Kopetz Simplicity is Complex

Foundations of Cyber-Physical System Design
1. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-030-20411-2
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 149 Seiten

This book investigates the characteristics of simple versus complex systems, and what the properties of a cyber-physical system design are that contribute to an effective implementation and make the system understandable, simple to use, and easy to maintain. The targeted audience is engineers, managers and advanced students who are involved in the design of cyber-physical systems and are willing to spend some time outside the silo of their daily work in order to widen their background and appreciation for the pervasive problems of system complexity.
In the past, design of a process-control system (now called cyber-physical systems) was more of an art than an engineering endeavor. The software technology of that time was concerned primarily with functional correctness and did not pay much attention to the temporal dimension of program execution, which is as important as functional correctness when a physical process must be controlled. In the ensuing years, many problems in the design of cyber-physical systems were simplified. But with an increase in the functional requirements and system size, the complexity problems have appeared again in a different disguise. A sound understanding of the complexity problem requires some insight in cognition, human problem solving, psychology, and parts of philosophy.
This book presents the essence of the author's thinking about complexity, accumulated over the past forty years.





Hermann Kopetz received a PhD degree in Physics sub auspiciis praesidentis from the University in Vienna in 1968 and is since 2011 professor emeritus at the Technical University of Vienna. He is the chief architect of the time-triggered technology for dependable embedded Systems and a co-founder of the company TTTech. The time-triggered technology is deployed in leading aerospace, automotive and industrial applications.
Kopetz is a Life Fellow of the IEEE and a full member of the Austrian Academy of Science. Kopetz served as the chairman of the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Dependable Computing and Fault Tolerance and in program committees of many scientific conferences. He is a founding member and a former chairman of IFIP WG 10.4. Kopetz has written a widely used textbook on Real-Time Systems and published more than 200 papers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kopetz, Hermann

