Markopoulos / Mackay Awareness Systems

Advances in Theory, Methodology and Design
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-84882-477-5
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 492 Seiten

Reihe: Human-Computer Interaction Series

Includes contributions by some leading authorities in the field of Awareness Systems  

Autoren/Hrsg.

Markopoulos, Panos

Mackay, Wendy

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;15
3;Contributors;18
4;Part I Awareness in Context;22
5;1 An Historical Reflection of Awareness in Collaboration;23
5.1;1.1 Introduction;23
5.2;1.2 Early Exploration of Awareness;24
5.2.1;1.2.1 Workplace Studies;25
5.2.1.1;1.2.1.1 London Underground;25
5.2.1.2;1.2.1.2 Patterns of Scientific Collaboration;26
5.2.1.3;1.2.1.3 Air Traffic Control;27
5.2.1.4;1.2.1.4 Workplace Studies Summary;28
5.2.2;1.2.2 Early Media Spaces;28
5.2.2.1;1.2.2.1 The First Media Space;28
5.2.2.2;1.2.2.2 Second Generation Media Spaces;29
5.2.2.3;1.2.2.3 Media Spaces Summary;30
5.2.3;1.2.3 Event-Based Awareness;31
5.2.4;1.2.4 Awareness in a Spatial Metaphor;32
5.2.5;1.2.5 Early Exploration of Awareness Summary;33
5.3;1.3 Diversification and Research Prototypes;33
5.3.1;1.3.1 The Social Context of Awareness;34
5.3.1.1;1.3.1.1 Awareness, Privacy and Interruption;34
5.3.1.2;1.3.1.2 The Locales Framework;35
5.3.1.3;1.3.1.3 Social Context Summary;38
5.3.2;1.3.2 Awareness Frameworks and Models;38
5.3.2.1;1.3.2.1 Workspace Awareness;39
5.3.2.2;1.3.2.2 The Focus/Nimbus Model of Awareness;40
5.3.2.3;1.3.2.3 Event Pipeline Model;41
5.3.3;1.3.3 Collaborative Environments;42
5.3.3.1;1.3.3.1 DIVA, GroupDesk and PoliAwaC;42
5.3.3.2;1.3.3.2 WORLDS and Orbit;45
5.3.3.3;1.3.3.3 Collaborative Environments Summary;46
5.3.4;1.3.4 Physical Display of Awareness;46
5.3.5;1.3.5 Infrastructure;47
5.3.5.1;1.3.5.1 Area;48
5.3.5.2;1.3.5.2 NESSIE;48
5.3.5.3;1.3.5.3 Elvin;49
5.3.6;1.3.6 Summary of Diversification and Research Prototypes;50
5.4;1.4 Summary of Extended Models and Specialisation;50
5.4.1;1.4.1 Models and Diversifying Types of Awareness;51
5.4.1.1;1.4.1.1 ENI;51
5.4.1.2;1.4.1.2 Reaction--Diffusion Model;52
5.4.1.3;1.4.1.3 Types of Awareness;52
5.4.1.4;1.4.1.4 Privacy Continued;53
5.4.1.5;1.4.1.5 Summary of Models and Diversifying Types;54
5.4.2;1.4.2 Awareness in Different Domains;54
5.4.2.1;1.4.2.1 Domestic Awareness;55
5.4.2.2;1.4.2.2 Summary of Awareness in Different Domains;56
5.4.3;1.4.3 Technology Driven Awareness Research;56
5.4.4;1.4.4 Group Configuration;56
5.4.4.1;1.4.4.1 Semi-Public;57
5.4.4.2;1.4.4.2 Co-Located;57
5.4.4.3;1.4.4.3 Partially Distributed;58
5.4.4.4;1.4.4.4 Mixed Presence;58
5.4.4.5;1.4.4.5 Summary of Group Configuration;58
5.4.5;1.4.5 Summary of Extended Models and Specification;58
5.5;1.5 Trends and Conclusions;59
5.6;References;61
6;2 A Design Framework for Awareness Systems;69
6.1;2.1 Introduction;69
