Gross Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research

3rd Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-387-95962-7
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 431 Seiten

Interest in the humane and scientifically justifiable use of research animals has intensified since the publication of the 2nd edition of Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research. This completely revised and updated edition will provide information essential to any researcher interested in using animal models for cardiovascular research, or any research which requires normal cardiovascular function. The format and presentation will be changed to make the text more easy to read and use: (1) This edition is in outline format, for ease and utility. (2) The opening chapter includes more information on the cardiovascular effects of post-operative analgesia and will address the recognition of pain behavior in species commonly used in research settings, particularly rats and mice. (3) New edition includes reference material more useful to researchers using transgenic and naturally occurring animal models to dissect these mechanisms.

Dr. David R. Gross entered private veterinary practice after earning the DVM degree from Colorado State University in 1960. In 1974 he was awarded the PhD degree in physiology from the Ohio State University beginning a 36-year career in academics that culminated as professor and head of the Department of Veterinary Biosciences in the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Dr. Gross' research career encompassed 58 funded projects totaling over $5.5 million and 91 papers published in refereed journals using a wide variety of animal models. Ironically his three most-cited research papers received no external funding. He and his colleagues showed that feeding dietary cholesterol to rabbits induced Alzheimer's-like lesions in the brain. Their work also showed that surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass resulted in Alzheimer's-like brain lesions in pigs. With another group of colleagues he helped pioneer minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting techniques using the pig as a model.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Gross, David

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Acknowledgements;8
3;Introduction;9
4;Contents;11
5;About the Author;22
6;General Principles of Animal Selection and Normal Physiological Values;23
6.1;Special Requirement Considerations;24
6.2;Normal Physiological Data;25
6.3;References;30
7;Preanesthesia, Anesthesia, Chemical Restraint, and the Recognition and Treatment of Pain and Distress;38
7.1;General Principles of Pain Recognition in Animals;38
7.2;The Use of Anti-Cholinergic Drugs for Preanesthesia;42
7.3;General Comments on Preanesthetic Agents;43
7.4;Preanesthesia and Anesthesia in Rats and Mice;43
7.5;Chemical Restraint (Sedation) in Rats and Mice;44
7.6;Pain and Distress Recognition in Rats and Mice;44
7.7;Treatment of Pain in Rats and Mice;47
7.8;Preanesthesia and Anesthesia in Rabbits;49
7.9;Chemical Restraint (Sedation) in Rabbits;50
7.10;Pain Recognition in Rabbits;50
7.11;Treatment of Pain in Rabbits;50
7.12;Preanesthesia and Anesthesia in Dogs;51
7.13;Chemical Restraint (Sedation) in Dogs;53
7.14;Pain Recognition in Dogs;54
7.15;Treatment of Pain in Dogs;55
7.16;Preanesthesia and Anesthesia in Cats;56
7.17;Chemical Restraint (Sedation) in Cats;57
7.18;Pain Recognition in Cats;58
7.19;Treatment of Pain in Cats;58
7.20;Preanesthesia and Anesthesia in Guinea Pigs;59
7.21;Chemical Restraint (Sedation) in Guinea Pigs;59
7.22;Pain Recognition in Guinea Pigs;59
7.23;Treatment of Pain in Guinea Pigs;60
7.24;Preanesthesia and Anesthesia in Pigs;60
7.25;Chemical Restraint (Sedation) in Pigs;62
7.26;Pain Recognition in Pigs;62
7.27;Treatment of Pain in Pigs;62
7.28;Preanesthesia and Anesthesia in Calves, Sheep, and Goats;63
7.29;Chemical Restraint (Sedation) in Small Ruminants;64
7.30;Recognition of Pain in Small Ruminants;64
7.31;Treatment of Pain in Small Ruminants;65
7.32;Preanesthesia and Anesthesia in Rhesus Monkeys;66
7.33;Chemical Restraint (Sedation) in Rhesus Monkeys;66
