Percival Microbiology and Aging

Clinical Manifestations
2009
ISBN: 978-1-59745-327-1
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 348 Seiten

This edited volume contains a collection of reviews that highlight the significance of, and the crucial role, that microorganisms play in the human life cycle and considers the microbiology of the host in different regions of the body during the aging process.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Percival, Steven L.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Microbiology and Aging;1
1.1;Title Page;2
1.2;Copyright Page;3
1.3;Preface;5
1.4;Contents;7
1.5;Contributors;9
1.6;Chapter 1;11
1.6.1;Ageing Theories, Diseases and Microorganisms;11
1.6.1.1;Biology of Ageing;11
1.6.1.2;Mechanistic Theories on Ageing;11
1.6.1.2.1;Programmed Theories of Ageing;12
1.6.1.2.2;Damage-Based Theories;13
1.6.1.2.3;Energy Consumption Hypothesis;14
1.6.1.2.4;Free Radical Theory;14
1.6.1.2.5;DNA-Damage Theory;15
1.6.1.3;Microorganisms and Ageing;16
1.6.1.4;Ageing and Disease/Infection;16
1.6.1.5;Increased Sensitivity of Infection in the Elderly;19
1.6.1.6;Does Infection Contribute to Ageing?;19
1.6.1.7;Conclusion;19
1.6.1.8;References;20
1.7;Chapter 2;24
1.7.1;Indigenous Microbiota and Association with the Host;24
1.7.1.1;Human Development, Microorganisms, and ‘Normal Flora’;24
1.7.1.2;Indigenous Microbiota (Normal Flora);25
1.7.1.2.1;Microbiota Differences in Children and Adults;26
1.7.1.2.2;The Development of the Indigenous Microbiota;26
1.7.1.2.3;Skin;27
1.7.1.2.4;Mouth;28
1.7.1.2.5;Upper Gastrointestinal Tract;30
1.7.1.2.6;Oseophagus;31
1.7.1.2.7;Stomach;31
1.7.1.2.8;Small Intestine;32
1.7.1.2.9;Colon;32
1.7.1.2.10;Microflora of the Infant’s Gut;33
1.7.1.2.11;Adult Indigenous Microbiota in the Colon;34
1.7.1.2.12;Respiratory Tract;35
1.7.1.2.13;UTI (Including Vagina);38
1.7.1.2.14;Eyes;39
1.7.1.2.15;Central Nervous System;40
1.7.1.3;Adverse Effects of the ‘Normal’ Microbiota of the Host;41
1.7.1.4;Conclusion;42
1.7.1.5;References;42
1.8;Chapter 3;47
1.8.1;Infections in the Elderly;47
1.8.1.1;Introduction;47
1.8.1.2;Urinary Tract Infections;48
1.8.1.3;Pneumonia;50
1.8.1.4;Sepsis and Bacteremia;52
1.8.1.5;Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections;55
1.8.1.5.1;Cellulitis;55
1.8.1.5.2;Necrotizing Fasciitis;56
1.8.1.5.3;Onychomycosis;57
1.8.1.6;Herpes Zoster;58
1.8.1.7;What is the Consequence of an Older Society for Infectious Disease Research?;58
1.8.1.8;Concluding Remarks;59
1.8.1.9;References;60
1.9;Chapter 4;64
1.9.1;Skin Aging and Microbiology;64
1.9.1.1;Introduction;64
1.9.1.2;Factors and Theories Pertaining to Cutaneous Aging;64
1.9.1.2.1;Chemistry of Intrinsic Aging: Telomeres;65
1.9.1.2.2;Free Radicals;67
1.9.1.2.3;Estrogens;67
1.9.1.2.4;Chemistry of Extrinsic Aging;68
1.9.1.3;Characteristics of Aging Skin;69
1.9.1.3.1;Epidermis;69
1.9.1.3.2;Decreased Cell Turnover;70
1.9.1.3.3;Dermis;70
1.9.1.3.4;Collagen;71
1.9.1.3.5;Elastin;73
1.9.1.3.6;Glycosaminoglycans;73
1.9.1.3.7;Melanocytes;74
1.9.1.3.8;Vasculature;75
1.9.1.3.9;Subcutaneous Tissue;75
1.9.1.4;The Role of Free Radicals in Photoaging;75
1.9.1.5;Changes in Skin Appearance;76
1.9.1.5.1;Dry Skin;76
1.9.1.5.2;Benign Neoplasms in Aging Skin;76
1.9.1.6;Treatment of Photoaged Skin;76
1.9.1.6.1;Prevention;77