6.2;2.2 Awareness Systems for Supporting Social Relations and Needs;69
6.3;2.3 Do Awareness Systems Represent a Technology Push?;71
6.3.1;2.3.1 Affiliation with Others;72
6.3.2;2.3.2 Obtaining Social Information and Self-Presentation;72
6.3.3;2.3.3 Attracting and Retaining Mates;73
6.3.4;2.3.4 Protecting Ourselves and Those We Value;74
6.3.5;2.3.5 Conclusion;74
6.4;2.4 The Design Space of Social Awareness Systems;75
6.4.1;2.4.1 Awareness of People or Places?;76
6.4.2;2.4.2 Precision;76
6.4.3;2.4.3 Accuracy;78
6.4.4;2.4.4 Notification Level;79
6.4.5;2.4.5 Input Automation: Explicit Versus Implicit Input;80
6.4.6;2.4.6 Private Versus Shared Nature of Awareness Displays;82
6.4.7;2.4.7 Level of User Control;83
6.5;2.5 Challenges for the Design of Awareness Systems;83
6.5.1;2.5.1 Minimize Procedural Effort;84
6.5.2;2.5.2 Support Transitions to Other Media;85
6.5.3;2.5.3 Designing Agency in Awareness Systems;85
6.5.4;2.5.4 Reciprocity, Equity of Costs and Benefits;86
6.5.5;2.5.5 Balancing Accountability and Autonomy;87
6.5.6;2.5.6 Designing Beautiful Seams (Seamful Design);88
6.5.7;2.5.7 Data Proportionality;89
6.6;2.6 Conclusion;89
6.7;References;90
7;3 Awareness in the Home: The Nuances of Relationships, Domestic Coordination and Communication;93
7.1;3.1 Introduction;93
7.2;3.2 Interpersonal Awareness;94
7.2.1;3.2.1 Social Groupings for Awareness;95
7.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 Home Inhabitants;95
7.2.1.2;3.2.1.2 Intimate Socials;95
7.2.1.3;3.2.1.3 Extended Socials;96
7.2.2;3.2.2 Interpersonal Awareness Information;96
7.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 Awareness of Location;97
7.2.2.2;3.2.2.2 Awareness of Activity;97
7.2.2.3;3.2.2.3 Awareness of Status;98
7.2.3;3.2.3 Techniques for Maintaining Awareness;99
7.2.3.1;3.2.3.1 Visual Cues from Domestic Artifacts;99
7.2.3.2;3.2.3.2 Direct and Mediated Interaction;100
7.3;3.3 Communication Information in the Home;101
7.3.1;3.3.1 Reminders and Alerts;103
7.3.2;3.3.2 Awareness and Scheduling;103
7.3.3;3.3.3 Visual Displays;104
7.3.4;3.3.4 Notices;104
7.3.5;3.3.5 Resource Coordination;104
7.4;3.4 Contextual Locations;105
7.4.1;3.4.1 Location Placement in the Home;105
7.4.2;3.4.2 Pathways and Routines;106
7.4.3;3.4.3 Constellations;106
7.4.4;3.4.4 Location Attributes and Proximity;107
7.4.5;3.4.5 Visibility vs. Practicality;107
7.5;3.5 Time, Ownership, and Awareness;108
7.5.1;3.5.1 Time;108
7.5.1.1;3.5.1.1 Urgency and Relevance;108
7.5.1.2;3.5.1.2 Information Dynamics;109
7.5.2;3.5.2 Ownership;110
7.5.2.1;3.5.2.1 Spaces;110
7.5.2.2;3.5.2.2 Visibility and Privacy;112
7.5.2.3;3.5.2.3 Actions;112
7.5.3;3.5.3 Awareness;113
7.5.3.1;3.5.3.1 Presence;113
7.5.3.2;3.5.3.2 Monitoring;113
7.6;3.6 Conclusion;114
7.7;References;115
8;Part II Theoretical Perspectives;117
9;4 Making Sense of What Is Going on 0Around0: Designing Environmental Awareness Information Displays;118
9.1;4.1 Introduction;118