7.34;Pain Recognition in Rhesus Monkeys;66
7.35;Treatment of Pain in Rhesus Monkeys;67
7.36;Conclusions;68
7.37;References;68
8;Normal Cardiac Function Parameters;76
8.1;References;80
9;Measuring Cardiac Function;86
9.1;The Pressure–Volume Relationship;88
9.2;Another Measure of Ventricular Elasticity;89
9.3;Measurement of Electrical Activity;89
9.4;Measurement of Pressure;90
9.5;Echocardiography;91
9.6;Doppler Flow Velocity and Tissue Doppler Imaging;95
9.7;Tissue Doppler Imaging;97
9.8;Examples of Ultrasound Data Reported Using <20-MHz Transducers;98
9.9;Examples of Ultrasound Data Reported Using 20-MHz ( or Greater) Transducers;99
9.10;Summary of Information Needed to Ascertain the Reliability of Ultrasound Data;101
9.11;Techniques for Measuring Ventricular Volumes;101
9.12;Other Measures of Myocardial Physical Properties;105
9.13;Measuring Diastolic Dysfunction;107
9.14;References;108
10;Measuring Vascular Function and Ventricular/ Arterial Coupling Dynamics;113
10.1;History;113
10.2;Quantification of Arterial Compliance;114
10.3;Force-Displacement Measurements;115
10.4;Pulse Wave Velocity;117
10.5;Modeling Techniques for Estimating Vascular Mechanical Behavior;119
10.6;Ventricular/Vascular Coupling;121
10.7;Tissue Doppler Imaging and Elasticity Imaging;124
10.8;References;125
11;Isolated Heart Preparations, Problems, and Pitfalls;129
11.1;Development of the Isolated Heart Preparation;129
11.2;Retrograde Perfusion Preparations ( The Langendorff Preparation);132
11.3;Choosing between the Pressure-Regulated or Flow-Regulated Langendorff- Type Preparation;134
11.4;The Isolated, Working, In Situ Heart-Lung Preparation;134
11.5;The Isolated Working Left Heart Preparation;134
11.6;The Langendorff-Type Perfused Working Left Heart Preparation;135
11.7;The Biventricular Isolated Working Heart Preparation;137
11.8;The Biventricular, Retrograde-Perfused, Working Heart Preparation;139
11.9;Perfusion Solutions;140
11.10;Support Animals;142
11.11;Washed Red Blood Cell Addition to the Perfusate;142
11.12;Problems and Pitfalls;143
11.13;Heterotopic Transplants;146
11.14;References;147
12;Cardiovascular Effects of Anesthetics, Sedatives, Postoperative Analgesic Agents, and Other Pharmaceuticals;151
12.1;Barbiturates;151
12.2;Propofol;152
12.3;a -Chloralose;153
12.4;Urethane;154
12.5;a -Chloralose + Urethane;154
12.6;Steroid Anesthetic Agents;154
12.7;Inhalation Anesthetic Agents;155
12.8;The Opioids;161
12.9;Dissociative Anesthetic Agents;170
12.10;Imidazole and Other Hypnotic, Amnesiac, Anxiolytic, or Antipsychotic Compounds;172
12.11;a-2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists;176
12.12;a-2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists;177
12.13;Rauwolfia Derivatives;178
12.14;Phenothiazine Derivatives;180
12.15;Other Phenothiazine Derivatives;183
12.16;Butyrophenones;184
12.17;Other Antipsychotic/Anxiolytic/Antidepressant ( Tranquilizer) Drugs;186
12.18;Atypical Antipsychotics;189
12.19;Atypical Antipsychotics;191
12.20;Drugs in Combination Providing Neurolept Analgesia/ Anesthesia;192
12.21;Local Anesthetic Agents;202
12.22;Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents;203
12.23;Neuromuscular Blocking Agents;205
12.24;Aminoglycoside, Fluoroquinolone, and Anthracycline Antibiotics;207
12.25;References;207
13;Naturally Occurring and Iatrogenic Animal Models of Valvular, Infectious, and Arrhythmic Cardiovascular Disease;222
13.1;Congenital Cardiac Defects, General Information;222
13.2;Genetically Engineered Models, General Information;223
13.3;Naturally Occurring Models of Valvular Disease;224
13.4;Iatrogenic Models of Valvular Disease;226
13.5;Infectious Cardiovascular Disease;227
13.6;Diphtheritic Myocarditis;228
13.7;Encephalomyocarditis Virus;229
13.8;Autoimmune Myocarditis;229
13.9;Arrhythmic Cardiovascular Disease;230
13.10;References;233
14;Iatrogenic Models of Ischemic Heart Disease;238
14.1;Global Ischemia;238
14.2;Regional Ischemia;240
14.3;References;245
15;Iatrogenic, Transgenic, and Naturally Occurring Models of Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure;249
15.1;Naturally Occurring Models of Cardiomyopathy;250
