Wind and Solar Energy Systems

1. Auflage 2024
ISBN: 978-981-99-9709-1
Verlag: Springer

Buch, Englisch, 390 Seiten, Format (B × H): 160 mm x 241 mm, Gewicht: 942 g

Reihe: Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering

This book is designed to serve as a textbook for courses on renewable energy technology tragetted at upper undergraduate or graduate students. This book can also be used as a core or supplementary text for courses in energy conservation and management and solar photo-voltaic design and application. This textbook covers the basic concepts of renewable energy resources, especially wind and solar energy. It contains 8 chapters covering all major renewable energy systems, resources, and related topics, as well as a brief introductory chapter on grid integration techniques in solar and wind energy systems. The book includes pedagogical features like examples and review questions and multiple choice questions to help the readers test their understanding. Reading lists, including web-based material, are included at the end of each chapter. The structure and pedagogy makes this book useful for self-study as well as for classroom use. The book can also be used as text for professional development courses for engineers employed in the energy industry.

Zielgruppe

Upper undergraduate

Autoren/Hrsg.

Namrata, Kumari

Saini, R. P.

Kothari, D. P.

Fachgebiete

• Wirtschaftswissenschaften Wirtschaftssektoren & Branchen Energie- & Versorgungswirtschaft Energiewirtschaft: Alternative & Erneuerbare Energien
• Technische Wissenschaften Energietechnik | Elektrotechnik Alternative und erneuerbare Energien
• Technische Wissenschaften Energietechnik | Elektrotechnik Energieumwandlung, Energiespeicherung

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Chapter 1: Energy Resources: Availability, Characteristics and Environmental Impacts.

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Different forms and conversion of energy