9.2;4.2 Related Work;120
9.3;4.3 Key Concepts;123
9.3.1;4.3.1 Smooth Transitions Between Levels of Awareness;123
9.3.2;4.3.2 Combination of Different Output Modalities;124
9.3.3;4.3.3 Context is Content;124
9.3.4;4.3.4 Information Decoration;125
9.4;4.4 Case 1: Home Radio;125
9.4.1;4.4.1 First Design Cycle: Sound Solutions;126
9.4.1.1;4.4.1.1 Design Rationale;127
9.4.1.2;4.4.1.2 Main Findings;127
9.4.2;4.4.2 Second Design Cycle: Home Radio;128
9.4.2.1;4.4.2.1 Exploration of the Design Space;128
9.4.2.2;4.4.2.2 Generation of Design Solutions;129
9.4.2.3;4.4.2.3 Evaluation and Main Findings;131
9.5;4.5 Case 2: Data Fountain;133
9.5.1;4.5.1 Mapping Money Currency Rates to Water Jets;133
9.5.2;4.5.2 Rethink Fountains as Information Displays;134
9.6;4.6 Case 3: Birds Whispering;136
9.6.1;4.6.1 Representing the Presence of People Through Bird Sounds;136
9.6.2;4.6.2 Noise vs. Silence;136
9.6.3;4.6.3 Sound Design;137
9.6.4;4.6.4 Scenarios;138
9.7;4.7 Discussion and Conclusions;139
9.8;References;142
10;5 Social Inference Through Technology;144
10.1;5.1 Introduction;144
10.2;5.2 Projections of the Social;147
10.2.1;5.2.1 Anatomy of a Cue;148
10.2.2;5.2.2 Limitations of All Intermediaries;148
10.2.3;5.2.3 Can the Social be Projected?;149
10.3;5.3 Inferring a Projection;150
10.3.1;5.3.1 Elements of Social Inference;150
10.3.2;5.3.2 The Cognitive Miser;151
10.3.3;5.3.3 The Mediated ''Social'' as an Intrapsychic Process;152
10.4;5.4 The Psychology of Action;154
10.4.1;5.4.1 Goals and Motivations;156
10.4.2;5.4.2 Perception, Action, and Feedback;157
10.5;5.5 Examples From Mobile Awareness Systems;158
10.5.1;5.5.1 Effects of Pre-Knowledge;159
10.5.2;5.5.2 Selective Processing of Cues and Transfer;161
10.6;5.6 Conclusions;163
10.7;References;165
11;6 Abstractions of Awareness: Aware of What?;167
11.1;6.1 Introduction;167
11.2;6.2 Related Works;168
11.3;6.3 Model Overview;170
11.3.1;6.3.1 Observable Items and Awareness;172
11.3.2;6.3.2 Attributes, Attribute Providers and Nimbus;173
11.3.3;6.3.3 Resources, Resource Providers and Focus;175
11.3.4;6.3.4 Focus--Nimbus Negotiation and Awareness Systems;177
11.3.5;6.3.5 Closing the Gap;179
11.3.6;6.3.6 Example;180
11.3.6.1;6.3.6.1 Anna's Nimbus;180
11.3.6.2;6.3.6.2 John's Focus;181
11.3.6.3;6.3.6.3 John's Awareness;182
11.4;6.4 Communication Patterns;182
11.4.1;6.4.1 John's Nimbus and Plausible Deniability;182
11.4.2;6.4.2 Placing John's Focus in his Nimbus and Social Translucency;184
11.4.3;6.4.3 Keeping Symmetry Among John's and his Colleague's Nimbi;186
11.4.4;6.4.4 Making a Stranger Aware of Anna's Nimbus;187
11.5;6.5 Conclusion;188
11.6;6.6 Glossary;189
11.7;References;190
12;7 Phatic Interactions: Being Aware and Feeling Connected;191
12.1;7.1 Introduction;191
12.2;7.2 Human Communication;192
12.2.1;7.2.1 Approaching Communication;192
12.2.2;7.2.2 Jakobson's Model of Communication;193
12.2.3;7.2.3 The Phatic Function;194