1.9.1.6.2;Some Notable Antioxidants;79
1.9.1.6.3;Sun Avoidance;82
1.9.1.7;Microbiology of the Skin;82
1.9.1.8;Microflora of the Skin;83
1.9.1.8.1;Skin Flora from Birth;84
1.9.1.8.2;Normal Adult Skin Flora;86
1.9.1.8.3;Bacterial Interactions, Skin Physiology, and Flora on the Skin;88
1.9.1.9;Skin Flora and Infection;89
1.9.1.10;Conclusion;90
1.9.1.11;References;91
1.10;Chapter 5;102
1.10.1;Lung Infections and Aging;102
1.10.1.1;Introduction;102
1.10.1.2;Age-Associated Changes in Lung Structure and Function;102
1.10.1.2.1;Lung Tissue;102
1.10.1.2.2;Chest Wall;103
1.10.1.2.3;Airway Protection;104
1.10.1.2.4;Mucociliary Clearance;104
1.10.1.3;Immunological Changes Associated with Advancing Age;105
1.10.1.3.1;Systemic Immunity;105
1.10.1.3.2;Innate Immunity;105
1.10.1.3.3;Neutrophils;106
1.10.1.3.4;Dendritic Cells;106
1.10.1.3.5;Macrophage;107
1.10.1.3.6;NK Cells;107
1.10.1.3.7;Adaptive Immunity;108
1.10.1.3.8;T Cells;108
1.10.1.3.9;B Cells;109
1.10.1.3.10;Pulmonary;109
1.10.1.4;Lung Infections in the Elderly;110
1.10.1.4.1;Community-Acquired Pneumonia;110
1.10.1.4.2;Viral Infection;111
1.10.1.5;Approach to Treatment and Prevention;112
1.10.1.5.1;Pneumonia;112
1.10.1.5.2;Antivirals;113
1.10.1.5.3;Vaccinations;113
1.10.1.6;Conclusion;114
1.10.1.7;References;114
1.11;Chapter 6;120
1.11.1;Influenza in the Elderly;120
1.11.1.1;Introduction;120
1.11.1.2;Virology and Epidemiology;120
1.11.1.2.1;Symptoms and Related Illnesses;122
1.11.1.3;Antivirals and Influenza Vaccines for the Elderly;123
1.11.1.3.1;Antiviral Treatment;124
1.11.1.3.2;Current Influenza Vaccines;125
1.11.1.4;Immune Responses in the Elderly;126
1.11.1.4.1;Innate Immune Responses;127
1.11.1.4.2;Adaptive Immunity;129
1.11.1.5;Influenza Vaccine Research and Future Prospects;129
1.11.1.5.1;Newer Methods of Inactivated Vaccine Production;129
1.11.1.5.2;Generating Broadly Cross-Reactive Responses;130
1.11.1.5.3;Live Attenuated Vaccines;131
1.11.1.5.4;Preclinical Vaccine Research and Development;131
1.11.1.6;Conclusion;132
1.11.1.7;References;133
1.12;Chapter 7;138
1.12.1;Changes in Oral Microflora and Host Defences with Advanced Age;138
1.12.1.1;Introduction;138
1.12.1.2;Overview of the Oral Environment;139
1.12.1.3;Changes in Oral Microflora with Age;140
1.12.1.3.1;Microflora in the Young;140
1.12.1.3.2;Microflora in the Elderly;141
1.12.1.3.3;Age-Related Direct and Indirect Effects on the Oral Microflora;142
1.12.1.3.4;Tooth Loss and Denture Wearing;142
1.12.1.3.5;Salivary Flow Rates;143
1.12.1.4;Oral Hygiene, Medication, and Systemic Disease;145
1.12.1.4.1;Dietary Habits and Malnutrition;146
1.12.1.5;Host Defences in the Oral Cavity;147
1.12.1.5.1;Changes in Oral Host Defences with Age;149
1.12.1.6;Conclusion;151
1.12.1.7;References;152
1.13;Chapter 8;160
1.13.1;Influence of the Gut Microbiota with Ageing;160
1.13.1.1;Introduction;160
1.13.1.2;Activities of the Gut Microbiota;161
1.13.1.2.1;Nutrition;161
1.13.1.2.2;Metabolism;164
1.13.1.2.3;Immune System;166
1.13.1.3;Influence of Ageing;167
1.13.1.3.1;Microbiota of the Infant;167
1.13.1.3.2;Microbiota of the Elderly;171
1.13.1.4;Concluding Remarks;174
1.13.1.5;References;175
1.14;Chapter 9;181
1.14.1;A Gut Reaction: Aging Affects Gut-Associated Immunity;181
1.14.1.1;Introduction;181
1.14.1.2;Architecture of Intestine and Distribution of GALT;182
