Kappeler / Silk Mind the Gap

Tracing the Origins of Human Universals
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-642-02725-3
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 504 Seiten

This volume features a collection of essays by primatologists, anthropologists, biologists, and psychologists who offer some answers to the question of what makes us human, i. e. , what is the nature and width of the gap that separates us from other primates? The chapters of this volume summarize the latest research on core aspects of behavioral and cognitive traits that make humans such unusual animals. All contributors adopt an explicitly comparative approach, which is based on the premise that comparative studies of our closest biological relatives, the nonhuman primates, provide the logical foundation for identifying human univ- sals as well as evidence for evolutionary continuity in our social behavior. Each of the chapters in this volume provides comparative analyses of relevant data from primates and humans, or pairs of chapters examine the same topic from a human or primatological perspective, respectively. Together, they cover six broad topics that are relevant to identifying potential human behavioral universals. Family and social organization. Predation pressure is thought to be the main force favoring group-living in primates, but there is great diversity in the size and structure of social groups across the primate order. Research on the behavioral ecology of primates and other animals has revealed that the distribution of males and females in space and time can be explained by sex-speci?c adaptations that are sensitive to factors that limit their ?tness: access to resources for females and access to potential mates for males.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kappeler, Peter

Silk, Joan

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Acknowlegements;11
3;Contents;12
4;Contributors;15
5;Part I Introduction;18
5.1;1 Primate Behavior and Human Universals: Exploring the Gap;19
5.1.1;1.1 Introduction;19
5.1.2;1.2 The Gap is Behavioral;20
5.1.3;1.3 A Brief History of the Gap;21
5.1.4;1.4 Explaining the Gap;23
5.1.5;1.5 Primatology and the Gap;25
5.1.6;1.6 Uniquely Human;27
5.1.7;References;28
6;Part II Family & Social Organization;32
6.1;2 The Deep Structure of Human Society: Primate Origins and Evolution;33
6.1.1;2.1 Introduction;34
6.1.2;2.2 What is Reciprocal Exogamy?;35
6.1.3;2.3 Phylogenetic Evidence as a Test of the Exogamy Model;39
6.1.4;2.4 Origins of the Multifamily Community;41
6.1.5;2.5 Kinship in Early Hominid Society;43
6.1.6;2.6 The Evolution of Stable Breeding Bonds;47
6.1.7;2.7 Fatherhood and the Expansion of Kinship;50
6.1.8;2.8 The Origins of Exogamy and Postmarital Residence;52
6.1.9;2.9 The “Atom of Between-Group Alliances”;53
6.1.10;2.10 The Nascent Tribe;56
6.1.11;2.11 The Evolution of Residential Diversity;57
6.1.12;2.12 The Origins of Exogamy Rules;58
6.1.13;2.13 Conclusion;60
6.1.14;References;61
6.2;3 Conflict and Bonding Between the Sexes;66
6.2.1;3.1 An Approach to Universals;67
6.2.2;3.2 What is Sexual Conflict?;68
6.2.3;3.3 Approaches to Studying Sexual Conflict;69
6.2.4;3.4 Pre- and PostCopulatory Conflict over Mating: Sexual Coercion;70
6.2.5;3.5 PostCopulatory Sexual Conflict: Prezygotic;79
6.2.6;3.6 Postcopulatory Sexual Conflict: Postzygotic;81
6.2.7;3.7 A Counterstrategy: Male–Female Association;82
6.2.8;3.8 Conclusions and Future Directions;85
6.2.9;References;87
6.3;4 The Unusual Women of Mpimbwe: Why Sex Differences in Humans are not Universal;97
6.3.1;4.1 Introduction;98
6.3.2;4.2 Parental Investment Theory and Beyond;99
6.3.3;4.3 The Unusual Women of Mpimbwe;101
6.3.4;4.4 Pair Bonds in Humans;106
6.3.5;4.5 Mind the Crack: Concluding Observations;111