12.2.4;7.2.4 Phatic Awareness;195
12.3;7.3 Phatic Technologies;196
12.4;7.4 Exploring Phatic Interactions;198
12.4.1;7.4.1 Mediating Intimacy;198
12.4.2;7.4.2 Intergenerational Play;199
12.4.3;7.4.3 Online Social Networks;200
12.5;7.5 Conclusion;202
12.6;References;203
13;8 Privacy Considerations in Awareness Systems: Designing with Privacy in Mind;205
13.1;8.1 Introduction;205
13.2;8.2 Privacy;206
13.3;8.3 Relationship Between Awareness and Privacy;209
13.3.1;8.3.1 Digital Domain;210
13.4;8.4 Relevant Research;212
13.4.1;8.4.1 User Studies;212
13.4.2;8.4.2 Theories, Principles, and Guidelines;213
13.4.3;8.4.3 Design Techniques;214
13.5;8.5 Positioning Awareness Systems;215
13.5.1;8.5.1 Nature of Awareness Mechanisms;215
13.5.2;8.5.2 Activity Coupling;216
13.5.3;8.5.3 Nature of Relationships;217
13.6;8.6 Designing with Privacy in Mind;217
13.6.1;8.6.1 Workplace Awareness Application;218
13.6.2;8.6.2 Instant Messaging Privacy Plugin;218
13.7;8.7 Conclusion;219
13.8;References;220
14;9 Grounding Privacy with Awareness: A Social Approach to Describe Privacy Related Issues in Awareness Systems;225
14.1;9.1 Introduction;225
14.2;9.2 Interpersonal Privacy: A Social Approach;227
14.3;9.3 Common Ground Theory;231
14.3.1;9.3.1 Coordination of Communication Activities as a Collaborative Process;232
14.3.2;9.3.2 Contribution Pairs: Presenting and Understanding Intentions to Communicate;232
14.3.3;9.3.3 Lightweight Coordination Mechanisms: Track-II Signals;232
14.3.4;9.3.4 Least Collaborative Effort: Developing and Using Common Ground Representations;233
14.4;9.4 The Privacy Grounding Model;233
14.4.1;9.4.1 Components;234
14.4.2;9.4.2 Mechanisms;236
14.4.3;9.4.3 Characterizations;237
14.5;9.5 Using PGM in Awareness Systems;239
14.5.1;9.5.1 Least Collaborative Effort and Track-II Characterizations;241
14.5.2;9.5.2 Intentionality, Channels and Ambiguity;241
14.6;9.6 Case Studies;242
14.6.1;9.6.1 Push-to-Talk;242
14.6.2;9.6.2 Media Spaces;243
14.6.3;9.6.3 Reachability Management Systems;243
14.7;9.7 Discussion;244
14.7.1;9.7.1 PGM Use -- A Social Analysis of Disclosure and Solitude Control;244
14.7.2;9.7.2 PGM Contribution -- Signalling and Grounding Privacy Intentions;245
14.8;9.8 Conclusions;246
14.9;References;247
15;10 Awareness Information with Speech and Sound;248
15.1;10.1 Introduction;248
15.1.1;10.1.1 Awareness Systems awareness systems ;249
15.1.2;10.1.2 Group Awareness group awareness ;249
15.1.3;10.1.3 Attention Shift and Peripheral Awareness peripheral awareness attention shift ;251
15.2;10.2 Properties of Speech and Non-speech Audio audio speech audio non-speech ;251
15.3;10.3 Auditory Interaction Techniques auditory interaction ;253
15.4;10.4 Guidelines for Auditory Presentation Techniques;254
15.4.1;10.4.1 Speech guidelines speech ;255
15.4.2;10.4.2 Auditory Icons;256
15.4.3;10.4.3 Earcons guidelines earcons ;257
15.4.4;10.4.4 Music guidelines music ;257
