Hendrick Breast MRI

Fundamentals and Technical Aspects
1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-0-387-73507-8
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 254 Seiten

With a focus on the basic imaging principles of breast MRI rather than on mathematical equations, this book takes a practical approach to imaging protocols, which helps radiologists increase their diagnostic effectiveness. It walks the reader through the basics of MRI, making it especially accessible to beginners. From a detailed outline of equipment prerequisites for obtaining high quality breast MRI to instructions on how to optimize image quality, expanded discussions on how to obtain optimized dynamic information, and explanations of good and bad imaging techniques, the book covers the topics that are most relevant to performing breast MRI.

Dr. Edward Hendrick, Ph.D., FACR, has played a pivotal role in improving the quality of mammorgraphy worldwide as well as making important contributions to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.  His groundbreaking work with the American College of Radiology (ACR) helped establish the ACR Mammography Accreditation Program, which lead to the Mammography Quality Standards Act of 1992 - legislation enaced to ensure mammography facilities offer patients the best medical technology and care.  He is recognized as a national leader in advancing breast imaging and cancer detection techniques.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hendrick, R. Edward

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;Preface;8
3;Contents;10
4;Fundamentals of Magnetic Resonance Imaging;16
4.1;Subatomic Particles;18
4.2;The Atom;19
4.3;Magnetic Dipole Moments;21
4.4;Nuclear Magnetic Moments;24
4.5;Tissue Magnetization;25
4.6;Magnetic Fields;28
4.7;Precession and Magnetic Resonance;29
4.8;Tissue Excitation;29
4.9;Measuring the Magnetic Resonance Signal;30
4.10;The Basic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Experiment;31
4.11;Chapter Take-home Points;31
4.12;References;32
5;Tissue Relaxation;33
5.1;Nuclear Magnetic Resonance;33
5.2;T1 Relaxation;35
5.3;T2 Relaxation;37
5.4;Distinguishing T2 and T2*;39
5.5;The Physical Basis of Relaxation Times;42
5.6;Chapter Take-home Points;43
5.7;References;43
6;Spatial Resolution in Magnetic Resonance Imaging;44
6.1;Basic Components of a Magnetic Resonance Imaging System;44
6.2;Slice Selection in Magnetic Resonance Imaging;49
6.3;Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pulse Sequence;51
6.4;Forming a Magnetic Resonance Image;54
6.5;Chapter Take-home Points;57
6.6;References;58
7;The Spin-echo Pulse Sequence;59
7.1;Spin-echo Pulse Sequence Diagram;59
7.2;Signal Dependence on TR and TE in Spin-echo Imaging;63
7.3;Contrast in Spin-echo Imaging;65
7.4;Acquisition Times in Spin-echo Imaging;68
7.5;Multi-slice Imaging;68
7.6;Chapter Take-home Points;70
7.7;References;70
8;Gradient Echo Sequences and 3D Imaging;71
8.1;The Gradient-echo Pulse Sequence Diagram;72
8.2;Variants of Gradient-echo Imaging;75
8.3;Signal Dependence on TR, TE, and q in Spoiled Gradient-echo Imaging;76
8.4;Contrast in Spoiled Gradient-echo Pulse Sequences;78
8.5;Steady-state Gradient-echo Imaging;79
8.6;Total Acquisition Time in 2D Gradient-echo Imaging;80
8.7;3D Gradient-echo Imaging;81
8.8;Chapter Take-home Points;84
8.9;References;85
8.10;Suggested Reading;85
9;Fast-spin Echo, Echo Planar, Inversion Recovery, and Short- T1 Inversion Recovery Imaging;86
9.1;Fast Spin-echo Imaging;86
9.2;Echo-planar Imaging;91
9.3;Inversion Recovery and Short-T1 Inversion Recovery Imaging;94
9.4;Chapter Take-home Points;100
9.5;References;102
10;Signal, Noise, Signal-to-Noise, and Contrast- to- Noise Ratios;103
10.1;Magnetic Resonance Signal;103
10.2;Noise in a Magnetic Resonance Image;104
10.3;System Parameters Affecting Noise;109
10.4;Signal-to-Noise Ratios;110