1.3 Global Energy Outlook- History and current scenario

1.4 Energy Scenario - India

1.5 Classification of Energy Resources

1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional energy sources

1.7 Future of Energy- Renewables

1.8 Origin of Renewable energy resources

   1.8.1 Solar Energy

   1.8.2 Wind Energy

   1.8.3 Geothermal Energy

   1.8.4 OTEC

   1.8.5 Wave Energy

   1.8.6 Tidal Energy

   1.8.7 Biomass Energy

1.9Impact of Renewables on energy sector

1.10 Renewable energy: Global Statistics and analysis

1.11 Renewable Energy regulations and policies

1.12 Environmental aspects of Energy Sources

Review Questions

Objective type Questions

References

Chapter2: Fundamentals of Solar Energy

2.1 Energy from the Sun

2.2 Availability of Solar radiation as an energy option

2.3 The Solar Constant

2.4 Extraterrestrial Radiation and its Spectral Distribution

2.5 Basic Earth-Sun Angles

2.6 Solar Radiation at Earth’s Surface

2.7 Measurement of Solar radiation

2.8 Solar Radiation Data

2.8Solar Geometry

   2.8.1 Angle of Latitude

   2.8.2 Declination Angle

   2.8.3 Hour Angle

   2.8.4 Inclination Angle

   2.8.5 Zenith Angle

   2.8.6 Solar Azimuth Angle

   2.8.7 Tilt Angle

   2.8.8 Surface Azimuth Angle

   2.8.9 Angle of Incidence

2.9 Apparent motion of Sun

      2.9.1 Sunrise, Sunset and Day length

2.10 Solar Radiation on a horizontal surface

2.11 Estimation of Solar Energy availability

2.11.1 Emperical Equations for predicting the availability of Solar

Radiation on horizontal Surface

                  2.11.1.1 Monthly Average daily global Radiation

                  2.11.1.2 Monthly Average daily diffuse Radiation

                  2.11.1.3 Monthly Average hourly global Radiation

                  2.11.1.4 Monthly Average hourly diffuse Radiation

                  2.11.1.5 Hourly Global, Beam and diffuse radiation undercloudless

                  skies

2.12Solar Radiation on Inclined surface

Review Questions

Problems

Objective type Questions

References

Chapter3:Introduction to Photovoltaic Solar Energy

3.1 Fundamentals of Photovoltaics

3.1.1 Semiconductor Materials

3.1.2 Photon Energy

3.1.3 A  p-n Junction

3.1.4 Photovoltaic Effect

3.1.5 Photovoltaic Cells Materials

3.2 Types of  photovoltaic cells and Efficiency

3.2.1 Amorphous PV Cells

3.2.2 Monocrystalline PV Cells

3.2.3 Polycrystalline PV Cells

3.3 Analytical Model of the Solar Cell.

3.3.1 Analysis of the Single Diode Model

3.3.2 Analysis of the Two Diode Model

3.4Electrical Parameters of Solar Cell

3.4.1 Short Circuit Current

3.4.2Open Circuit Voltage

3.4.3 Fill Factor

3.4.4 Maximum Power

3.4.5 Solar Cell Efficiency

3.5 Electrical Characteristics of PV Cells

3.5.1 V-I Characteristics of PV cell

3.5.2 P-V Characteristics of PV cell

3.6 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

3.7Effect of Parameters and Atmospheric conditions on PV Cell characteristics

3.8 Photovoltaic Modules and Array

3.8.1 Theory and Construction

3.8.2 Packing Factor of PV Module            

3.8.3 Efficiency of PV Modules

3.9Overwiew of Photovoltaic System Applications

3.10 Overview of Photovoltaic based Power system

3.10.1 Standalone Photovoltaic system

3.10.2 Grid Connected Photovoltaic system

3.11 Power Converter topologies for PV based Power System

3.11.1 DC/DC Converters  

3.11.2 DC/AC Converters

3.12 Control of Photovoltaic based Power system

3.12.1 Maximum Power point tracking control

3.12.2 DC/DC Converter Control

3.12.3 DC/AC Inverter Control

Review Questions

Problems

Objective type Questions

References

Chapter4:Introduction to Wind Energy

4.1 Wind- The Resource

4.1.1 The nature of Wind

4.1.2 Geographical variations in the wind

4.2 Worlwide status of Wind Power

4.2.1 Global wind power Statistics

4.2.2 Indian wind power Statistics

4.2.3 Environmental aspects

4.3 Wind Energy Basics

4.3.1 Power

4.3.2Air Density

4.3.3 Swept Area

4.3.4 Cube of Wind Speed

4.3.5 Height and Wind Speed

4.3.6 Power in the Wind Equation

4.4 Analysis of Wind Data

4.4.1 Average wind speed

4.4.2 Distribution of Wind Velocity

4.4.3 Statistical models for wind data analysis

    (a) Weibull Distribution

    (b) Rayleigh Distribution

4.5 Overview of Wind turbines and its components

4.5.1 Introduction

4.5.2Classification of Wind turbines

4.5.3 Aerodynamic Rotor

4.5.4 Transmission System

4.5.5 Generator

4.5.6 Power Electronic Interface

4.5.7 Control System

4.6 Power Coefficients and Characteristics

4.6.1 Coefficient of Power C and Betz’ Law

4.6.2 Tip Speed Ratio

4.6.3 Power Efficieny

4.6.4 The Cp- lambda performance curve

Review Questions

Problems

Objective type Questions

References

Chapter5: Wind Energy Conversion System

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Overview of Wind Turbine topologies