15.4.5;10.4.5 Soundscapes guidelines soundscapes ;258
15.5;10.5 Auditory Awareness Systems auditory awareness systems ;258
15.5.1;10.5.1 Structure of Auditory Awareness Applications;259
15.5.1.1;10.5.1.1 Mapping Between Concepts and Presentations;260
15.5.1.2;10.5.1.2 Timing, Transitions, Continuity and Consistency consistency ;261
15.5.1.3;10.5.1.3 Controlling Auditory Presentation Compositions presentation composition control ;262
15.5.2;10.5.2 Example Applications;263
15.5.3;10.5.3 A Speech-Based and Auditory Ubiquitous Office Environment;264
15.5.3.1;10.5.3.1 Data Gathering;265
15.5.3.2;10.5.3.2 Awareness Information awareness information ;265
15.5.3.3;10.5.3.3 Audio Awareness Architecture;266
15.6;10.6 Summary and Discussion;268
15.6.1;10.6.1 Evaluation of Auditory Awareness Systems auditory awareness systems evaluation ;268
15.6.2;10.6.2 Complementary Speech and Non-Speech Audio complementary speech and non-speech ;270
15.7;References;271
16;Part III Applications;274
17;11 Awareware: Narrowcasting Attributes for Selective Attention, Privacy, and Multipresence;275
17.1;11.1 Introduction;275
17.1.1;11.1.1 Presence, Telepresence, and Copresence;276
17.1.2;11.1.2 Awareness and Presence Awareness;277
17.1.3;11.1.3 Narrowcasting and Privacy;278
17.1.4;11.1.4 Multiple Spaces;280
17.1.5;11.1.5 Multipresence, Anycasting, and Autofocus;281
17.1.6;11.1.6 Multipresence Scenarios;283
17.2;11.2 Related Research;284
17.3;11.3 Awareware: Audio Windowing Narrowcasting Systems;285
17.3.1;11.3.1 ''Multiplicity'': Java3D Workstation-Platformed Multiperspective Interface;286
17.3.1.1;11.3.1.1 Multiple Spaces;287
17.3.1.2;11.3.1.2 Visual Representation of Narrowcasting Operations;287
17.3.1.3;11.3.1.3 Visual Representation of Autofocus Operations;288
17.3.2;11.3.2 Con: (ippli DoJa) Mobile Device-Platformed Dynamic Map;290
17.3.2.1;11.3.2.1 Multiple Spaces;290
17.3.2.2;11.3.2.2 Visual Representation of Narrowcasting Operations;291
17.3.2.3;11.3.2.3 Visual Representation of Autofocus Operations;291
17.4;11.4 Narrowcasting Attributes for Presence Awareness;292
17.5;11.5 Future Research;299
17.5.1;11.5.1 Role-Based Issues;299
17.5.2;11.5.2 Next-Generation Mobile Phones;299
17.5.3;11.5.3 Convergence;299
17.5.4;11.5.4 ''Polite Calling'' for Social Gracefulness;300
17.6;11.6 Conclusion;301
17.7;References;302
18;12 Emotinet: A Framework for the Development of Social Awareness Systems;306
18.1;12.1 Introduction;306
18.2;12.2 Related Work;308
18.3;12.3 Emotinet;310
18.3.1;12.3.1 Architecture;312
18.3.2;12.3.2 The User Interface;315
18.4;12.4 The First Application;316
18.4.1;12.4.1 Example of Use;317
18.4.2;12.4.2 Design Principles;321
18.4.3;12.4.3 Text Processing;322
18.4.4;12.4.4 Collage Composer;322
18.5;12.5 Conclusions and Future Work;323
18.6;References;324
19;13 Conversational Awareness in Text-Based Computer Mediated Communication;327
19.1;13.1 Introduction;327