15.2;Iatrogenic Models of Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure;253
15.3;Other Iatrogenic Models of Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure;255
15.4;Transgenic Models of Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure;259
15.5;References;264
16;Iatrogenic, Congenic, and Transgenic Models of Hypertension;276
16.1;Renovascular Hypertension;277
16.2;Genetic Models of Hypertension;283
16.3;Dahl Salt-Sensitive and Insensitive Rats;287
16.4;Angiotensin-II-Induced Hypertension;290
16.5;DOCA-Induced Hypertension;293
16.6;NO-Synthesis Blockade Hypertension;295
16.7;Glucocorticoid-Induced Hypertension;297
16.8;Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Induced Hypertension;298
16.9;Other Transgenic and Congenic Models of Hypertension;300
16.10;Other Models of Systemic Hypertension;308
16.11;Pulmonary Hypertension;309
16.12;References;311
17;Naturally Occurring, Iatrogenic and Transgenic Models of Atherosclerotic Disease;323
17.1;Characteristics of Plaque Rupture and Resulting Thrombosis;325
17.2;Implication of New “Players” in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerotic Disease;325
17.3;Animal Models;326
17.4;Graft Vasculopathy;339
17.5;Hamsters;340
17.6;Sand Rats;340
17.7;References;340
18;Animal Models for the Study of Neurohumeral and Central Neural Control of the Cardiovascular System;346
18.1;The Autonomic Nervous System in Blood Pressure Homeostasis and Cardiorespiratory Reflex Responses;348
18.2;Rostal and Caudal Ventrolateral Medulla;349
18.3;Nucleus Tractus Solitarius;352
18.4;Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus;354
18.5;Periaqueductal Gray;355
18.6;Anterior and Posterior Hypothalamic Areas;357
18.7;Median Preoptic Nucleus;357
18.8;Nucleus Cuneatus;357
18.9;Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus and the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus;358
18.10;Caudal Vestibular Nucleus;358
18.11;Gender Effects on Central Control of Cardiovascular Responses;358
18.12;Neurohumeral Control;359
18.13;References;363
19;Other Transgenic Animal Models Used in Cardiovascular Studies;370
19.1;Sex-Related Responses;371
19.2;Kinases;372
19.3;Oxidases and Oxygenases;373
19.4;Adenosine and Adrenergic Receptors;374
19.5;Nitric Oxide Synthase;375
19.6;Metabolic Syndrome;376
19.7;Xenotransplantation;377
19.8;Na + /Ca 2+ and Na + /H + Exchangers;379
19.9;Inflammatory Cytokines;380
19.10;Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor;381
19.11;Renin-Angiotensin System;381
19.12;Bradykinin-2 Receptor;382
19.13;Apolipoprotein-E and Low-Density Lipoprotein Knockout Models;382
19.14;Toll-Like Receptors;383
19.15;Caveolin-1 (Cav-1);383
19.16;Long QT Syndrome;384
19.17;Nuclear Factor Kappa-B;384
19.18;Orphan Nuclear Receptors;385
19.19;Troponin;385
19.20;Chromogranin A;386
19.21;Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor;386
19.22;Junctin;386
19.23;Connexin;387
19.24;Phospholamban;387
19.25;Fas Ligand;388
19.26;Proteases, Metalloproteinases, and ATPases;388
19.27;Binary Calsequestrin/P2Xr-Purinergic Receptor ( CSQ/ P2X4R) Transgenics;389
19.28;pro-ANP Gene Disrupted Mouse;390
19.29;Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor;390
19.30;Endothelin-1;390
19.31;Elastin;391
19.32;a-2-Antiplasmin;391
19.33;cAMP Response Element Binding Protein;391
19.34;Fatty Acid Transport Protein: CD36;391
19.35;Clotting Factor XIII;392
19.36;Apelin;392
19.37;T-Box Transcription Factor;392
19.38;Thrombospondin-1 and Its Receptor CD47;392
19.39;Polyomavirus Middle T Antigen;393
19.40;Thrombopoietin Receptor;393
19.41;Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor;393
19.42;Osteopontin;393
19.43;ATP-Binding Membrane Cassette Transporter-A1;394
19.44;The K + /Cl Cotransporter KCC3;394
19.45;Aldosterone Synthase Overexpression;394
19.46;Cysteine and Glycine-Rich Protein-2 (CSRP-2);394
19.47;Parathyroid Hormone Type-1 Receptor and PTH/ PTH- Related Protein;395
19.48;Vitamin D Receptor;395
19.49;Thromboxane Receptor (Tp);395
19.50;T and B Cells;395
19.51;Vanilloid Type-1 Receptors (TRPV-1);396
19.52;Serotonin Transporter (SERT);396
19.53;CC Chemokine Receptor-2 (CCR-2);396
19.54;Thymosin b -4;396
19.55;References;397
20;Index;408