1.14.1.3;Intestinal Microbiota;184
1.14.1.4;Oral Tolerance;190
1.14.1.5;Mechanisms of Innate Intestinal Immunity;195
1.14.1.5.1;Toll-Like Receptors;195
1.14.1.5.2;Microbicidal Peptides and Proteins;198
1.14.1.5.3;Crypts and Stem Cells;200
1.14.1.6;Adaptive Intestinal Immunity;201
1.14.1.6.1;Antimicrobial Actions of IgA;201
1.14.1.6.2;Intraepithelial Lymphocytes;203
1.14.1.6.3;Intestinal B Lymphocytes;205
1.14.1.6.4;Effects of Aging on the GALT;207
1.14.1.6.5;Aging of the Intestinal Epithelium;207
1.14.1.6.5.1;Enterocytes;207
1.14.1.6.5.2;Toll-Like Receptor;208
1.14.1.6.5.3;Intraepithelial Lymphocytes;209
1.14.1.6.5.4;GALT B cells and GC;210
1.14.1.6.6;Homing of Cells to GALT and Associated Lymphoid Tissue;214
1.14.1.7;Exploring Examples of GALT Aging;216
1.14.1.7.1;Manning the Barrier: Aging and the Intestinal Epithelium;216
1.14.1.7.2;Peering into the Crypt: An Aging Effect in Want of an Explanation;217
1.14.1.8;References;219
1.15;Chapter 10;229
1.15.1;Clostridium and The Ageing Gut;229
1.15.1.1;Introduction;229
1.15.1.2;Intestinal Flora and Disease;229
1.15.1.3;Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhoea, Differential Diagnosis, and Spectrum of Disease;230
1.15.1.4;Aetiology of Infectious AAD;231
1.15.1.4.1;Staphylococcus aureus;233
1.15.1.4.2;Salmonella spp;233
1.15.1.4.3;Candida spp;234
1.15.1.5;Other Organisms;234
1.15.1.6;Clostridium Difficile;235
1.15.1.6.1;Microbiological History;235
1.15.1.6.2;Natural History;236
1.15.1.6.3;Asymtomatic Human Carriage;236
1.15.1.6.3.1;Infants;236
1.15.1.6.3.2;Adults;237
1.15.1.6.4;Pathogenicity;237
1.15.1.6.4.1;Adherence;238
1.15.1.6.4.2;Capsules;238
1.15.1.6.4.3;Enzymes;239
1.15.1.6.4.4;Toxins;239
1.15.1.7;Clinical Aspects of C. difficile Infection;241
1.15.1.8;Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhoea;242
1.15.1.9;Antibiotic-Associated C. difficile Colitis;242
1.15.1.10;Antibiotic-Associated C. difficile Pseudomembranous Colitis;242
1.15.1.11;Fulminant Colitis;242
1.15.1.12;Other CDAD Associations;243
1.15.1.13;Clinical History and Risk Factors;243
1.15.1.14;Age-Related Susceptibility;243
1.15.1.15;Antibiotic-Associated Usage;244
1.15.1.16;Chemotherapy and Neoplastic Agents;245
1.15.1.17;Immunosupression and Other Causes;246
1.15.1.17.1;The Frequency of C. difficile-Associated Diarrhoea;247
1.15.1.17.1.1;Community;247
1.15.1.17.1.2;Nosocomial;247
1.15.1.17.2;Clostridium perfringens;248
1.15.1.17.3;Microbiological History;248
1.15.1.17.4;Natural History;249
1.15.1.17.5;Asymptomatic Human Carriage;250
1.15.1.17.6;Pathogenicity;251
1.15.1.17.6.1;Adhesion;251
1.15.1.17.6.2;Capsules;251
1.15.1.17.6.3;Enzymes;252
1.15.1.17.6.4;Toxins;252
1.15.1.17.7;C. Perfringens Enterotoxin-Associated Disease;254
1.15.1.17.8;Antibiotic-Associated CPEnt Diarrhoea;255
1.15.1.17.9;Antibiotic-Associated CPEnt Colitis;255
1.15.1.17.10;Other CPEnt Associations;255
1.15.1.17.11;Clinical History and Risk Factors;255
1.15.1.17.11.1;Antibiotics;255
1.15.1.17.11.2;Age-Related Susceptibility;256
1.15.1.17.11.3;Immunosupression;256
1.15.1.17.11.4;Others;256
1.15.1.18;The Frequency of C. Perfringens-Associated Diarrhoea;256
1.15.1.18.1;Community;257
1.15.1.18.2;Nosocomial;257
1.15.1.19;Conclusion;258
1.15.1.20;References;259
1.16;Chapter 11;269
1.16.1;The Significance of Helicobacter Pylori Acquisition and the Hygiene Hypothesis;269