19.2;13.2 Review of Awareness Support;328
19.2.1;13.2.1 Presence Awareness;328
19.2.2;13.2.2 Emotional Awareness;329
19.2.3;13.2.3 Identity Awareness;330
19.2.4;13.2.4 Conversational Awareness;330
19.2.4.1;13.2.4.1 Awareness of Turn-Taking;330
19.2.4.2;13.2.4.2 Awareness of Conversational Context;331
19.2.4.3;13.2.4.3 Awareness of Multiple Conversations;331
19.3;13.3 User Needs and Requirements Analysis;332
19.3.1;13.3.1 Empirical User Study;332
19.3.2;13.3.2 Design Requirements;333
19.4;13.4 Mechanisms Supporting Conversational Awareness;334
19.4.1;13.4.1 Relaxed Instant Messenger (RIM);334
19.4.1.1;13.4.1.1 RIM Support for Conversational Awareness;336
19.4.1.2;13.4.1.2 Evaluation of RIM;336
19.4.2;13.4.2 Conversation Dock (ConDock);341
19.4.2.1;13.4.2.1 ConDock Supports Awareness of Multiple Conversations;342
19.4.2.2;13.4.2.2 Evaluation of ConDock;342
19.5;13.5 Discussion and Conclusions;343
19.5.1;13.5.1 Comparison of Awareness Support;343
19.5.2;13.5.2 Lessons from Developing Awareness Support;343
19.5.3;13.5.3 Conclusions;344
19.6;References;345
20;14 Fostering Social Engagement and Self-Efficacy in Later Life: Studies with Ubiquitous Computing;348
20.1;14.1 Introduction;348
20.2;14.2 Tools for Social Self-Efficacy;350
20.3;14.3 Prototypes Developed to Foster Social Engagement;351
20.3.1;14.3.1 Guideline 1: Depict Loneliness as a Temporary Drop in Social Activity Rather Than a Permanent Condition;352
20.3.1.1;14.3.1.1 Prototype 1: Social Network Displays;353
20.3.2;14.3.2 Guideline 2: Provide Windows into Others' Availability;355
20.3.2.1;14.3.2.1 Prototype 2: Presence L355
20.3.3;14.3.3 Guideline 3: Provide Cues to Foster Mastery of Social Situations;356
20.3.3.1;14.3.3.1 Prototype 3: Context ID;356
20.4;14.4 Participant Reactions;357
20.5;14.5 Future Directions;359
20.6;References;361
21;15 Awareness of Daily Life Activities;363
21.1;15.1 Introduction;363
21.2;15.2 User Studies;365
21.2.1;15.2.1 User Profiles;365
21.2.2;15.2.2 Interviews;365
21.2.3;15.2.3 Focus Groups;366
21.2.4;15.2.4 Questionnaires;367
21.3;15.3 Prototype Design and Implementation;367
21.3.1;15.3.1 Conceptual Design;368
21.3.2;15.3.2 Architectural Overview;369
21.3.3;15.3.3 Wireless Sensor Network and ADL-State-Extraction;369
21.3.4;15.3.4 Presence and Mobility Detection;370
21.3.5;15.3.5 Kitchen Activity Detection;371
21.3.6;15.3.6 Bed/Chair/Visitors Activity Detection;372
21.3.7;15.3.7 ADL-Semantics Extractor and State Database Host;372
21.3.8;15.3.8 Presentation Server;372
21.4;15.4 Evaluation;373
21.4.1;15.4.1 Participants;373
21.4.2;15.4.2 Apparatus and Maintenance;374
21.4.3;15.4.3 Results;374
21.5;15.5 Conclusion;375
21.6;References;376
22;16 Design and Evaluation of Intentionally Enriched Awareness;378
22.1;16.1 Introduction;378
22.1.1;16.1.1 Chapter Structure;380
22.2;16.2 Intentionally Enriched Awareness;380
22.2.1;16.2.1 Motivation;380
22.2.2;16.2.2 The Passive Actor passive actor ;381