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Chapter 1: Introduction;11
3.1;1.1 A Look Back in Time;12
4;Chapter 2: Understanding and Complexity;15
4.1;2.1 Introduction;15
4.2;2.2 Concepts;15
4.3;2.3 Causal Explanation;17
4.4;2.4 Teleological Explanation;20
4.5;2.5 Complexity;21
4.5.1;2.5.1 Complexity as a Property —Object Complexity;21
4.5.2;2.5.2 Complexity as a Relation—Cognitive Complexity;22
4.5.3;2.5.3 Complexity of a Model;25
4.6;2.6 Points to Remember;26
5;Chapter 3: Information Versus Data;28
5.1;3.1 Introduction;28
5.2;3.2 Information;29
5.2.1;3.2.1 Properties of an Itom;31
5.2.2;3.2.2 Human Communication;32
5.3;3.3 Data;33
5.3.1;3.3.1 Data for Humans;35
5.3.2;3.3.2 Data in Cyberspace;35
5.3.3;3.3.3 Explanation and Generation of Data;36
5.3.4;3.3.4 Sense Data and Refined Data;38
5.4;3.4 Essential Data (e-data) Versus Context Data (c-data);40
5.5;3.5 Stigmergy;42
5.6;3.6 Points to Remember;44
6;Chapter 4: Modeling;46
6.1;4.1 Introduction;46
6.2;4.2 Modeling Relation;49
6.2.1;4.2.1 Execution Time of Model Algorithms;51
6.2.2;4.2.2 Model Error;52
6.3;4.3 Mental Models;53
6.3.1;4.3.1 Rational Model;54
6.3.2;4.3.2 Intuitive Model;55
6.3.3;4.3.3 Pragmatic Mental Model (PMM);56
6.4;4.4 Cyber Models;57
6.5;4.5 Models of Time;59
6.6;4.6 Assumption Coverage Versus Model Complexity;60
6.7;4.7 Points to Remember;61
7;Chapter 5: Multi-Level Hierarchies;63
7.1;5.1 Introduction;63
7.2;5.2 Hierarchy Levels;64
7.2.1;5.2.1 Holons;65
7.3;5.3 Hierarchy Types;67
7.3.1;5.3.1 Formal Hierarchy;68
7.3.2;5.3.2 Information Hierarchy;68
7.3.3;5.3.3 Control Hierarchy;69
7.4;5.4 Emergence;70
7.4.1;5.4.1 Supervenience;73
7.5;5.5 Points to Remember;74
8;Chapter 6: Cyber-Physical Systems Are Different;76
8.1;6.1 Introduction;76
8.2;6.2 Autonomous Operation in the Physical World;77
8.3;6.3 Timeliness;77
8.3.1;6.3.1 Pacing;78
8.3.2;6.3.2 Execution Time of Algorithms;78
8.3.3;6.3.3 Simultaneity;79
8.4;6.4 Safety-Criticality;79
8.5;6.5 Cyber Security;80
8.6;6.6 Points to Remember;81
9;Chapter 7: Simplification;83
9.1;7.1 Introduction;83
9.2;7.2 Divide and Conquer;83
9.2.1;7.2.1 Partitioning in Space;85
9.2.2;7.2.2 Segmentation in Time;87
9.2.3;7.2.3 Abstraction;89
9.3;7.3 Static Structures;91
9.4;7.4 Emergence—New Conceptualization;91
9.5;7.5 Points to Remember;93
10;Chapter 8: Communication Systems;95
10.1;8.1 Introduction;95
10.2;8.2 Classification of Data;95
10.2.1;8.2.1 Real-Time Data (RT Data);96
10.2.2;8.2.2 Non-Real-Time Data (NRT Data);98
10.3;8.3 Communication Protocols;98
10.3.1;8.3.1 Global Time;99
10.3.2;8.3.2 Time-Triggered Protocols;99
10.3.3;8.3.3 Time-Triggered Protocol (TTP);100
10.3.4;8.3.4 Time-Triggered Ethernet (TTEthernet);101
10.4;8.4 Communication with the Controlled Object;101
10.4.1;8.4.1 Sensor Inputs;102
10.4.2;8.4.2 Actuator;102
10.5;8.5 Real-Time Transfer of Alarm Data;102
10.6;8.6 Points to Remember;104
11;Chapter 9: Interface Design;106
11.1;9.1 Introduction;106
11.2;9.2 Architectural Style;107
11.3;9.3 Interface Component;108
11.4;9.4 Interface Types;109
11.4.1;9.4.1 Service Interface;109
11.4.2;9.4.2 Configuration and Control Interface;110
11.4.3;9.4.3 Maintenance Interface;110
11.5;9.5 Interface Model;111
11.6;9.6 Human Machine Interface (HMI);111
11.6.1;9.6.1 Alignment of Contexts;113
11.7;9.7 Points to Remember;115
12;Chapter 10: Simplification of a Design;117
12.1;10.1 Introduction;117
12.2;10.2 Purpose Analysis;117
12.3;10.3 System Evolution;119
12.4;10.4 Architecture Design;120
12.4.1;10.4.1 Top-Level System Structure;120
12.4.2;10.4.2 Independent Components;121
12.4.3;10.4.3 Scheduling Slack;122
12.4.4;10.4.4 Peak Load Behavior;122
12.4.5;10.4.5 Fault Management;122
12.5;10.5 Multi-Level Hierarchy;123
12.6;10.6 Safety-Critical Control System;125
12.7;10.7 Points to Remember;128
13;Chapter 11: Annex: Basic System Concepts;130
13.1;11.1 Introduction;130
13.2;11.2 Entities, Time, and Systems;130
13.3;11.3 Component;133
13.4;11.4 Communication;135
13.5;11.5 Failures, Errors and Faults;136
13.5.1;11.5.1 Software Errors;137
14;List of Abbreviations;138
15;References;139
16;Subject Index;143
17;Author Index;148