E-Book, Englisch, 224 Seiten
Neff Contributions to Sensory Physiology
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-9159-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
Volume 6
E-Book, Englisch, 224 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-4831-9159-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
Contributions to Sensory Physiology, Volume 6 covers theories and research about the physiological basis of sensation. The book starts by describing cutaneous communication, including topics about the mechanoreceptive systems in the skin, the temporal relations of the stimuli, and pattern generation and its recognition by the skin. The book then discusses the effects of environments, such as transneuronal degeneration and stimulus deprivation, on the development in the sensory systems. The across-fiber pattern theory and the electrophysiological analysis of the echolocation system of bats are also considered. The book further tackles coding in the auditory cortex and the psychophysics and physiology of the lateralization of transient stimuli. Anatomists and psychophysicists will find the book invaluable.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Front Cover;1
2;Contributions to Sensory Physiology;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Contributors;8
6;Preface;10
7;Contents of Previous Volumes;12
8;Chapter 1. Cutaneous Communication;16
8.1;I. INTRODUCTION;16
8.2;II. THE SKIN AS AN ENCODING SYSTEM;18
8.3;III. TEMPORAL RELATIONS OF STIMULI;24
8.4;IV. PATTERN GENERATION AND ITS RECOGNITION BY THE SKIN;44
9;Chapter 2. Effects of Environments on Development in Sensory Systems;60
9.1;I. INTRODUCTION;60
9.2;II. RETROGRADE AND ANTEROGRADE TRANSNEURONAL DEGENERATION;63
9.3;III. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRIVED SENSORY SYSTEMS;65
9.4;IV. BINOCULAR VISION AND ITS CRITICAL PERIOD;66
9.5;V. VISUAL EXPERIENCE AND CRITICAL PERIODS IN AVIAN SPECIES;73
9.6;VI. AUDITORY STIMULATION, PLASTICITY, AND INTERAURAL COMPETITION;73
9.7;VII. MICRO- AND ULTRAMICROSCOPIC CHANGES;74
9.8;VIII. BEHAVIORAL CORRELATES;78
9.9;IX. SENSORIMOTOR COORDINATIONS;81
9.10;X. SUMMARY AND DEVELOPMENTAL PRINCIPLES;83
10;Chapter 3. The Across-Fiber Pattern Theory: An Organizing Principle for Molar Neural Function;94
10.1;I. INTRODUCTION;94
10.2;II. REVIEW OF THE THEORY;95
10.3;III. APPLICATION TO SENSORY SYSTEMS: SENSORY NEURAL CODING;98
10.4;IV. OTHER PROCESSES;108
10.5;V. RELATION TO SEVERAL OTHER THEORETICAL STATEMENTS;121
10.6;VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS;122
11;Chapter 4. Electrophysiological Analysis of the Echolocation System of Bats;126
11.1;I. PRELUDE: SPALLANZANI'S BAT PROBLEM;126
11.2;II. INTRODUCTION;127
11.3;III. MATERIALS AND METHODS;129
11.4;IV. EMISSION OF ACOUSTIC SIGNALS AND CONTROL OF SIGNAL INPUTS;130
11.5;V. DIRECTIONAL SENSITIVITY OF THE ECHOLOCATION SYSTEM;141
11.6;VI. PROCESSING OF ACOUSTIC SIGNALS;148
12;Chapter 5. Coding in the Auditory Cortex;174
12.1;I. INTRODUCTION;174
12.2;II. THE BASIC AUDITORY PARAMETERS;175
12.3;III. SOME ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS;176
12.4;IV. TONOTOPICITY;178
12.5;V. FEATURE DETECTION;179
12.6;VI. AUDITORY SPACE;182
12.7;VII. TRANSFER;185
12.8;VIII. PITCH;186
12.9;IX. CORTICAL ORGANIZATION;187
13;Chapter 6. The Psychophysics and Physiology of the Lateralization of Transient Stimuli;194
13.1;I. INTRODUCTION;194
13.2;II. STIMULUS PARAMETERS;196
13.3;III. ANATOMY;201
13.4;IV. PHYSIOLOGY;207
13.5;V. MODEL OF BINAURAL INTERACTION;211
14;Index;222
Effects of Environments on Development in Sensory Systems
Austin H. Riesen, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
Publisher Summary
This chapter discusses the effects of environment on development in sensory system. Various areas of clinical expertise support the generality to human conditions of the experimental studies with animals. No single principle of brain growth or sensory learning experience or critical period has the predominant explanatory power in accounting for all effects of sensory deprivation or enrichment. Development is a complex sequence of outcomes of interactions between genetic and environmental forces. A principle of competition for synaptic control combined with one that says that an optimum frequency and rate of use increases the efficacy of synapses would account for effects on the sensory systems and on behavior resulting from deprivation or enrichment. Lateral inhibition has been a known fact of visual perception and a fact of the physiology of the visual nervous system. Applied to the rapidly growing young nervous system, repetitions of this process accumulate their effects until measurable growth changes result, and atrophy begins without them. The detailed contributions of excitatory and inhibitory events at synapses as they operate in the development of various sense modes remain to be specified. In ocular dominance columns and in barrel structures of somatosensory cortex, expansion of sensory projection fields to the cortex at the expense of adjacent projections is well documented by electrophysiology and light microscopy. Convergence and divergence of pathways between the sensory periphery and the cortex sets the stage for shifts in lateral inhibition or facilitation and may be demonstrated in local lesions of the retina or in striate cortex.