22.2.2.1;16.2.2.1 Awareness and Deliberation;381
22.2.3;16.2.3 A Model of Intentionally Enriched Awareness;382
22.2.3.1;16.2.3.1 Atmosphere;383
22.2.3.2;16.2.3.2 Effort and Disclosure;383
22.2.3.3;16.2.3.3 Disclosure Mechanisms Disclosure mechanisms ;384
22.3;16.3 Related Work;384
22.3.1;16.3.1 Sharing Status;385
22.3.2;16.3.2 Displaying Messages;386
22.3.3;16.3.3 Today Messages;386
22.3.4;16.3.4 Single-Click Sharing;387
22.3.4.1;16.3.4.1 A History of Biff;387
22.3.5;16.3.5 Sharing of Structure;388
22.3.5.1;16.3.5.1 Shared Workspaces;388
22.3.5.2;16.3.5.2 Tagging;389
22.3.5.3;16.3.5.3 Disclosure in Social Networking;389
22.3.6;16.3.6 Discussion;389
22.3.6.1;16.3.6.1 Systems Related to Direct Disclosure;389
22.3.6.2;16.3.6.2 Systems Related to Indirect Disclosure;390
22.4;16.4 The AnyBiff System;390
22.4.1;16.4.1 AnyBiff Design AnyBiff design ;391
22.4.1.1;16.4.1.1 Interface Elements AnyBiff interface ;391
22.4.1.2;16.4.1.2 Biff Creation;392
22.4.1.3;16.4.1.3 Biff Subscription;392
22.4.1.4;16.4.1.4 Notification Mechanisms;392
22.4.1.5;16.4.1.5 AnyBiff Architecture AnyBiff architecture ;393
22.5;16.5 AnyBiff Evaluation AnyBiff evaluation ;393
22.5.1;16.5.1 Methodology;394
22.5.2;16.5.2 Findings;395
22.5.2.1;16.5.2.1 AnyBiff Usage AnyBiff usage ;395
22.5.2.2;16.5.2.2 Conceptual Issues AnyBiff conceptual issues ;397
22.5.2.3;16.5.2.3 Biff-Specific Usage;399
22.6;16.6 Design Implications;400
22.6.1;16.6.1 Potential and Challenges of Intentional Disclosure;401
22.6.2;16.6.2 The Space Between Awareness and Communication;401
22.6.3;16.6.3 Genericity, Ambiguity and Evolution;402
22.7;16.7 Summary and Conclusions;403
22.8;References;403
23;17 Situatedness of Awareness Information: Impact on the Design and Usage of Awareness Systems;407
23.1;17.1 Introduction;407
23.1.1;17.1.1 Situated Displays and the Importance of Place;408
23.1.2;17.1.2 Dimensions of Situatedness;409
23.1.3;17.1.3 Definitions of Awareness;410
23.1.4;17.1.4 Situated Displays and Awareness;412
23.2;17.2 Awareness in the Hermes System;414
23.2.1;17.2.1 Evolution of the Hermes System;416
23.2.2;17.2.2 Typical Scenarios of Use;417
23.2.3;17.2.3 Analysis of Usage Logs;419
23.2.4;17.2.4 Emergent Usages and Themes Relating to Awareness;420
23.2.4.1;17.2.4.1 Maintaining a Sense of Presence/Reason for Absence;420
23.2.4.2;17.2.4.2 Establishing Mood and Personal Situation;421
23.2.4.3;17.2.4.3 The ''I''m Not Here but I Should Be'' Awareness Message;422
23.2.4.4;17.2.4.4 Privacy, Control, Accuracy and Placement Issues;422
23.2.4.5;17.2.4.5 The Importance of Fitting in with Existing Routines;423
23.2.4.6;17.2.4.6 Appropriated (or Unintended by the Designer) Use;424
23.3;17.3 Design Considerations;424
23.3.1;17.3.1 The Situatedness of Displays;425
23.3.2;17.3.2 Situatedness and Types of Awareness;426
23.3.2.1;17.3.2.1 Awareness Messages of the Form: What I Am Doing…;426