6.3.6;References;113
7;Part III Politics & Power;119
7.1;5 Dominance, Power, and Politics in Nonhuman and Human Primates;120
7.1.1;5.1 Introduction;121
7.1.2;5.2 What is Dominance?;122
7.1.3;5.3 Functions of Dominance;123
7.1.4;5.4 Sources of Variation in Female Dominance Style: Ecology, Phylogeny, and Self-Structuring;124
7.1.5;5.5 Variation in Male Dominance Style;129
7.1.6;5.6 Power and Politics;130
7.1.7;5.7 Politics and Cognition;137
7.1.8;5.8 Politics in Human versus Non-Human Primates;141
7.1.9;References;144
7.2;6 Human Power and Prestige Systems;150
7.2.1;6.1 Introduction;150
7.2.2;6.2 The Basis of Social Power in Primates;151
7.2.3;6.3 Prestige: A Unique Source of Social Power;152
7.2.4;6.4 The Evolutionary Origins of Prestige;153
7.2.5;6.5 Prestige, Signaling and the Origins of Inequality;156
7.2.6;6.6 Conclusions;161
7.2.7;References;161
7.3;7 The End of the Republic;164
7.3.1;7.1 Introduction;164
7.3.2;7.2 Senators, Soldiers, Slaves and a Sterile Caste;166
7.3.3;7.3 Emperors;171
7.3.4;7.4 Reproductive Skew;175
7.3.5;References;177
8;Part IV Intergroup Relationships;180
8.1;8 Intergroup Aggression in Primates and Humans: The Case for a Unified Theory;181
8.1.1;8.1 Introduction;181
8.1.2;8.2 Nonhuman Primates Living in Troops;183
8.1.3;8.3 Chimpanzees;194
8.1.4;8.4 Humans;198
8.1.5;8.5 Discussion;200
8.1.6;References;201
8.2;9 Why War? Motivations for Fighting in the Human State of Nature;206
8.2.1;9.1 Introduction;206
8.2.2;9.2 Subsistence Resources;207
8.2.3;9.3 Reproduction;210
8.2.4;9.4 Dominance: Rank, Power, Status, Prestige;215
8.2.5;9.5 Revenge: Retaliation to Eliminate and Deter;216
8.2.6;9.6 Power and the Security Dilemma;218
8.2.7;9.7 World-View and the Supernatural;219
8.2.8;9.8 Playfulness, Adventurism, Ecstasy;221
8.2.9;9.9 Cooperation in Fighting;222
8.2.10;9.10 Conclusion: Fighting in the Evolutionary State of Nature;224
8.2.11;References;226
9;Part V Foundations of Cooperation;230
9.1;10 From Grooming to Giving Blood: The Origins of Human Altruism;231
9.1.1;10.1 Introduction;231
9.1.2;10.2 The Evolution of Altruism;232
9.1.3;10.3 Kin Biases in Behavior;234
9.1.4;10.4 Cooperation Among Reciprocating Partners;235
9.1.5;10.5 Limits of Altruism in Primate Groups;237
9.1.6;10.6 Motives Underlying Altruism in NHPs;238
9.1.7;10.7 The Origins of Other Regarding Preferences in Humans;242
9.1.8;10.8 Conclusions;248
9.1.9;References;248
9.2;11 Evolved Irrationality? Equity and the Origins of Human Economic Behavior;253
9.2.1;11.1 Homo economicus: Model Subject or Tall Tale?;253
9.2.2;11.2 The Irrationality of Human Preferences;256
9.2.3;11.3 Irrational Equity-Seeking and the Emergence of Human Fairness Norms;258
9.2.4;11.4 The Evolution of Primate Economic Strategies: Monkey Markets;260
9.2.5;11.5 Primate Economic Irrationalities: Do Monkeys Exhibit Human Economic Biases?;262
9.2.6;11.6 Are Primates Irrationally Equity-Seeking?;263
9.2.7;11.7 Conclusions About the Evolution of Human Economic Strategies;265
9.2.8;References;266
9.3;12 From Whence the Captains of Our Lives: Ultimate and Phylogenetic Perspectives on Emotions in Humans and Other Primates;268
9.3.1;12.1 Introduction;269
9.3.2;12.2 Ancient, Relatively Conserved Emotions;271
9.3.3;12.3 Emotions Associated with Elementary Sociality;272
9.3.4;12.4 Emotions Associated with Parenting and Pair-Bonding;275
9.3.5;12.5 Emotions Regulating Dyadic Cooperative Relationships;276
9.3.6;12.6 Linked Fate and Vicarious Emotions;279
9.3.7;12.7 Norm-Based Emotions;280
9.3.8;References;283
10;Part VI Language, Thought & Communication;288
10.1;13 Primate Communication and Human Language: Continuities and Discontinuities;289
10.1.1;13.1 Introduction;290
10.1.2;13.2 Call Production and Development;291
10.1.3;13.3 Call Perception;293
10.1.4;13.4 Syntax;295