5.2.1 Wind Turbines Architectures

5.2.2 Fixed and VariuableSpeed Wind Turbines

5.2.3Horizontal and Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

5.2.4 Stall and Pitch Aerodynamic Power control

5.3 Generators for Wind Turbines

5.3.1 Induction Generators

5.3.1 Doubly Fed Induction Generators

5.3.2 Synchronous Type Generators

5.3.3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators

5.4 Power Electronics in Wind Energy

5.4.1 Soft-starter

      (a) Single phase AC voltage Controller

      (b) Three phase AC voltage Controller

5.4.2 Capacitor bank

5.4.3 Rectifiers and inverters

      (a) Boost Converters

      (b) Two level Voltage Source Converters

      (c)Three level Nuetral Point clamped Converters

      (d) PWM Current Source Converters

5.4.4 Frequency converters

5.5 Pitch Angle Control

5.6 Maximum Power point Tracking Control and Converter Control

Review Questions

Problems

Objective type Questions

References

Chapter 6: Grid Intergration Techniques in Solar and Wind based energy Systems

6.1 Introduction

6.1.1 Integration of Small scale Generation into Grids

6.1.1 Integration of Large scale Generation into Grids

6.2 Integration issues related to Wind and Solar Power

6.2.1 Consumer Requirements

6.2.2 Requirement for Wind farm and Solar farm operators

6.2.3 The integration issues

6.3 Grid Requirements for Solar based Energy Systems

6.3.1 Power Quality Requirements

6.3.2 Response to Abnormal Grid conditions 

6.3.3 Anti Islanding requirements

6.4 Grid Requirements for Wind based Energy Systems

6.4.1 Frequency and Voltage deviations under normal operation

6.4.2 Active and Reactive power control

6.4.3 Behaviour under grid disturbances

6.4.4 Harmonic Requirements for grid connected wind power system

6.5Solar and Wind based Hybrid Renewable energy systems

Review Questions

Objective type Questions

References

Chapter7: Solar Collectors and Thermal Conversion

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Radiative properties and Characteristics of Materials

7.3Solar Concentrating Collectors

7.3.1 Introduction

7.3.2 Flat Plate Collectors with Plane Reflectors

7.3.3 Cylindrical Parabolic Collector

7.3.4Compund Parabolic collector

7.3.5Paraboloid Dish Collector

7.3.6 Central Receiver Collector

7.3.7 Fresnel Reflectors and Lenses

7.4Solar Ponds

7.4.1 Introduction

7.4.2 Principle of Working

7.4.3 Description

7.4.4 Performance analysis

Review Questions

Problems

Objective type Questions

References

Über Autor(innen)

Dr. Kumari Namrata is an accomplished academician and researcher with a rich background in Electrical Engineering. She earned her Ph.D. from the esteemed National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, India in 2017, complementing her academic journey that began with an M.Tech in Power Systems in 2001 from the same institution. Her foundation in the field was laid with a B.Tech in Electrical Engineering from the National Institute of Technology, Patna in 1998. Currently holding the position of Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at NIT Jamshedpur, Dr. Namrata brings nearly 23 years of extensive experience in academia and research. Her academic contributions are substantiated by over 75 published research papers in esteemed journals and international conferences, guided 5 Ph.D scholars, and 100 M.tech students. She has also authored 2 books and served as the editor of Springer's distinguished work, "Smart Energy and Advancement in Power Technologies".  Her scholarly pursuits are centered around vital areas such as Solar Power Generation and Conversion, Solar Radiation Estimation, Renewable Energy-Based System Modeling and Simulation, Microgrid Operation and Control, Hybrid Energy Systems, and Renewable Power System Energy Management. She is a dedicated Board Member of IEEE Women in Systems Engineering and a lifetime member of the Indian Society for Technical Education. She has been honored with the distinguished "Young Observer Award 2023" for her unwavering commitment and remarkable impact on higher education.

Dr. R.P. Saini is currently a professor at the Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand. He obtained his B.E. (Mechanical) from University of Mysore, M.E. (Mechanical) from Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee in 1989 and Ph. D from Indian institute of technology Roorkee in 1996. His major areas of research interests include Small Hydro Power-hydro turbine design and performance testing. Hydro kinetic energy, silt erosion in hydro turbines, optimal selection of SHP equipment, cost optimization of SHP schemes, solar energy-solar thermal energy utilization-performance enhancement of solar air heaters, integrated renewable energy systems, modelling of renewable energy systems, modelling of hybrid energy systems etc. He has published more than 300 papers in reputed international journals. He has also pioneered and successfully completed 50 research and development projects. Multiple honours and awards are on the name of Dr. R.P. Saini. The Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Award is one of them.

Dr D. P. Kothari ,Ex Director IIT Delhi , VC , VIT Vellore and Principal , VRCE Nagpur has published and presented 840 research papers ,guided 57 Ph.D scholars and 68 M. Tech students, and authored  77 books in various allied areas. He has delivered several keynote addresses,  150 plus Webinars.His research area is Energy Systems.