23.3.2.2;17.3.2.2 Awareness Messages of the Form: What I Am Not Doing;427
23.3.2.3;17.3.2.3 Awareness Messages of the Form: Why I Am Not Doing It…;427
23.3.2.4;17.3.2.4 Relations to Broader Frameworks;427
23.3.3;17.3.3 Accuracy and Deliberate Imprecision Relating to Awareness;428
23.3.4;17.3.4 Awareness and Support for Communication;429
23.4;17.4 Concluding Remarks;430
23.4.1;17.4.1 Summary of Design Considerations;430
23.5;References;431
24;Part IV Evaluating Awareness Systems;433
25;18 Supporting Family Awareness with the Whereabouts Clock;434
25.1;18.1 Introduction;434
25.2;18.2 Related Work;436
25.3;18.3 Designing a Location Awareness System for the Family;438
25.4;18.4 Trial Method;440
25.5;18.5 Results;441
25.5.1;18.5.1 Unpacking Awareness in a Family Context;442
25.5.1.1;18.5.1.1 Coordination and Communication;442
25.5.1.2;18.5.1.2 Reassurance;443
25.5.1.3;18.5.1.3 Connectedness and Togetherness;445
25.5.1.4;18.5.1.4 Expressing Identity;445
25.5.1.5;18.5.1.5 Social Touch;446
25.5.2;18.5.2 Privacy;447
25.6;18.6 Awareness and Family Life;448
25.7;18.7 Implications;450
25.8;18.8 Conclusions;452
25.9;References;453
26;19 Evaluating Peripheral Displays;455
26.1;19.1 Introduction;455
26.2;19.2 Specialized Frameworks and Methods;456
26.2.1;19.2.1 Models;456
26.2.2;19.2.2 Methods;457
26.3;19.3 Evaluation Criteria;457
26.3.1;19.3.1 Traditional Usability Criteria;458
26.3.1.1;19.3.1.1 Learnability;459
26.3.1.2;19.3.1.2 Error Visibility and Recovery;459
26.3.1.3;19.3.1.3 Usefulness;460
26.3.1.4;19.3.1.4 User Satisfaction;460
26.3.2;19.3.2 Criteria Related to Attention Issues;461
26.3.2.1;19.3.2.1 Awareness;461
26.3.2.2;19.3.2.2 Distraction;462
26.3.3;19.3.3 A Note About Design Mechanisms and Summary;462
26.4;19.4 Case Study: Two E-Mail Display Evaluations;463
26.4.1;19.4.1 Display Designs to Improve E-Mail Awareness;463
26.4.2;19.4.2 Formative Evaluation: Heuristic Evaluation;464
26.4.2.1;19.4.2.1 Results;465
26.4.2.2;19.4.2.2 Design Iteration;465
26.4.3;19.4.3 Summative Evaluation;466
26.4.3.1;19.4.3.1 Lab Study;467
26.4.3.2;19.4.3.2 Field Study;468
26.4.3.3;19.4.3.3 Results;470
26.4.3.4;19.4.3.4 Discussion;474
26.4.4;19.4.4 Open Questions;477
26.5;19.5 Conclusion;477
26.6;References;478
27;20 Measuring Affective Benefits and Costs of Mediated Awareness: Development and Validation of the ABC-Questionnaire;481
27.1;20.1 Introduction;481
27.1.1;20.1.1 Social Presence and Media Richness;483
27.1.2;20.1.2 Social Connectedness;484
27.2;20.2 Construction of the ABC-Questionnaire;485
27.2.1;20.2.1 Initial Development of the ABC-Q;486
27.2.2;20.2.2 Validation Study;487
27.2.3;20.2.3 Extending the Questionnaire;489
27.3;20.3 Conclusions;490
27.4;20.4 Appendix: The ABC-Questionnaire;491
27.4.1;Introductory Instructions;491
27.4.2;The Questionnaire;491
27.4.3;Scoring Instructions;493
27.4.3.1;Benefits of Communication;493
27.4.3.2;Cost of Communication;494
27.5;References;494
28;Index;497