10.1.5;13.5 Attributing Intentions to Signalers;296
10.1.6;13.6 Primate Communication and the Evolution of Language;298
10.1.7;References;301
10.2;14 Language, Lies and Lipstick: A Speculative Reconstruction of the African Middle Stone Age “Human Revolution”;305
10.2.1;14.1 Digital Minds in an Analog World;305
10.2.2;14.2 Analog Minds in a Digital World;307
10.2.3;14.3 The Evolution of Deep Social Mind;309
10.2.4;14.4 A Darwinian Solution;311
10.2.5;14.5 The Female Cosmetic Coalitions Model;314
10.2.6;14.6 The Human Revolution;316
10.2.7;References;317
10.3;15 Brain and Behaviour in Primate Evolution;320
10.3.1;15.1 Introduction;320
10.3.2;15.2 A Systems Approach to Brain Evolution;323
10.3.3;15.3 The Structure of Primate Social Groups;327
10.3.4;15.4 Implications for Human Social Evolution;330
10.3.5;References;332
10.4;16 The Gap is Social: Human Shared Intentionality and Culture;336
10.4.1;16.1 Introduction;336
10.4.2;16.2 Human and Great Ape Cognitive Skills Compared;337
10.4.3;16.3 Cultural Activities in Humans and Great Apes;338
10.4.4;16.4 Joint Attention and Perspective;348
10.4.5;16.5 From Collaboration to Culture;351
10.4.6;References;352
10.5;17 The Evolution and Development of Human Social Cognition;355
10.5.1;17.1 Introduction;355
10.5.2;17.2 Shared Attention and Referential Communication;357
10.5.3;17.3 Empathy;359
10.5.4;17.4 Social Learning;362
10.5.5;17.5 Theory of Mind;366
10.5.6;17.6 Conclusion;369
10.5.7;References;370
10.6;18 Deceit and Self-Deception;376
10.6.1;18.1 Introduction;377
10.6.2;18.2 Deception is Everywhere, at All Levels of Life;377
10.6.3;18.3 Detection of Deception Often Leads to Negative Consequences, Including Punishment;379
10.6.4;18.4 Cognitive Load is a Key Factor in the Detection of Deception in Humans;380
10.6.5;18.5 What is Self-Deception?;381
10.6.6;18.6 One Needs a Separate Theory of Reality;383
10.6.7;18.7 Is Self-Deception the Psyche’s Immune System?;383
10.6.8;18.8 Self-Deception Helps Fool Others, While Reducing the Cognitive Cost of Doing So;385
10.6.9;18.9 Four Examples of Self-Deception;386
10.6.10;18.10 Self-Inflation is the Rule in Life;387
10.6.11;18.11 The Neurophysiology of Thought Suppression;388
10.6.12;18.12 Old-Age Positivity and Immune Function;388
10.6.13;18.13 Are Intelligence and Self-Deception Correlated?;389
10.6.14;18.14 Imposed Self-Deception;390
10.6.15;18.15 Deceit and Self-Deception Seen as an Evolutionary Game;392
10.6.16;18.16 The Cost of Deconstructing Lies;394
10.6.17;References;395
10.7;19 Human Universals and Primate Symplesiomorphies: Establishing the Lemur Baseline;397
10.7.1;19.1 Introduction;398
10.7.2;19.2 Lemurs;400
10.7.3;19.3 Technical Intelligence;401
10.7.4;19.4 Social Intelligence;408
10.7.5;19.5 Discussion and Conclusions;415
10.7.6;References;419
11;Part VII Innovation & Culture;429
11.1;20 Ape Behavior and the Origins of Human Culture;430
11.1.1;20.1 Introduction: The Culture Gap;430
11.1.2;20.2 Some Definitions;431
11.1.3;20.3 How to Trace the Origins of Culture;432
11.1.4;20.4 Dissecting Culture and Tracing its Origins;434
11.1.5;20.5 Conclusions;447
11.1.6;References;448
11.2;21 The Coevolution of Genes, Innovation, and Culture in Human Evolution;452
11.2.1;21.1 Introduction;453
11.2.2;21.2 The Gene–Culture Framework;456
11.2.3;21.3 Simultaneous Evolution of Innovation and Social Learning;460
11.2.4;21.4 Where Did Culture Come From?;471
11.2.5;References;474
12;Part VIII Conclusions;476
12.1;22 Mind the Gap: Cooperative Breeding and the Evolution of Our Unique Features;477
12.1.1;22.1 Introduction;477
12.1.2;22.2 Cooperative Breeding and Human Nature;479
12.1.3;22.3 Cooperative Breeding in Hominins: When Did it Arise?;485
12.1.4;22.4 Discussion;487
12.1.5;22.5 Conclusion;492
12.1.6;References;492
13;Index;497