10.5;Effect of User-selectable Image Acquisition Parameters on Signal- to- Noise Ratios;112
10.6;Putting Together All Factors Affecting Signal-to-Noise Ratios;115
10.7;Contrast and Contrast-to-Noise Ratios;117
10.8;The Rose Model;118
10.9;Effect of Image Addition on Signal, Noise, Signal-to-Noise Ratios and Contrast- to- Noise Ratios;119
10.10;Effect of Image Subtraction on Signal, Noise, Signal-to-Noise Ratios and Contrast- to- Noise Ratios;120
10.11;Chapter Take-home Points;121
10.12;References;121
11;Contrast Agents in Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging;122
11.1;A Brief History of Contrast Media in the Breast;122
11.2;Gadolinium-based Contrast Agents;122
11.3;The Physiologic Basis of Contrast Enhancement;127
11.4;Dosage of Gadolinium-chelated Contrast Agents;129
11.5;Safety of Gadolinium-chelated Contrast Agents;129
11.6;Sensitivity and Specificity of Contrast-enhanced Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging;132
11.7;Trade-offs Between Adequate Temporal Resolution and Adequate Spatial Resolution;138
11.8;Obtaining High Temporal Resolution and High Spatial Resolution Contrast- enhanced Studies;139
11.9;Enhancement of Normal Fibroglandular Tissues in Pre- menopausal Women;139
11.10;Chapter Take-home Points;140
11.11;References;141
11.12;Suggested Reading;143
12;Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Acquisition Protocols;144
12.1;Essential Elements of an Image Acquisition Protocol;144
12.2;Magnetic Field Strength of at Least 1.5 T and High Magnetic Field Homogeneity;151
12.3;Bilateral Imaging with Prone Positioning;151
12.4;3D Gradient-echo T1-weighted Pulse Sequences for Contrast- enhanced Imaging;153
12.5;Good Fat Suppression over Both Breasts in Contrast-enhanced Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging;154
12.6;Adequately Thin Image Slices;154
12.7;Pixel Sizes of Less than 1 mm in Each in-plane Direction;155
12.8;Proper Selection of the Phase-encoding Direction to Minimize Artifacts Across the Breasts;156
12.9;A Total 3D Fourier Transform Acquisition Time for Both Breasts of Less than 2 Minutes;158
12.10;Meeting Temporal and Spatial Resolution Requirements in 3D Gradient- echo Imaging;159
12.11;Optimizing Contrast-enhanced Studies;170
12.12;Examples of Contrast-enhanced Scanning Protocols Meeting Temporal and Spatial Requirements;171
12.13;Examples of Deficient Contrast-enhanced Protocols;172
12.14;Chapter Take-home Points;177
12.15;References;177
13;Image Post-processing Protocols;179
13.1;Automated or Prescribed Post-processing Techniques;179
13.2;Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Computer-aided Diagnosis Workstations;192
13.3;Chapter Take-home Points;193
13.4;References;193
14;Artifacts and Errors in Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging;195
14.1;Artifacts;195
14.2;Other Equipment and User Errors;210
14.3;Chapter Take-home Points;214
14.4;References;215
15;Magnetic Resonance Imaging Safety and Patient Considerations;216
15.1;Static Magnetic Fields;217
15.2;Gradient Magnetic Fields;221
15.3;Radiofrequency Fields;222
15.4;Other Patient and Personnel Safety Considerations Patients, Visitors, or Site Personnel with Metallic Implants and Devices;223
15.5;Chapter Take-home Points;226
15.6;References;226
16;New Developments in Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging;228
16.1;Higher Field Systems;228
16.2;Dedicated Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Systems;230
16.3;Dedicated Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Table and Coils;231
16.4;Novel Techniques to Improve the Specificity of Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging;232
16.5;Conclusion;239
16.6;Chapter Take-home Points;241
16.7;References;241
17;Appendix: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Patient and Non- Patient Screening Forms;244
18;Index;249