.4;Comorbidities;365
30.5.5;Pathophysiology;365
30.6;Chronic Tension-Type Headache;366
30.6.1;Classification;366
30.6.2;Other Features;367
30.6.3;Epidemiology;367
30.6.4;Risk Factors;367
30.6.5;Comorbidities;367
30.6.6;Pathophysiology;367
30.6.7;Prognosis;368
30.7;Chronic Cluster Headache;368
30.7.1;Classification;368
30.7.2;Other Features;368
30.7.3;Epidemiology;369
30.7.4;Risk Factors;369
30.7.5;Comorbidities;369
30.7.6;Pathophysiology;369
30.7.7;Prognosis;370
30.8;Hemicrania Continua;370
30.8.1;Classification;370
30.8.2;Other Features;371
30.8.3;Epidemiology;371
30.8.4;Pathophysiology;371
30.8.5;Prognosis;372
30.9;New Daily Persistent Headache;372
30.9.1;Classification;372
30.9.2;Other Features;372
30.9.3;Epidemiology;372
30.9.4;Risk Factors;373
30.9.5;Comorbidities;373
30.9.6;Pathophysiology;373
30.9.7;Prognosis;373
30.10;Medication-Overuse Headache;373
30.10.1;Classification;374
30.10.2;Epidemiology;374
30.10.3;Risk Factors and Comorbidities;374
30.10.4;Pathophysiology;375
30.10.5;Prognosis;375
30.11;Persistent Secondary Headaches;375
30.11.1;Persistent Headache Attributed to Traumatic Injury to the Head;375
30.11.2;Classification;376
30.11.3;Other Features;376
30.11.4;Epidemiology;376
30.11.5;Comorbidities and Risk Factors in PTH Chronification;376
30.11.6;Pathophysiology;376
30.11.7;Prognosis;377
30.12;Chronic Daily Headache in Children and Adolescents;377
30.12.1;Clinical Features;377
30.12.2;Epidemiology;377
30.13;Chronic Daily Headache in Elderly;377
30.14;Refractory Headaches;378
30.15;Summary;379
30.16;References;379
31;Index;386