II Retrograde and Anterograde Transneuronal Degeneration
III Electrophysiology of Deprived Sensory Systems
IV Binocular Vision and Its Critical Period
A Studies with Binocular Deprivation
C Orientation Selectivity of Single Cells, Plastic or Innately Organized?
V Visual Experience and Critical Periods in Avian Species
VI Auditory Stimulation, Plasticity, and Interaural Competition
VII Micro- and Ultramicroscopic Changes
A Discrimination Learning after Binocular Deprivation
B Interocular Transfer of Discrimination Learning
I Introduction
During early development of the central nervous system, intrinsic factors, genetically programmed, guide and control the growth and maintenance of nerve cells. As growth continues, an increasing dependence upon functional require-ments manifests itself. Research identifying the effects of function on brain structures began in midcentury, intensified dramatically during the 1960s, and continues at a steady, somewhat reduced pace. Over the period of 30 years since experiments appeared in increasing numbers, our understanding of the development of neural fine structure and function has been revolutionized. The visual system continues to receive much attention, but other senses being studied include the auditory and somatosensory systems. For a full evaluation and the overall documentation of research on mammalian brain growth and differentiation, the reader may wish to consult Jacobson (1978).
Hints and assertions that the central nervous system responds structurally to demand appear in articles and books that date back at least 100 years. Morphological and physiological modification after stimulus deprivation were ascribed to (Herre, 1966), cage rearing, and to rearing in darkness (Berger, 1900). Suspicion that genetic factors, illness, or other sources of pathology could have been implicated in the early studies lingered through the first 60 years of the twentieth century. In 1932, Le Gros Clark described cell loss in corresponding layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) following eye removal in a mature woman. The effects were ascribed to transneuronal degeneration. In the same year, Goodman (1932) reported absence of change in dark-reared rabbits. This coincidence of findings led to the view that functional disuse, without presynaptic fiber degeneration, was not sufficient to alter the visual projection pathways. Scandinavian workers (Hydén, 1943; Brattgård, 1952) were the first to demonstrate that neurochemical changes in the form of reduced cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA (ribonucleic acid) concentrations and total protein could be produced to a striking degree without surgical intervention when the amount of stimulation was reduced, as well as when it was excessive. Deleterious effects of excessive amounts or durations of light stimulation were shown to occur in retinal ganglion cells of birds (Carlson, 1902–1903) and rabbits (Gomirato and Baggio, 1962). Overstimulation resulted in the loss of cytoplasmic RNA in spinal ganglion cells (Hydén, 1943) and in nuclei of the vestibular system (Jonasson , 1940), which also suffered loss of average cell size and increased variability. According to more recent work, albino rats are especially susceptible to retinal receptor damage by long hours of illumination (Noell , 1966; Fifková, 1972, 1974). A “golden mean” level of stimulation is required for optimum rate and levels of neural development.
A Critical Periods in Neurobehavioral Development
One of the major contributions of research on sensory deprivation resides in the experimental proof of the need for appropriate stimulation at sensitive periods during development. It is now clear that each sensory tract and projection system has its own sequence of intrinsic growth followed by increasing and decreasing need for relevant inputs from the environment before its full structural and functional potentials are achieved. Levels of achieved functional capacity are modifiable to a greater or lesser degree throughout the life span, but the most severe limits may be placed on these levels by the nature and timing of environmental exposures during early sensitive and critical periods.
Some developmental neurobiologists have argued that the effects of sensory deprivation are “a one-way street.” They take the position that deprivation holds development back from a “normal” maximum. There is evidence, however limited, that this may not be the case. The normal level of development may be an average and not a ceiling or asymptote. Extraordinary performances in acrobatics, for example, may require somatosensory development that exceeds what might ordinarily be accepted as normal. Superior perceptual abilities in other areas, such as in musical or visual arts, may well turn out to reflect above normal synaptic structures that have been developed during early sensitive periods.
This article cannot attempt to give final specifications or theoretical proof of these statements, nor will it attempt a full review of the evidence. Too much space would be needed for mention of all studies. References to some of the earlier review chapters and books will have to suffice, whereas a selective over-view of major findings is provided later.
B Effects of Long-Term Deprivation
Atrophy and eventual death of nerve cells in the projection centers may be the outcome of prolonged presynaptic inactivity. When the inactivity is nearly complete and sufficiently prolonged, the result is similar to the effects of...