1.16.1.1;Introduction;269
1.16.1.2;Medical Significance;270
1.16.1.3;Pathogenicity/Virulence;271
1.16.1.4;Transmission and Epidemiology of H. Pylori;272
1.16.1.5;Age and Acquisition of H. Pylori;274
1.16.1.6;The Hygiene Hypothesis Theory;275
1.16.1.7;Conclusion;276
1.16.1.8;References;277
1.17;Chapter 12;281
1.17.1;Probiotics and the Ageing Gut;281
1.17.1.1;Introduction;281
1.17.1.2;History of Probiotics;282
1.17.1.3;Gut Physiology;282
1.17.1.4;Therapeutic Effects of Probiotics;283
1.17.1.4.1;Probiotic Effects in Neonates and Children;283
1.17.1.4.2;Probiotic Effects in Adults and Children;284
1.17.1.4.3;Lactose Intolerance;284
1.17.1.4.4;Helicobacter Pylori Infection;285
1.17.1.5;Small-Bowel Bacterial Overgrowth;286
1.17.1.6;Viral Diarrhoea;286
1.17.1.6.1;Acute Gastroenteritis;286
1.17.1.7;Bacterial Diarrhoea;287
1.17.1.7.1;Antibiotic-associated and C. difficile-induced Diarrhoea;288
1.17.1.7.2;Constipation;289
1.17.1.7.3;Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease;289
1.17.1.7.4;Other Areas;290
1.17.1.8;Ongoing Research into Probiotics;290
1.17.1.9;Conclusion;292
1.17.1.10;References;292
1.18;Chapter 13;296
1.18.1;Microbiological Theory of Autism in Childhood;296
1.18.1.1;Introduction;296
1.18.1.2;Current Theories on Autism;298
1.18.1.2.1;Genetic Predisposition;298
1.18.1.2.2;Serotonin and Catecholamines;298
1.18.1.2.2.1;Serotonin;298
1.18.1.2.2.2;Catecholamines;299
1.18.1.2.2.3;Microbiological Link;299
1.18.1.3;Changes in the GI Tract;300
1.18.1.3.1;Sulphation Deficit;300
1.18.1.3.2;Peptides;301
1.18.1.3.3;Autistic Enterocolitis;301
1.18.1.3.4;Microbiological Link;301
1.18.1.4;Autoimmunity;303
1.18.1.4.1;The Autoimmunity Theory of Autism;303
1.18.1.4.2;Microbiological Link;303
1.18.1.5;Vaccination;304
1.18.1.6;Microbiological Link;304
1.18.1.7;Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;305
1.18.1.8;The Blood–Brain Barrier;305
1.18.1.9;Microbiology Link;306
1.18.1.10;Fatty Acid Metabolism;306
1.18.1.11;Microbiological Link;307
1.18.1.12;In Utero Factors;307
1.18.1.13;Microbiological Link;308
1.18.1.14;Neurotransmission and Bacteria;308
1.18.1.15;Conclusions;308
1.18.1.16;References;310
1.19;Chapter 14;317
1.19.1;Decomposition of Human Remains;317
1.19.1.1;Introduction;317
1.19.1.1.1;Post Mortem Hypostasis (Lividity, Livor Mortis);318
1.19.1.1.2;Rigor Mortis;318
1.19.1.1.3;Cooling (Algor Mortis);319
1.19.1.2;Cadaveric Decay;320
1.19.1.3;Intrinsic Microorganisms and the Chemistry of Death;321
1.19.1.3.1;Protein Decomposition (Proteolysis);322
1.19.1.3.2;Decomposition of Fat;323
1.19.1.3.3;Decomposition of Carbohydrates;324
1.19.1.3.4;Decomposition of Bone;325
1.19.1.4;Extrinsic Organisms Involved in Human Decomposition;326
1.19.1.5;Environmental Controls that Promote and Inhibit Putrefactive Decay;328
1.19.1.5.1;Temperature;329
1.19.1.5.2;Moisture;330
1.19.1.5.3;Contrasting Depositional Environments (Soil Burial vs. Surface Exposure);330
1.19.1.5.4;First Day (Fresh);330
1.19.1.5.5;First Week (Fresh to Bloated);330
1.19.1.5.6;First Month (Bloated to Decay);331
1.19.1.5.7;The First Year (Dry);331
1.19.1.5.8;First Decade (Bone Breakdown);331
1.19.1.5.9;The Microclimate Associated with Human Decomposition;331
1.19.1.5.10;Differential Decomposition;332
1.19.1.6;Conclusion;334
1.19.1.7;References;334
1.20;Index;339